Optagelse og behov for mangan og andre mikronæringsstoffer hos løg. Søren Husted Institut for Plante og Miljøvidenskab Københavns Universitet

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1 Optagelse og behov for mangan og andre mikronæringsstoffer hos løg Søren Husted Institut for Plante og Miljøvidenskab Københavns Universitet

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3 Planter er foto autotrofe O2 CO 2 H 2 O

4 De essentielle plantenæringsstoffer Det Periodiske System H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Lanthanider Actinider Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Ikke-mineralsk Makronæringsstof Mikronæringsstof

5 Liebigs Lov Liebigs Minimums Lov

6 Mangelsygdomme

7 Mikronæringsstoffernes funktionelle egenskaber B Mn Fe Cu Zn Ni Cl Nøglefunktion hos planter Cellevæg Fotosystem II Fotosystem I Ligninsyntese Extrem divers funktionalitet (Auxin, SOD ) Urease Fotosystem II

8 Rod udviklingen hos gulerod

9 Rodudviklingen hos løg Root Development of Vegetable Crops by John E. Weaver (1927)

10 Transport af næringsstoffer i Rhizospheren 10

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12 Så langsomt går det. Næringsstof D e (cm 2 s -1 ) Tidsforbrug 1 mm Tidsforbrug 10 cm N 2 x min P 5 x timer 320 år K timer 16 år Mn timer Umulig

13 De tre basale transportformer for næringsstoffer I en frugtbar jord Næringsstof Mass-flow Rod Diffusion interception N P K Ca Mg S B Cu Fe Mn Mo Zn Ni???

14 Udtøningszonen omkring en planterod Santner et al. (2012) 14

15 Udtømningszonen Conc. 15

16 Den Sublime Strategi: Cluster rødder Time 16

17 Sørensen, JN (2010)

18 Mychorrhiza og løg

19 Mychorrhiza ikke altid en god ide

20 Kritiske tærskelværdier B, Mn, Zn og Mg B Mn Zn Mg Løg >25 >50 >25 >3000 Gulerod >20 >50 >30 >3000 Kartoffel >20 >30 >20 >2500

21 Mangan (Mn)

22 Mangan mangel på markniveau Mn H 2 O MnO 2 + 4H + + 2e E = V log K = O 2 + 4H + + 4e 2H 2 O E = V log K = Mn O 2 + H 2 O MnO 2 (s) + 2H + log K = log [Mn 2+ ] = (pe + ph) 2pH Dias #22

23 Dias #23 Mn mangel på bladniveau

24 Week 4 Week 5 MnSO 4 PEU = 66 PEU = 70 PEU = 95 Week 6 Week 7 MnSO 4 MnSO 4 PEU = 67 PEU = 90 PEU = 47 PEU= 87 24

25 Mn mangel og udvintring MnSO 4 PEU =? PEU =

26 Mest Mn i thylakoiderne 26

27 Chlorophyll a Fluorescens Induktion afslører om en plante har Mn-mangel Lys NPQ PSII Fluorescens Kulstof skeletter

28 Emission of Chl a fluorescence under Mn mangel Fluorescence (mv) X =PEU ,01 0, Time (msec)

29 PEUog høstudbytte Harvest yield (hkg ha -1 ) Pedersen et al PEU 29

30 Plantens Cuticula Bladgødskning

31 Mn Foliar Application Rapid PsbA restoration Control -Mn -Mn Control MnSO 4 MnCO 3 Control MnSO 4 MnCO 3 Before spraying 24h after spraying 5 days after spraying

32 TAK!!

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35 Bladgødskning Optagelse, Mobilitet og Assimilering Søren Husted, Institut for Plante og Miljøvidenskab, Københavns Universitet

36 Essential Plant Nutrients The 14 Mineral Nutrients H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Lanthanider Actinider Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Non mineral Macronutrient Micronutrient

37 Chemical forms of the essential nutrients Element Symbol Form % of DM Atoms relative to Mo Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Kalium Calcium Magnesium Fosfor Svovl Klor Jern Bor Mangan Zink Kobber Nikkel Molybdæn H C O N K Ca Mg P S Cl Fe B Mn Zn Cu Ni Mo H 2 O CO 2 O 2,H 2 O,CO 2 NO 3 -,NH 4 +, urea K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ H 2 PO 4 - HPO 4 2- SO 4 2- Cl - Fe 3+,Fe 2+ H 3 BO 3 Mn 2+ Zn 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ MoO ,5 1,0 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,01 0,01 0,002 0,005 0,002 0,0006 0, ,

38 Phloem mobility determines the degree of remobilization Mobile Intermediate Immobile mobile N Fe B *) P Cu Ca K Zn Mg S Mo Mn

39 Remobilization differs between elements. 39

40 The Eudicot Leaf foliar fertilization is the art of moving ions across epidermis and assimilate them in the mesophyll

41 The Plant Cuticle composed of the hydrophobic polymers: cutin, wax and suberin Epi cuticular wax is lipids Cutin: Polyester of (10,16 hexadecanoic acid) monomers

42 Tomato has a very thick cuticle composed of cutin polyesters Nature Chemical Biology 8, (2012) The functional role of the cuticle: Prevent water loss Prevent leaching of ions (nutrients) Prevent pathogen attack Optical properties (temperature control)

43 Uptake of Ions Through Stoma and Peri stomatal Pores relative importance still debated Stoma anatomically protected against capillary infiltration nm hydrated ions can penetrate

44 The Cuticle Forms Pores When Hydrated

45 Humidity and Foliar Transport Across Cuticles

46 Tracer studies to confirm cuticular transport Berberine sulfate as biomarker

47 Principal factors controlling foliar uptake of nutrients Physiological age of leaves Shading Nutrient stress Air humidity Adjuvants (reduce surface tension and increase fluidity of cuticle) Deliquiscence point (DOP) of nutrient salt

48 Mn deficiency leads to reduction in epi cuticular wax and water loss

49 Prerequisites for foliar uptake: Solubility of nutrient salt RH > POD (solute conc. highest when RH = POD, but ) K 2 CO 3 (POD 33%) KNO 3 (POD 90%) FeEDTA (POD 100%) Reduce surface tension of water (spredemiddel) Ensure foliar adhesion using adjuvant (klæbemiddel)

50 Penetration of K salts across cuticular membranes Effects of POD. Schönherr J J. Exp. Bot. 2006;57:

51 Foliar application pros and cons Pros: Independent on soil conditions Acute remediation Effective even for phloem immobile nutrients (Ca, B & Mn) Effective when xylem transport is inhibited Root pressure Antagonisms Cons: Low penetration in plants with thick cuticule Run off risk Rapid solute precipitation Risk of scorching Needs to be repeated frequently

52 Mn deficiency can be effectively alleviated by Mn foliar sprays (MnSO 4 ) Plant and Soil, in press, 2013

53 Influence of foliar Mn on PSII key proteins D1 of PSII reaction core Control -Mn -Mn Control MnSO 4 MnCO 3 Control MnSO 4 MnCO 3 24h after foliar applic. 5d after foliar applic. Protein abundancy (Luminescence units) PsbA PSI-F Mn (-) Mn(+) Mn (-) Mn(+) Dias #53 Husted et al Vanessa Antonia

54 Alleviation of Mn deficiency by foliar Mn sprays 0,85 sprøjtede blade sprøjtede blade usprøjtede blade 0,80 0,75 F v /F m 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,50 kontrol MnSO 4 MnCO 3 -Mn 0 1, Tid (timer) _ Tid (døgn) _ Figur : F v /F m som funktion af tid. Den stiblede tidslinie angiver antal timer efter sprøjtning, mens den fuldoptrukne linie angiver antal døgn efter sprøjtning. De stiblede lodrette linier i figuren angiver høsttidspunkter.

55 The effect of autumn Mn foliar sprays Winter barley, March 2007 Dias #55

56 Which salts are most effective? inorganic salts or chelates. Rapid uptake? Long term effect? assimilation remobilisation) Stability at variable conditions (..ph..)? Role of adjuvants (surfactant, humeactants, accelerators etc) Ferro glycinate

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58 Mn foliar application measuring remobilization

59 Efficiency of 15 different foliar Fe chelate sprays

60 What are the demands for: Zn, Mn B Mg Onion ppm

61 B Mn Zn Mg Critical Threshold Values Onion >25 >50 >25 >3000 Carrot >20 >50 >30 >3000 B, Mn, Zn og Mg Potato >20 >30 >20 >2500

62 Tak for opmærksomheden!