Image Coding Standards
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1 Image Coding Standards International Standardization of Image Coding JPEG JPEG-2000 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 1 Why Do We Need Standards? Image (and video) coding standards provide interoperability between codecs built by different manufactures Basis for most products in communication technology Standards based products can be build with common software and hardware tools Only syntax and decoder specified Standards provide state-of-the-art technology that is developed by a group of experts in the field Actual performance depends on implementation of standard regarding error resilience, delay, display Encoder is not standardized and its optimization is left to the manufacturer Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 2
2 Standardization of Image Coding ITU-R Radiocommunications ( SG6 - Broadcasting Service (terrestrial and satellite) Standards for digital high definition television Objective picture quality parameters and associated measurement and monitoring methods for television images ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization ( SG 9 - Integrated broadband cable networks and television and sound transmission Objective and subjective methods for evaluating conversational audiovisual quality in multimedia services Digital transmission of television signals for contribution SG 16 Multimedia services, systems and terminals Video and data conferencing using Internet-supported services Advanced video coding ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information ( WG 1 - digital compression and coding of still pictures (JPEG) WG 11 - generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information (MPEG) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 3 JPEG Features of the JPEG baseline system Represents a minimum of capabilities Compression of digital images with 8-bit representation Sequential processing of blocks, i.e. starting from upper left corner moving to right side Transform coding using 8x8 block DCT Scalar quantization of transform coefficients with weighting matrix Zig-zag scan and successive entropy coding with prefix-free codes Extended DCT-based system Digital images with 8 and 12-bit representation Sequential as well as progressive block handling Prefix-free or arithmetic codes Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 4
3 JPEG Lossless mode DPCM-based (no DCT) Compression of digital images with 2 16 bits representation Sequential processing of blocks Prefix-free codes Hierarchical mode Multiple pictures encoded differentially as well as non-differentially Employs extended DCT-based or lossless JPEG mode Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 5 JPEG: Baseline Algorithm Image in Block wise 8x8 DCT Weighting / uniform quantization Entropy coding Table specifications (transmitted as side information) Image out Block wise inverse 8x8 DCT Inverse weighting Entropy decoding Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 6
4 JPEG: Quantizer Step Size Different weighting matrices are standardized, adapted to human visual contrast sensitivity Example: Inverse weighting for ITU-R 601 images Luminance Chrominance Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 7 Quantization of DCT Coefficients Differential coding of DC coefficient: DPCM using previous quantized DC coefficient as predictor Zig-zag-scan of AC coefficients DC(N-1) DC(N) Block N -1 Block N DIFF=DC(N)-DC(N-1) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 8
5 Entropy Coding Two methods for entropy coding defined Prefix-free coding Arithmetic coding Two options for Prefix-free coding of run-level pairs 1 Predefined code tables (one-pass system) 2 Code tables optimized for individual image (twopass system) Arithmetic coding Binary coder Default conditioning table Adaptive to actual symbol statistics Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 9 JPEG 2000 Improved R-D performance at low and medium bitrates Covers low bit-rate lossy coding up to lossless coding Progressive Transmission Capability (resolution & SNR) Region of interest (ROI) representation and editing Error Resilience Approach: Wavelet Transformation + EBCOT* + Adaptive Arithmetic Coding *Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 10
6 JPEG-2000 Options Encoder Options Lossless and lossy coding Partitioning Quantization Pre-processing Decoder Options Resolution and Quality Region-of-Interest (ROI) Partial Decoding Bits Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 11 Flexibility and Applications Medical Imaging Lossless coding, ROI Digital cameras Limited storage capacity Limited transmission bit-rate (mobile devices) Archiving Encode and store on server Decode to match application display requirements (mobile display, CRT, LCD) WWW Progressive decoding User interaction: ROI Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 12
7 Spatial partition JPEG-2000 Process Component partition Transform and partition into resolution layers Partition into sub-bands Magnitude Packet partition Partition in code blocks Partition into in bit-planes Coding in several passes Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 13 Wavelet Transform Dyadic Partition Irreversible (9/7) reversible (5/3) Other partitions in Part 2 Irreversible case: Scalar Quantization with dead zone (separate approach for every sub-band possible) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 14
8 Scalability Embedded codes permit decoding with reduced quality with parts of the complete code Resolution scalability Straight forward (DWT property) Sort bits from lowest to highest sub-band SNR scalability Embedded quantization Transmit sequence of quantizers L0 L1 L2 Resolution q0 q1 q2 Quality q3 q4 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 15 Embedded Quantization q(i) MSB x(i) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 16
9 JPEG: 0,145 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 17 JPEG-2000: 0,145 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 18
10 PSNR [db] Objective Comparison: Lossy Coding Image: Bike 0 1/64 1/32 3/64 1/16 Compression ratio From: M.D.Adams, H.Man, F. Kossentini, T.Ebrahimi, JPEG2000: The Next Generation Still Image Compression Standard JPEG 2000 SPIHT JPEG Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 19 Objective Comparison: Lossless Coding Compression ratio 0,57 Image: Bike 0,56 0,55 0,54 0,53 JPEG 2000 SPIHT JPEG LS From: M.D.Adams, H.Man, F. Kossentini, T.Ebrahimi, JPEG2000: The Next Generation Still Image Compression Standard Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 20
11 Resolution Scalability: : Level 1 of 5 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 21 Resolution Scalability: : Level 3 of 5 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 22
12 Resolution Scalability: : Level 3 of 5 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 23 Resolution Scalability: : Level 4 of 5 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 24
13 Resolution Scalability: : Level 5 of 5 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 25 SNR Scalability: : Level 1 of 6, bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 26
14 SNR Scalability: : Level 2 of 6, bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 27 SNR Scalability: : Level 3 of 6, 0.25 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 28
15 SNR Scalability: : Level 4 of 6, 0.5 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 29 SNR Scalability: : Level 5 of 6, 1.0 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 30
16 SNR Scalability: : Level 6 of 6, 2.0 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 31 ROI, Area: Circle,, bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 32
17 ROI, Area: Circle, bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 33 ROI, Area: Circle, 0.25 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 34
18 ROI, Area: Circle, 0.5 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 35 ROI, Area: Circle, 1.0 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 36
19 ROI, Area: Circle, 2.0 bpp Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 37 Summary International Standardization of Image Coding is conducted to achieve inter-operability and to provide state-of-the-art technology Only syntax and decoder are specified JPEG started in 1986 and is a well established image coding standard JPEG still provides competitive performance for the medium bit-rate range JPEG-2000 mostly provides improved performance at for low and high bit-rates JPEG-2000 yields a useful set of functionalities Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Image Coding Standards 38
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