YEMENmVAM Buletinno.45(May2019) KeyPoints. Inlinewiththetrendobservedinpreviousyears,foodsecurityindicators improvedduringramadanacrossyemen.

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1 SituationUpdate YemenHumanitarianUpdate,2019 Issue7 FivemonthsaftertheUNbrokeredanagreementtodemilitarisetheRedSea portcityofhudeydah,militaryforcesloyaltothehuthimovementhad withdrawnfrom thethreemainportsonyemen sredseacoast. However,fightingescalatedindifferentpartsofYemeninrecentweeksleading tospikesindisplacementandciviliancasualties.hotspotsincludedareasinal Dhale eandtaizzgovernoratesinthesouth,andhajahinthenorthwest. AirstrikesandshelingwerereportedintheborderareasofSa ada,andthere wasanincreaseinviolenceinandaroundsana agovernorate. On5,aUNtechnicalteam ledbytheworldfoodprogramme(wfp)gained accesstotheredseamilsontheeasternoutskirtsofhudeydahcityaspartof initialeffortstosalvageastockof51,000metrictonsofwheatflourstoredat thefacility.themilshavebeeninaccessibleforthelasteightmonthsdueto intensefighting. In,WFPprovidedgeneralfoodassistanceto10.2milionpeoplein21 Yemenigovernorates,82percentofthemonthlytargetof12.4milionpeople. Theacutefuelshortagesexperiencedattheendofinnorthern governoratesappearedtosubside.thelongqueuesofvehiclesatgasstations disappearedandfuelpricesreturnedtotheofficialrate.however,insa ada,gas remainsinshortsupplymainly.cookinggasshortagesarealsoreportedin HajahandSana a.. mvam MethodologyforYemen Inlinewiththetrendobservedinpreviousyears,foodsecurityindicators improvedduringramadanacrossyemen. Femaleheaded-householdsarethemostvulnerablegroup;theshareof inadequatefoodconsumptioncontinuestoincrease. Around70percentofhouseholdswhosewomendidnothaveacceptable MDDW reportedanacceptablefoodconsumptionscore. Foodassistancetohouseholdsinthepastmonthcontributedtotheir betterfoodconsumptionandlowercopinglevelscomparedtohouseholds whodidnotreceiveit. Duringthepastthreemonths,morethan40percentoftherespondents reachedinmultipleroundsreportedhavingpoorfoodaccessinatleastone survey.. KeyPoints 2,556 Householdssurveyed 42 Respondents'averageage 9 Notacceptabledietarydiversityamong women 62% Non- KeyFigures

2 WomenandDietaryDiversity In2019,weinterviewed432womenwiththeMDD-W module.alsothismonth,overalmore than90percentofthesurveyedwomendidnotreachthemdd-w and75percentconsumedonly threefoodgroupsduringthedaybeforethesurvey(figure1). However,amongthosewomenwhodidnotreachanacceptabledietanincreaseinthe percentageofwomenconsumingeggs,fruitsanddairyproductshasbeennoticedin, leadingtoadecreaseintheshareofwomeneatingonlytwofoodgroupsadayby12percentage pointswhencomparedwith. Around70percentofhouseholdswhosewomendidnothaveacceptableMDDW reportedan acceptablefoodconsumptionscore. Figure2:PercentageofhouseholdsfoodconsumptionaccordingtoMDD-W AcceptableMDDW NotAcceptable MDDW Poor Borderline Acceptable 9% 21% Women respondants 9 NotAcceptableDietaryDiversity (consumedlessthan5foodgroups) 32 Averageageof respondents Figure1:Averagenumberoffoodgroupsconsumedbywomen Figure3:PercentageofwomenconsumingMDD-W foodgroups Overal Pregnant/Lactating 37% 41% Overal Acceptable MDDW Not Acceptable MDDW % 3 33% 16% 7% 67% 2% 1% 17% 14% 2% 13% 33% 37% 18% One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Grains 59% Dairy products 39% Pulses 3 Otherfruits 24% Other vegetables 1 8% 9% Meat Eggs VitArich fruits/veg 6% Green vegetables 2% Nuts/seeds NotPregnant/Lactating 63% Secondary 27% Primary 24% Non 59% NoSchool PostSecondary 11%

3 AdditionalDeprivationsandMultidimensionalPovertyAnalysis Althoughtherehasbeenanimprovementinfoodaccessandviolencesincelastmonth,therehas beenverylittlechangeintheshareofrespondentswhoreportatleastonedeprivationusingthe indicatorsdefinedinfigure4.therankingofgovernoratesbyshareofrespondentsfacingmultiple deprivationsisessentialyunchanged;onlytheshareofrespondentsexperiencingmorethanthree deprivationsisslightlychangeddownwards. Map1:Shareofrespondentsexperiencingatleastonedeprivation Manyofthedimensionshavenotsignificantlyvariedovertime.Figure5demonstratesthatthe sharesfacingdeprivationsineducationandhealthhaveremainedconstanteachsurvey-especialy betweenand.giventhisstability,anychangethathasoccurredinthenationalaverages betweensurveyroundshasbeenprimarilydrivenbychangesinfoodaccess,displacementand violence. Ashowninfigure6,stabilityinaccesstohealthoverthepastthreemonthsisworsethanforfood access.approximately711respondentsreportedhavingaseriousenoughilnessrequiringmedical careinmorethanoneinterview,andapproximately50percentofthose711respondentsreported tonotreceivingneededmedicalcareinatleastoneround.thisfiguredemonstratesthatalthough onlyone-quarterofhouseholdshavepooraccesstomedicalcareinanyonesurvey,aroundtwice thatsharecannotaccessmedicalcareoverevenaperiodasshortasthreemonths.regardingfood access,althoughtheaverageshareofrespondentsreportingpoorfoodaccessinanyindividual surveyishigherthanthesharereportingpoorhealthaccess,theshareofrespondentsreachedin multipleroundsreportingtohavingpoorfoodaccessinatleastonesurveyis41percent. Figure4:Dimensionsandindicatorsselectedfortheanalysis 64% 99% Figure5:Depreviationssharesbymonth Figure6:Shareofdeprivationinatleastonesurvey(-2019) Dimensions(group) Indicators1 Apr Displacement Education Health households HouseholdshostIDP s Anyschool-agedchildrennot attendingschool Anymembercannotreceiveneeded medicalcare 33% 2 29% 35% 2 28% 4 2 Health Food Education HH 27% 29% 28% 34% 37% 29% 17% % Hositng HH 25% Security 44% 44% 4 33% 35% ShareDeprived-Food 41% ShareDeprived-Health 5 Violence FoodAccess Anyviolentincidentsinthepast month Householdshaveinadequatefood consumptionscore 44% 37% 44% 29% 1 DeprivedinatLeastOneSurvey DeprivedinatLeastOneSurvey

4 ViolenceandFoodConsumption Sincetheescalationofconflictinof2015,Yemenhasundergoneaprofoundtransformationincludinganincreasein violence,adisruptioninsupplychains,andadeclineinthegeneraleconomicclimatethathasleftalargeshareofthe populationwithouttheincometosupporttheirbasicneeds.thesetransformationshaveresultedinwidespreadfood insecurity,wherenearlyhalfthepopulationisseverelyfoodinsecure. Thereareseveralanddifferentdeterminantsoffoodinsecuritybutthereislittleconcreteunderstandingofhow eachof thesefactorsindividualyiscontributingtotheevolutionoffoodsecurityovertime.abetterunderstandingofhow poor foodaccessisrelatedtoconflict-relatedshocks-particularlyviolenceandnumberoffatalities-isofcriticalimportanceand canhelpwiththetargetingoffoodassistance. Figure7presentsthenationalaverageFoodConsumptionScore(FCS)foreachmonthofthesurveyandthenumberof fatalitiesinthecountryineachmonthasreportedbythearmedconflictlocationandeventdatabase(acled).there seemstobelittleevidencethattheworstfoodaccesscorrespondstotimesofthemostviolence.lookingbackoverthe entirecourseofthesurvey,thislackofrelationshipbetweenviolenceandfoodaccessatthegovernoratelevelisnotan artefactofthemostrecentsurveyandisevidentinnearlyeverysurveysince2015. Averagefoodconsumptionscoresaresimilaracrossmanyofthegovernoratesinthesurvey(map3).However, despitethesimilarityinfoodconsumptioninlargepartsofthecountry,therearesignificantdifferencesinthelevelsof violenceineachgovernorate(map2).inparticular,therearegovernorateswithlittle-to-noviolenceinthepreviousmonth thathavesomeoftheworstfoodaccessinthemostcurrentsurvey. Thisisbecausepoorfoodaccessismorestronglyrelatedtofactorsasidefrom violence-thedisruptionofsupplychains, thepooreconomicclimate,andadisruptiontogovernance.startingfrom September2016,thepaymentofsalariesfor1.2 milionpublicsectoremployeeswassuspendedamidaliquiditycrisisanditpartialyresumedinearly2017.duetothesize ofyemen spublicsector,thishashadcatastrophicimplicationsatatimewhenyemenfacestheworsthumanitariancrisis intheworld,inpartbecausehouseholdscannotaffordfood.wherefoodisavailable,eveninmarkets,peoplelackthecash tobuybasicnecessities,thepricesofwhichhaverisensignificantly.in2019,thefoodbasketatnationallevelcosted 23percenthigherwhencomparedtosamemonth2018andthecostofcookinggaswas18percenthigherthanin Figure7:Aggregatetrendsinfoodaccessandnumberoffatalitiesoverthecourseoftheconflict Averagenumberoffatalities 3K 2K 1K 0K Fatalities 2016 November November November2018 Fcs Map2:Geographicdistributionofviolence-2019 Map3:Geographicdistributionoffoodaccess AverageFCS Althoughtheaggregatepatternsinviolenceandpoorfoodaccessdonotalwaysmatch,itispossiblethattheregionsmost affectedbyviolenceactualyareexperiencingworseningfoodaccessthatisnotreflectedintheaverageoftheentire country.forexample,taizzhasexperiencedthehighestnumberoffatalitiesandisalsoreportingoneofthelowestfcs acrossthecountry ViolenceDataSources: ACLED Uppsala

5 Map5:Averageweeklyconsumptionbygovernoratefor Dairy FoodConsumption In,thenationalmeanFCSincreasedreachingthehighestlevelinthepastsixmonths.Thistrendthathas beenobservedalsoinpreviousyearsduringtheramadanwhenespecialythepoorandvulnerablehouseholds receivemoreassistancefrom thecommunityandcharityorganizationalsointheform offoodorlivestock.the shareofhouseholdswithborderlinefoodconsumptiondecreasedby11percentagepointsinandstandsat 30percent. ThebiggestimprovementhasbeenrecordedinHudeydah,AdDali,Hajah,Sana aandraymahwherethe percentageofhouseholdshavinginadequatefoodconsumptiondecreasedonaverageby20percentagepoints. Foodconsumptionimprovedalsoamongdisplacedhouseholdsas33percentreportedapoororborderlinefood consumptionincomparedto43percentin.anincreaseinthefrequencyofconsumptionofdairy products,proteins,fruitsandvegetableshasbeenobservedin,reflectingamorediversediet.however, theincreaseespecialyinproteinconsumptionhasbeenrecordedonlyamongdisplacedhouseholdswho reportedanacceptablefoodconsumptionanddiet. Femaleheaded-householdsarethemostvulnerablegroup,reportinganincreasingshareofinadequatefood consumption(35percent):proteinsandfruitsareconsumedonlyonetimeaweek,whiletheirdietconsists mainlyofsugarstaplesandfats. Theshareofhouseholdsreceivingfoodassistanceincreasedandthustheirfoodconsumptionimproved. Inadequatefoodconsumptiondroppedfrom 41percentinto30percentin. Map4:Percentageofhosueholdsbygovernoratewith PoorandBorderlineFoodConsumption clickononeormoregovernoratestogetthecorrespondentfigure11 and figure Figure9:Percentageofhouseholdswithinadequatefoodconsumption(Dec ) 10 Figure8:Percentageofhouseholds foreachfoodconsumptiongroup(2019) Poor Borderline Acceptable 43% withnoincomesource 37% 25% Figure10:Percentageofhouseholdswithinadequatefoodconsumption(poorand borderline)accordingto Displacementstatus % 34.8% 35.3% 40.8% 29.8% 2 23% 18% 1 9% Non Borderline Poor 2days 3days 4days Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

6 CopingStrategies In,thenationalrCSIdecreasedfrom 21.6into20.5,howeverlevelofcopingremainswidespreadwith 90percentofthehouseholdsrelyingatleasttoonecopingstrategy. Map6:AverageofrCSIbygovernorate(2019) ClickononeormoregovernoratesonthemaptogetthecorrespondentFigure14 Figure11:Percentageofhouseholdsadoptedfoodbasedcopingstrategyby displacementstatus Amongalthegovernoratesinthecountry,thehighestaveragerCSIreportedinwasrecordedonceagainin Hajah(23.7)folowedbySana acity(23.6).theoveraluseofcopingstrategieshasdecreasedinhudeydahand Ibbashouseholdsarespecificalyrelyinglessfrequentlytorestrictingadults consumptionsothatchildrencan eat. LessExpensiveFood LimitPortionSize 83% 83% IDPhouseholdscontinuetoapplycopingstrategiesmoreoftenthannon-IDPhouseholds,inparticularbuyingless expensiveandlesspreferredfoodorlimitingportionsizes. RestrictConsumption 72% Theincreasedlevelsoffoodassistanceseem tohaveapositiveimpactonbothhouseholds foodconsumptionand useofcopingstrategies.overal,householdswhoreportedhavingreceivedfoodassistancelessthanonemonth agohavethehighestfoodconsumptionscoreandthelowestlevelofcopingcomparedtothosehouseholdswho receivedassistancebutmorethanonemonthago >=18 ReduceNumberofMeals Borrow oraskingfor Help 71% 67% Figure12:NationalaverageofrCSIandFCS accordingtolasttimefoodassistancereceived Figure13:AverageofrCSI(Dec ) 1to3monthsago Lessthan1monthago Morethan1monthago Neverreceivedassistance Non LessExpensiveFood LimitPortionSize RestrictConsumption 68% 68% ReduceNumberofMeals 58% FCS rcsi FCS rcsi FCS rcsi FCS rcsi Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Borrow oraskingfor Help 55% ForFurtherInformation ArifHusain SiddharthKrishnaswamy ElianaFavari TobiasFlaemig SharadAlanTandon ChiefEconomist,DeputyDirector RegionalVAM Advisor,RBC VAM Officer,RBC VAM Officer,WFPYemen SeniorEconomist,WorldBank PolicyandProgrammeDivision siddharth.krishnaswamy@wfp eliana.favari@wfp.org tobias.flaemig@wfp.org standon3@worldbank.org arif.husain@wfp.org