Danmark og FN s princip om R2P 17. maj 2011 R2P som revitaliseret FN-doktrin for humanitær intervention

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1 Danmark og FN s princip om R2P 17. maj 2011 R2P som revitaliseret FN-doktrin for humanitær intervention Tonny Brems Knudsen, Aarhus Universitet

2 R2P som revitaliseret FN-doktrin for humanitær intervention: Hovedpunkter Humanitær intervention og R2P ernes FN-baserede praksis for humanitær intervention - R2P: Vægt på et bredt ansvar for at beskytte, men essensen forbliver ultimativt en adgang til humanitær intervention på FN-mandat - R2P betød højere tærskel for humanitær intervention, stærkere betoning af statens suverænitet og stærkere betoning af regionalt ejerskab R2P som revitalisering af humanitær intervention i 1990 erne - R2P betød en mere snæver adgang til humanitær intervention end i 90-erne, men samtidig en bredere international konsensus, end der ellers ville have været oven på uenighederne om interventionerne i Kosovo 1999 og især Irak 2003, som ramte Vestens troværdig som leder af alle former for kollektiv intervention hårdt.

3 R2P som revitaliseret FN-doktrin for humanitær intervention: Hovedpunkter Humanitær intervention og R2P i lyset af Libyen: Ny præcedens? - FN mandat og regionalt ejerskab er normen; afgørende for legitimitet - Humanitær intervention udføres fra luften grundet frygt for egne tab: Problematisk da det øger risikoen for tilfældige civile tab, og da man let kører fast som i Libyen pt. Omvendt er landtropper fortsat kontroversielle ikke mindst grundet invasionen af Irak i Sammenblanding af humanitær intervention og intervention i borgerkrig? Nej. Udgangspunktet var at redde Benghazi fra en massakre, ikke at afsætte Gaddafi; det er ikke en borgerkrig mellem lige parter; der vil altid være politiske konsekvenser af en humanitær intervention - Tager R2P/princippet om humanitær intervention skade af interventionen i Libyen: Måske der skal trædes varsomt

4 Humanitær intervention defineret Humanitær intervention = diktatorisk eller tvangsbaseret indblanding i en stats indre anliggender med det formål (1) at beskytte denne stats befolkning, eller dele af den, mod alvorlige overgreb, f.eks. forbrydelser mod menneskeheden eller folkemord eller (2) at afværge en humanitær katastrofe. -> Humanitær intervention = (militær) tvang på et humanitært grundlag.

5 1948 Genocide Convention Acts of genocide = any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. -> Article II in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

6 Crimes against humanity (ICC, Rome Statute, Article 7) any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation.., imprisonment.., torture, rape..., persecution against any identifiable group.. (+ much more)

7 FN s nye princip: The Responsibility to Protect The responsibility to protect acknowledges that the primary responsibility rests with the state concerned, and that it is only if the state is unable or unwilling to fulfil its responsibility, or is itself the perpetrator, that it becomes the responsibility of the international community to act in its place. The Responsibility to Protect som lanceret af International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Report, December 2001 (p. 17):

8 The Responsibility to Protect som vedtaget In this context we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a caseby-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as appropriated, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The Responsibility to Protect som inkluderet i slutdokumentet fra FN s 2005 World Summit Outcome, General Assembly, A/RES/60/1, 24 October 2005, p. 30.