Kontrol. Interven6on. Central executive mode. Default mode. (mind-wandering or task negative network) (task-positive network) switch

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2 6 5 Kontrol Interven6on Kontrol Interven6on Opmærksomhed Default mode (mind-wandering or task negative network) Central executive mode (task-positive network) switch Attentional filter (Where s Waldo? network) filter, saliency detector, vigilance mode frontal lobes and sensory cortices Controlled by nicotin receptors in substantia innominata Levitin, Daniel J. (2014) The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload. Dutton inudgeyou

3 15min Gennemsnitlig tid det tager før man opnår den samme intense koncentration når man genoptager en svær opgave. 2,8sek Varigheden af en forstyrrelse der skal til før at folk begår dobbelt så mange fejl på computeren. Sana, Faria; Tina Weston & Nicholas J. Cepeda (2013) Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers, Computers & Education 62 (2013)

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5 The Digial Reading Gap These data indicate that reading texts on a computer display is not equivalent to reading the same texts on paper Overall, college students took 12 percent longer to read and comprehended 47 percent less with computer-presented text than with paper presented text. Susan M. Belmore (1985) Reading Computer-Presented Text, Bulletin of Psychonomic Society. The results of this study indicate that reading linear narra6ve and expository texts on a computer screen leads to poorer reading comprehension than reading the same texts on paper. Anne Mangen, Bente R. Walgermo, and Kolbjørn Brønnick (2013) Reading Linear Texts on Paper versus Computer Screen Effects on Reading Comprehension International Journal of Educational Research, 58 (2013):

6 nudge Ethvert aspekt af en adfærdsarkitektur, der ikke burde påvirke os i princippet, men gør det i praksis. Source: Hansen, PG (2016) The Definition of Nudge and Libertarian Paternalism: Does the hand fit the glove? The European Journal of Risk Regulation 6

7 konsekvens A konsekvens B handling A handling B overvejelse Handlingskontekst opmærksomhed præferencer formodninger værdier information 7

8 34 x 52 = 8

9 (1) Kemoterapi med 80% chance for at overleve (2) Strålebehandling med 20% risiko for at dø 9

10 Kahneman, D (2002) Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice, Prize Lecture, December 8. Hur6gt Parallelt Automa6sk Associa6vt Erfaringsbaseret Langsomt Serielt Kontrolleret Regel-baseret Fleksibelt Heuristikker Hvad er skilsmisse procenten i DK? Hvad er skilsmisse procenten i min søns klasse? 90%... En heuristik er en mental genvej der gør det muligt for mennesker at løse problemer, træffe beslutninger og foretage vurderinger hurtigt og effektivt. Jeg tror skilsmisse procenten i DK er 90%!!! Hansen, PG (2017) Nudging en kort og præcis introduk2on, 2017, Samfundsli\eratur 10

11 Heuristikker og Bias En kogni,v bias refererer 6l en systema6sk afvigelse fra normerne for ra6onel beslutningstagen, hvilket medfører at slutninger drages på en ikke-logisk måde. Haselton, M. G., Ne\le, D., & Andrews, P. W. (2005). The evolu2on of cogni2ve bias. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolu6onary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp i a b 2 1 En heuristik er en mental genvej der gør det muligt for mennesker at løse problemer, træffe beslutninger og foretage vurderinger hurtigt og effektivt. Hansen, PG (2017) Nudging en kort og præcis introduk2on, 2017, Samfundsli\eratur Kognitive bias En kogni,v bias refererer 6l en systema6sk afvigelse fra normerne for ra6onel beslutningstagen, hvilket medfører at slutninger drages på en ikke-logisk måde. Haselton, M. G., Ne\le, D., & Andrews, P. W. (2005). The evolu2on of cogni2ve bias. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolu6onary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp i a b 2 1 En heuristik er en mental genvej der gør det muligt for mennesker at løse problemer, træffe beslutninger og foretage Optimisme vurderinger bias hurtigt er en og kognitiv bias der medfører effektivt. at man tror at man er mindre udsat for risikoen for Hansen, PG (2017) Nudging en kort og præcis at opleve introduk2on, negative 2017, Samfundsli\eratur udfald sammenlignet med andre mennesker. 11

12 Bias: Hyperbolsk diskontering 80% 70% 66% 71% 80% 70% 70% 74% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 30% 34% 29% 4 Bryllupper Schindler 40% 30% 30% 26% Chokolade Frugt 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% I dag I dag Om Næste to uger 0% I dag Næste uge Decision-making and behavioral biases Anchoring the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. Attentional Bias implicit cognitive bias defined as the tendency of emotionally dominant stimuli in one's environment to preferentially draw and hold attention. Backfire effect - Evidence disconfirming our beliefs only strengthens them. Bandwagon effect the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior. Bias blind spot the tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people. [2] Choice-supportive bias the tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were. [3] Confirmation bias the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [4] Congruence bias the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, in contrast to tests of possible alternative hypotheses. Contrast effect the enhancement or diminishing of a weight or other measurement when compared with a recently observed contrasting object. [5] Denomination effect the tendency to spend more money when it is denominated in small amounts (e.g. coins) rather than large amounts (e.g. bills). [6] Distinction bias the tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately. [7] 12

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15 $ 0.55 $ 0.50 $ 0.45 $ 0.40 $ 0.35 $ 0.30 $ 0.25 $ 0.20 $ 0.15 $ 0.10 $ 0.05 $

16 Centrale bias i beslutninger og ledelse Reciprocitet Hallsworth M, Berry D, Sanders M, Sallis A, King D, et al. (2015) Stating Appointment Costs in SMS Reminders Reduces Missed Hospital Appointments: Findings from Two Randomised Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE 10(9): e doi: /journal.pone inudgeyou 2016 Centrale bias i beslutninger og ledelse Reciprocitet Hallsworth M, Berry D, Sanders M, Sallis A, King D, et al. (2015) Stating Appointment Costs in SMS Reminders Reduces Missed Hospital Appointments: Findings from Two Randomised Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE 10(9): e doi: /journal.pone inudgeyou

17 Centrale bias i beslutninger og ledelse Reciprocitet 74% 72% 73% 70% 68% 66% 64% 66% 62% Non-cancelled Cancelled Hallsworth M, Berry D, Sanders M, Sallis A, King D, et al. (2015) Stating Appointment Costs in SMS Reminders Reduces Missed Hospital Appointments: Findings from Two Randomised Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE 10(9): e doi: /journal.pone inudgeyou

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19 N. J. GOLDSTEIN, R. B. CIALDINI, V. GRISKEVICIUS (2008); A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels Journal of Consumer Research, October Control : Environmental message on towel-rack Descriptive norm messages on towel-rack 1,058 hotel guests over a 80 day period. Part of sample was removed for various reasons. Collected from a mid-priced chain- Descriptive norm messages on towel-rack w. hotel/room norm Rooms were randomly assigned to either condition. Environmental messages are an industry standard Measurement of towel reuse participation 50% 48% 46% 44% 42% 40% 38% 36% 34% 32% 30% N = 428 Participation in towel reuse program by percentage 35% Environmental Message 44% Descriptive norms message N. J. Goldstein, R. B. Cialdini, V. Griskevicius (2008). A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels, Journal of Consumer Research, October

20 Procentvis reduktion i manglende fremmøde sammenlignet med føre intervention 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 10.1% 0.0% -5.0% -3.5% -10.0% -15.0% -18% -20.0% -25.0% -30.0% -31.7% -29.6% -35.0% Mundtlig bekræftelse Aktiv involvering Aktiv involvering + deskriptiv norm Interventions stop Genstart af intervention S. Martin, S. Bassi & R. Dunbar-Rees (2012): Commitments, norms and custard creams a social influence approach to reducing did not attends (DNAs). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2012: 105: inudgeyou

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22 Ugentlig prompts fra studie-mentorer A\endance amongst those individuals who had Study Supporters, rela6ve to those who did not inudgeyou