Danish Homosexual Men in a Tourism Context

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1 Danish Homosexual Men in a Tourism Context An Empirical Study of Holiday Preferences and Motivations of Danish Homosexual Men and Homosexual Identity Construction through Tourism Consumption Tourism, Aalborg University June 2008

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3 Danish Homosexual Men in a Tourism Context An Empirical Study of Holiday Preferences and Motivations of Danish Homosexual Men and Homosexual Identity Construction through Tourism Consumption Master s Thesis Tourism, Aalborg University June 2008 Supervisor: Anette Therkelsen Anita Thomsen Number of keystrokes: 189,106 Normal pages: 78.8

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5 PREFACE PREFACE In this preface, I would like to thank my supervisor, Anette Therkelsen, for her guidance and inspiration in the genesis of this thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank GayNord, Pink Viking Adventures and Pride Radio Jylland for their help in the search for homosexual men who would participate in the interviews and for linking to the questionnaire survey on their respective websites. Last but not least, I would like to thank the homosexual men who have participated in the interviews and the questionnaire survey, which combined constitute the empirical data in this study. Anita Thomsen i

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7 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT During recent years, the focus on homosexual tourists has been, and still is, increasing, which is a result of the tourism industry s pursuit of the so-called Pink Dollar. Homosexual men are in particular interesting seeing as they apparently have a higher purchasing power than their lesbian and heterosexual counterparts. Also Danish homosexual men experience this increasing attention, however, the field of Danish homosexual men in a tourism context, thus far, seemingly is an unexplored field of study meaning that the tourism industry knows little, or perhaps nothing, about these men. This thesis is partly a theoretical and partly an empirical study of the holiday preferences and motivations of Danish homosexual men, and the role of holiday consumption in the creation of a homosexual identity. The purpose of the thesis is to generate knowledge that can be used by Danish tourism actors in their pursuit of Danish homosexual men. Both qualitative and quantitative data constitute the empirical data that will be used in the study interviews with five Danish homosexual men and a questionnaire survey, respectively. The results of the analysis show that Danish homosexual men have more holiday preferences and that they share some preferences, whereas they do not share others. For instance, a vast majority of the participants in the study prefer to holiday in big European cities such as Berlin, London, Paris and Amsterdam, while only few of them prefer active holidays. Additionally, the analysis shows that the holiday motivations of Danish homosexual men vary according to the type and purpose of the holiday; the destination; and according to who the men travel with. Consequently, it is difficult to make some conclusive statements about the holiday motivations of Danish homosexual men. Regarding what role tourism consumption play in the construction of a homosexual identity the findings in the analysis indicate that the men mainly use holidays with the purpose of identifying with certain groups of people, while they simultaneously differentiate themselves from other groups. It is important to notice though that this is only an indication seeing as it is based on the narratives of merely five Danish homosexual men. Lastly, it can be concluded that Danish homosexual men are just as diverse as heterosexual men and consequently they do not constitute a homogenous market segment. ii

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9 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PROBLEM FORMULATION STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 5 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY A HERMENEUTIC METHODOLOGY CHOICE OF EXAMINATION DESIGN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH INTERVIEWS LIMITATIONS TO QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS THEMATIC ANALYSIS INTERVIEW SAMPLE EXPERT INTERVIEWEE DANISH HOMOSEXUAL MEN INTERVIEWEES QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRES COMPILATION OF EMPIRICAL DATA RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND GENERALISABILITY THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE THESIS 21 CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND HOMOSEXUALITY ITS NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS THE ESSENTIALIST VIEW ON HOMOSEXUALITY THE CONSTRUCTIONIST VIEW ON HOMOSEXUALITY A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON HOMOSEXUALITY A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON HOMOSEXUAL TOURISM 27 CHAPTER 4 THEORY CONSUMPTION AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION 31

10 4.2 IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH TOURISM CONSUMPTION HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH TOURISM CONSUMPTION A HOMOSEXUAL MARKET SEGMENT? HOLIDAY MOTIVATIONS OF HOMOSEXUAL PEOPLE MARRIAGE AND PARTNERSHIPS CIRCUIT PARTIES PARADES AND FESTIVALS SEX HOLIDAY PREFERENCES OF BRITISH HOMOSEXUAL MEN 47 CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYSIS INDIVIDUAL PROFILES OF THE INTERVIEWEES CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONDENTS 54 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS IDENTIFICATION OF THEMES HOLIDAY PREFERENCES AND MOTIVATION HOMOSEXUAL ENVIRONMENTS ON HOLIDAYS HOLIDAYING AND SEXUALITY TYPICAL HOMOSEXUAL DESTINATIONS IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION HOLIDAY PREFERENCES OF DANISH AND BRITISH HOMOSEXUAL MEN 69 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 73 CHAPTER 8 IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF APPENDIX APPENDIX

11 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Concurrently with the rising globalisation, which, among other things, means easier access to even remote places and reduced travel costs, the tourism industry is in growth. With an increase in the number of International tourism arrivals on 5.4 percent over the year of 2005 the industry recorded a third year of sustainable growth [WTO 2007: 1]. Additionally, the UNWTO 1 estimates that the worldwide profits from international tourism in 2006 increased with US$ 57 billion bringing it to a total of approximately US$ 733 billion [WTO 2007: 3]. The fact that the tourism industry is such a lucrative industry and because of the rising globalisation more and more destinations are emerging on the market and thus the competition for tourists has increased significantly. Along with the continuously growing number of tourism destinations the need for differentiation among the destinations has emerged [Månsson & Østrup 2007: 1]. In the differentiation effort many tourism destinations have resorted to branding [Therkelsen 2006: 2], which is a phenomenon adopted from the commercial industry where it has been used for decades as a marketing measure by which extra value can be added to otherwise generic products values that go beyond the functionality of specific products. In the pursuit of the profitable tourists more and more tourist destinations have started to brand themselves as being homosexual-friendly destinations [Pritchard et al. 1998: 276], which means that they are welcoming and tolerating homosexuals and their lifestyles. These are destinations such as Copenhagen, Sydney, Amsterdam and Gran Canarias. A reason why destinations have started to appeal openly to the homosexual segment might be due to the fact that there in the Western world seems to have been a shift in attitudes towards homosexuality in recent years. Concurrently with the development of more homosexual-friendly tourism destinations, the homosexual segment has become more visible in the tourism context and today homosexual tourism is seen as being a viable niche market [Pritchard et al. 1998: 276]. However, it might also be due to the homosexual lifestyle, especially the lifestyles of homosexual men living in relationships with other men. The reason for this might be because of the division of leader positions in today s society where it is a known fact that a 1 United Nations World Tourism Organisation PAGE 1

12 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 vast majority of top positions are possessed by men who correspondingly have higher incomes than women. Consequently, two men living in a relationship combined have a higher disposable income than a heterosexual couple has [ Furthermore, few homosexual men who are living in a relationship with another man have children, which means that not only can these men spend their money on themselves, they also have more discretionary time which can be spend on travelling for instance. In relation to market segmentation, which is a measure that has been used by marketers for decades to divide an overall market into smaller relatively homogeneous sub-groups in which people share some common characteristics and/or behavioural patterns [Weaver & Lawton 2002: 176], this means that sexual orientation also can be used as a market segmentation criteria. Just like heterosexual people homosexuals have a long history of travelling. However, homosexual travel was ignored by the tourism industry for years and was hardly visible or advertised [Weaver & Lawton 2002: 182]. This was, according to Lück 2, due to the Western society s view on homosexuals, which caused tourism actors to fear boycotts from the rest of their clientele along with the possibility of negative connotations and images [Lück 2005: 3]. But as a consequence of the liberalisation of sexual attitudes which occurred in the Western world in the 1980s [Weaver & Lawton 2002: 182], the homosexual segment has become more and more visible in the tourism industry and as various tourism actors became aware of the formidable purchasing power of homosexual people the industry began an actual pursuit of this specific segment during the 1990s [Weaver & Lawton 2002: 182], and today homosexual tourism constitutes a lucrative niche market [Clift & Forrest 1999: 615]. The purchasing power of homosexuals is known as the Pink Pound or the Pink Dollar and is by many recognised as being... much higher than average purchasing power [Lawton & Weaver 2006: 417]. Also Roth 3 & Luongo 4 have recognised this and state that... gay men usually have a higher disposable income and are more willing to spend money on branded products, than the average citizen [Roth & Luongo in Lück 2005: 3ff]. Tourism destinations can benefit greatly from the fact that homosexual men possesses some degree of brand loyalty if the destinations are able to create and manage strong brands that appeal to this specific market segment. Many tourism actors 2 Ph.D. student at Brock University, Canada 3 President of Community Marketing, Inc. San Francisco, USA 4 Freelance writer, editor and photographer PAGE 2

13 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 including destinations, travel agents and tour operators among others have recognised this, which can be seen from the increasing focus on the homosexual segment and the emergence of more and more homosexual-friendly destinations. Ivy 5 states that the segment of homosexuals is one of the fastest growing niche markets in the international travel industry [Ivy 2001: 338], which is substantiated as homosexual travel is increasing at, or above, the rate of mainstream travel [Wood 1999: 110]. From this it becomes evident that the niche market of homosexual tourism is worth focusing on seeing as it can be very profitable for tourism actors if they win these customers. Gay spaces, which are perceived as the physical manifestation of gay community [Hindle in Hughes 2002: 299], consist of bars, clubs, restaurants, cafes, shops, residences and public spaces all usually gathered in spatially discrete concentrations [Hughes 2002: 299]. However, these gay spaces are limited and often located in larger cities and consequently the fulfilment and achievement of a homosexual identity involves travelling to unfamiliar places [Hughes 2002: 299]. This means that holidays might play a central role in the construction of a homosexual identity, which is substantiated by Hughes 6 who states that homosexual holidays are likely to make a very significant contribution to the creation and validation of identity for many gay men [Hughes in Clift & Forrest 1999: 616]. Because holidays present the opportunity for constructing a homosexual identity they may have large impact on the consumption of holidays among homosexual people homosexual men consume holidays with the purpose of indicating to the surrounding world who he is, but also in order to construct a social identity, which makes him feel like he belongs to a group. Despite the liberalisation of sexual attitudes in the Western world and thereby an increasingly acceptance of homosexuals there are still those who oppose this kind of sexuality and consequently some homosexuals are still exposed to hate crimes and the like. Thus, the possibility of travelling to unfamiliar areas that have gay spaces and which are homosexual-friendly and where one thereby can be open about one s sexuality and mingle with other people who also are homosexuals might serve as great travelling motivations among this specific segment. Casual and anonymous sex has also been suggested as a holiday motivation of homosexuals [Hughes 2002: 299]. Some studies show that the homosexual segment travels for the same reasons as the heterosexual segment [Clift & Forrest 1999: 622], but conversely other studies show that there are some motivations that are particularly important to the homosexual segment [Hughes 2002: 301]. These are the motivations of being able 5 Dr. at Florida Atlantic University s Department of Geosciences 6 Professor of Tourism Management at Manchester Metropolitan University PAGE 3

14 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 to escape and the need for safety [Hughes 2002: 300]. This discrepancy between the studies of holiday motivations of homosexuals serves as a problem for actors in the tourism industry who are interested in attracting this segment seeing as it is difficult for the tourism actors to know which study present the most accurate holiday motivations of homosexuals. This is a great problem for the tourism actors because it makes the planning of strategies on how to attract the homosexual segment more difficult. In my research on the holiday preferences and motivations of Danish homosexual men I have not been able to find any studies that are concerned with this subject, which might mean that there is a great lack in knowledge about this specific subject or just that this knowledge has not been documented. Consequently, Danish tourism actors interested in attracting the homosexual segment only have studies that focus on the holiday motivations of foreign homosexuals to lean against in their planning strategies if they do not have the resources to conduct their own studies on Danish homosexuals. However, Danish homosexuals do not necessarily go on holiday for the same reasons as homosexuals from other countries do and thus it will be illogical and precarious to base strategies on the foundation of studies dealing with foreign homosexuals. With the purpose of finding out whether Danish homosexual men travel for the same reasons as foreign homosexuals do, I will make an empirical study on the holiday motivations of Danish homosexual men, which I will compare to the findings from a study conducted on the holiday motivations of British homosexual men. In this thesis I will restrict myself to focus on Danish homosexual men, which is partly due to the time and space frameworks of the thesis but also because little research has been done on the subject of lesbians in a tourism context and consequently little has been written on the subject. According to Hughes, the lack of market research on lesbian women in a tourism context is, among other things, due to the low number of lesbians who actually respond to the surveys being conducted, nevertheless, it is also due to a general lack of interest from market researchers who perceive the lesbian segment as being less economically powerful than the segment of homosexual men, which means that the lesbian segment is less worth pursuing [Hughes 2006: 18]. The lack of knowledge and market research on lesbian women in a tourism context does, on the other hand, make the subject of lesbian women in a tourism context very interesting and thereby also an obvious subject for examination, however, because of the time and space limitations of the thesis, the limited documented knowledge about the lesbian segment and because of the lack of knowledge about PAGE 4

15 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Danish homosexual men in a tourism context I will only focus on the latter mentioned segment in this thesis. The knowledge generated in this thesis is interesting for the tourism industry in general seeing as it can provide the industry with information about the segment of Danish homosexual men in a tourism context, which, as mentioned earlier, I have not been able to find any information about. Considering the great competition from innumerable destinations all over the world that Denmark is competing with in terms of attracting tourists, and in particular homosexual men, the knowledge generated in this thesis will be especially interesting to tourism actors in Denmark because these actors can use the knowledge in order to plan strategies that perhaps can persuade the Danish homosexual men to spend their holidays in Denmark instead of travelling to foreign countries. 1.1 Problem Formulation Summed up on the above, the problem formulation in this thesis is as follows: What are the holiday preferences of Danish homosexual men and what are their motivations for holidaying? What role does the construction of a homosexual identity play for Danish homosexual men when holidaying? 1.2 Structure of the Thesis The thesis is divided into seven overall chapters starting with chapter 1; the just presented Introduction, which also includes the problem formulation and this exposition of the structure of the thesis. In chapter 2, Methodology, I will account for the scientific theoretical considerations I have had during the compilation process of the thesis. Additionally, I will account for the choice of methods used in the thesis and in continuation of this I will present and discuss different problematics regarding the chosen methods. Chapter 3 is a Background section, which presents the nature and characteristics of homosexuality along with a historical perspective on homosexuality. Seeing as this is a thesis that is PAGE 5

16 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 concerned with homosexual tourism, a section presenting homosexual tourism in a historical perspective will constitute the last section of this chapter. Chapter 4, Theory, constitutes the theoretical foundation of the thesis. In this chapter general theory on consumption and identity construction is presented and with the purpose of putting this in a tourism context this section is followed by a section on identity construction through tourism consumption. To relate this to the specific subject of the thesis, homosexual men, a section on homosexual identity through tourism consumption will be presented. Because of the increasing focus on the Pink Dollar a section made up by considerations of whether homosexuals can be perceived as constituting a homogenous market segment is included. This is followed by a section on holiday motivations of homosexual people and the chapter is rounded of with a presentation of a study conducted on the holiday motivation of British homosexual men. In chapter 5, Introduction to the Analysis, I will present the themes that have been identified in the interviews with Danish homosexual men. These themes will be included in an overall analysis design whose purpose is to create a greater connection to the problem concurrently with the themes will ensure a more thorough and detailed analysis. Additionally, I will make individual profiles of each interviewee in which background information about the interviewees is presented. This will be followed by a group profile in which homosexual men are described as a group. The last section in this pre-analysis chapter will present the characteristics of those Danish homosexual men who have participated in the internet based questionnaire survey prepared for the thesis. In chapter 6, Analysis, I will analyse the interviews with Danish homosexual men along with the responses to the questionnaire in relation to the theoretical framework presented in chapter 3 and the themes identified in chapter 4, which will be done with the purpose of answering the problem formulation. The Conclusion will constitute chapter 7 and here I will draw some conclusions in relation to the questions presented in the problem formulation and lastly, in chapter 8, I will make some Implications for Further Research. PAGE 6

17 METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY In this chapter, I will present the considerations I have had in relation to philosophy of science during the compilation of the thesis and which are important for the overall understanding of the thesis. Additionally, I will present the methodological considerations I have had in relation to the preparation of the thesis. For more than a century different theoretical approaches and methods of science have been frequently discussed seeing as there is a disagreement about the fundamental view on science and research [Andersen (red.) 2002: 157]. Overall, the positivistic paradigm has been in opposition to the hermeneutic paradigm. Where positivism seeks to put forward and test hypotheses about casual connections through the use of empirical observations, the hermeneutic paradigm seeks to interpret subjective actions seeing as any given action is seen as a subjective meaningful expression and not as a result of a universal regularity, which is the case in positivism [Andersen (red.) 2002: 157]. In this thesis, I will examine and interpret the actions of a number of Danish homosexual men in a tourism context and thus generate an in-depth knowledge about this subject. This means that I will take my point of departure in the hermeneutic paradigm. It is hermeneutic in the sense that my findings will not represent a universal regularity about Danish homosexual men they are not conclusive. Rather my findings should be seen as indications of how Danish homosexual men behave in a tourism context. The knowledge generated about this subject can be re-interpreted in the light of new knowledge and theories on the subject and thus the understanding of the actions of Danish homosexual men s actions in a tourism context is an ongoing process. Because the purpose of the thesis is to explore and to generate an in-depth knowledge of Danish homosexual men s holiday motivations and what role the construction of a gay identity through holidaying plays for these men, this thesis is exploratory [Kvale 1996: 97]. According to Andersen, the purpose of exploratory studies is to explore phenomena that are less known or perhaps even completely unknown [Andersen 2003: 23]. Homosexuals have a long history of travelling, however it was not until the 1990s that the homosexual segment started to receive attention from the travel industry. Thus, literature written about the subject of homosexual tourism and more particularly the holiday motivations of homosexuals is still limited, which means that this specific phenomenon has not been fully explored. PAGE 7

18 METHODOLOGY CHAPTER A Hermeneutic Methodology In this thesis I have used the hermeneutical methodology with the purpose of interpreting the theory used in the thesis and the interviews I have conducted in order to generate an in-depth knowledge of Danish homosexual men in a tourism context and the role of the construction of a gay identity through holidaying. The hermeneutic philosophy referred to as philosophical hermeneutics originates from the German philosopher, Hans-Georg Gadamer, who states that hermeneutics seeks to clarify the conditions in which understanding takes place [Askehave & Norlyk 2006: 41] or in other words; how do people understand? In hermeneutics the process of understanding and interpreting a text is referred to as the hermeneutical circle, which can be described as having a spiral structure. The reason for this is that the understanding of a text takes place through a process in which it is necessary to understand the separate parts in order to understand the overall whole and yet the overall whole is a result of the understanding of the separate parts. Therefore, the way in which a person understands part of a text may lead to a change of the overall whole, which again leads to a change in the understanding of the separate parts [Kvale 1996: 47]. Thus, the hermeneutical circle allows for a continuous critical understanding of texts. If this is put in relation to this thesis, the holiday motivations of Danish homosexual men and the construction of a gay identity through holidaying can be perceived as the overall whole what I am trying to understand and the theory along with the interviews conducted specifically for this thesis can be perceived as the separate parts, which I need to understand in order to understand why Danish homosexual men travel and what role the construction of a gay identity play for these men when holidaying. But the parts and the whole can also be seen in relation to the interviews alone seeing as I try to understand the different parts of the interview the interviewee s answers by putting them in the overall context. This is also the case with the theory used in the thesis I understand the different parts of the theories by seeing them in a broader context, namely the entire theory. Additionally, the different theories can be seen as individual parts that I understand by relating them to the other theories used. Gadamer s hermeneutic approach to understanding is a circularity of understanding and interpretation, which relies on the concept of pre-understanding [Askehave & Norlyk 2006: 41] meaning that understanding is always from within a lived human context, both individual and social. For instance, when two people communicate, either face to face or through writing, they both have a pre-understanding of what the subject is going to be and a pre-understanding of how PAGE 8

19 METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2 they are going to talk about the topic. According to Askehave 7 & Norlyk 8, such preunderstandings stem from a previous experience the people communicating have had [Askehave & Norlyk 2006: 41ff]. Thus, knowledge and understanding is developed through personal experiences that we have previously experienced in our lives. These previous experiences provide people with templates that differ from the situations and conversations they enter, and consequently these templates and pre-understandings are continuously readjusted, transformed and nuanced by people in order for them to understand a new situation [Askehave & Norlyk 2006: 42]. Thus, understanding is about moving back and forth between one specific communicative event and similar communicative events experienced earlier. In doing so, people challenge and let go of their perhaps strong pre-understandings and open up to more suitable ones, which is stressed by Gadamer: Interpretation begins with fore-conceptions [preunderstandings] that are replaced by more suitable ones. This constant process of new projection constitutes the movement of understanding and interpretation. [Gadamer 2004: 269]. However, according to Gadamer, this does not mean that people have to forget about their preunderstandings but rather that they have to stay open to new meanings and understandings of others [Askehave & Norlyk 2006: 43]. According to Gadamer s approach to understanding, my previous encounters with homosexual men and the media s depiction of these have resulted in some pre-understandings, or perhaps stereotypical prejudices, of homosexual men. However, the hermeneutic circle allows me to process and perhaps change these during the encounters with my interviewees the hermeneutical circle allows me to re-interpret my pre-understandings of homosexual men, which might leave me with more suitable understandings of these men. For this thesis the above means that I met my interviewees with some pre-understandings about homosexual men and about how to communicate with them, which were based on some personal encounters with homosexual men that I have had earlier but additionally, perhaps on a more subconsciously level, some of my pre-understandings were based on the many stereotypical understandings of homosexual men that exist in our society. My personal experience, or preunderstanding, was that homosexual men are, more or less, just like heterosexual men. Obviously their sexual orientation differs from that of heterosexual men, but when all comes to all homosexual men, in my opinion, are not all that different from heterosexual men. But then there are the stereotypical understandings of homosexual men that flourish in our society some of 7 Leader of the Institute of Language and Culture at Aalborg University 8 Associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, Kolding PAGE 9

20 METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2 which being that all homosexual men are vain; self-centred; have many feminine characteristic; have loose wrists ; make passes on all men including heterosexuals, etc. These are just a few of the many stereotypical understandings of homosexual men, which obviously are not universal truths about how homosexual men are some are like this, but it is my impression that the majority of homosexual men are, more or less, just like heterosexual men. However, some stereotypical understandings of homosexuals seem to appear every time the subject of homosexuality is raised and even though I on the basis on my own personal experiences believe that most homosexual men are like heterosexual men I still, for unexplainable reasons, imagined that all my interviewees would be like the stereotypical homosexual, which was certainly not the case. On the contrary, my perception that homosexual men are like heterosexual men was reaffirmed. Just like I met my interviewees with some pre-understandings the interviewees also met me with some pre-understandings based on their previous experiences. Thus, as pre-understandings continuously are readjusted, transformed and nuanced by people in order for them to understand a new situation, both the interviewees and I might have changed our understandings of each other during the interview situation. The spiral-like structure of the hermeneutical circle means that the understanding of a text in principle is an infinite process whereas this process in practice ends when a person has reached a valid meaning that is free of inner contradictions [Kvale 1996: 47]. This means that there is no universal truth of how things are seeing as one s perception of things depends very much on the interpretations of the single individual. 2.2 Choice of Examination Design An examination design is the term used to describe the way in which we wish to explore a given phenomenon which is subject for examination. This means that the examination design more specifically constitutes the combination of the approaches that are used in the compilation, analysis and interpretation of data [Andersen 2003: 139]. Seeing as the main purpose of the thesis is to explore the holiday motivations of Danish homosexual men and whether or not they have some specific criteria that holiday destinations have to fulfil in order for the homosexual men to choose one destination over others, it is important to find a research method that can access this within an open framework and thus the choice of examination design fell on qualitative research interviews. PAGE 10

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