YEMENmVAM Buletinno.44(April2019) KeyPoints

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1 KeyPoints SituationUpdate KeyFigures 2,460 Householdssurveyed 42 Respondents'averageage 95% NotAcceptableDietaryDiversityAmong Women HouseholdsfoodconsumptiondeterioratedinAprilasmorerespondentsarereporting havingaborderlineandpoorfoodconsumptioninalbayda,alhudaydah,addali andamran. Thelackofdietarydiversityisasevereproblem experiencedbymostsurveyed women.inparticular;pregnantandlactatingwomenareathighriskofinadequate intakeofmicronutrientsresultingfrom dietsdominatedbystarchystaples. Unemploymentandlackofincomeopportunitiesisreportedlythemainobstaclefaced byhouseholdsinordertoaccessanadequatefoodconsumption. Thebiggestincreasesintheshareofhouseholdsexperiencingmultipledeprivations inaprilwererecordedininalmaharah(securitydeprivation),andalhudaydah(food deprivation). Uponanalyzing5monthsofdisplacement-relateddata;itisseenthatlevelsof violencewereapproximatelytentimesworseinthegovernoratesfrom whichidp s migratedfrom ascomparedtogovernoratestowhichidp smigratedto. WhiletheceasefireinHudaydahhaslargelyheld,anescalationofviolencehas intensifiedinotherpartsofthecountry. FightinginHajah,justnorthofHudaydah,hastriggeredanotherwaveofpopulation movement:bytheendofmarch,upto68,000familieswereestimatedtobedisplaced withinorfrom Hajah;41,000familiesareinAbsand2,500areinnorthernAlHudaydah. ConflicthasalsointensifiedonfrontlinesinAlDhale'eandalongthenorthernborderin Sa'adaandAlJawf,displacingthousandsmorefamilies. Humanitarianagenciesarealsoconfrontinganalarmingresurgenceinthecholera epidemic.sofarin2019,nearly200,000suspectedcasesofcholerahavebeen reported.that'salmostthreetimesasmanyasinthesameperiodlastyear. 38% mvam MethodologyforYemen 62% Non- YemenHumanitarianUpdate,April2019 Issue6 WorldHealthOrganisation'sYemencholeradashboard

2 WomenandDietaryDiversity InApril2019,weinterviewed432womenwiththeMDD-W module.overal,95percentofthe surveyedwomendidnotreachthemdd-w andconsumedonlythreefoodgroupsduringtheday beforethesurvey(figure1). Figure2showsthepercentageofwomenwhoconsumedthedifferentfoodgroupsintheday beforethesurvey.womenwhodidnotreachamddhadadietbasedononlystarchystaples, pulsesanddairyproducts(mainlymilkandyoghurt).lessthan10percentofthewomeninthis groupconsumednutrient-richfoodsgroupssuchasvitaminarichfruitsandvegetables,eggs, nuts,seedsandotherfruits. Pregnantandlactatingwomenarelesslikelytoreachaminimalyacceptabledietandare consuminglesseggs,meatandgreenleafyvegetablesthanwomenwhoarenotpregnant. Althoughthevastmajorityofwomenacrossalgroupsdonotmeettheirminim dietarydiversity requirements,lackofaccesstoadequateamountsandvarietyoffoodplacespregnantwomenat greaterriskofcomplicationsduringpregnancyanddeliveryandcanincreasethelikelihoodof low birthweight,childmortalityandseriousdisease. Figure2:AveragefoodconsumptionofhouseholdswhorespondedtoMDD-W moduleandof householdswhodidnotrespondtomdd-w module. HHsdidNOTrespondto MDD-W module(2028) HHsrespondedto MDD-W module(432) 13% 11% Poor 28% 29% Borderline 432 Women respondants 95% NotAcceptableDietaryDiversity (consumedlessthan5foodgroups) 32 Averageof respondantsage Figure1:AverageNumberoffoodgroupsconsumedbywomen Figure3:Percentageofwomenconsumptionforeachfoodgroup Overal Pregnant/Lactating 41% 42% Overal MDD-W Not Acceptable MDD-W Acceptable 42% 28% 13% 11% 3% 1% 44% 3 14% 12% 74% 16% 8% 1% 1% One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Grains Pulses Dairyproducts Othervegetables Meat Greenvegetables Eggs Otherfruits VitArichfruits/veg 98% 58% 37% 1 5% 5% 4% 9% Nuts/seeds 3% NotPregnant/Lactating 59% Secondary 27% Primary 24% Non 58% NoSchool 38% PostSecondary 11%

3 AdditionalDeprivationsandMultidimensionalPovertyAnalysis TheYemenmVAM begancolectinginformationondeprivationsinhealth,education,andsecurityinmarch2019.theapril2019survey demonstratesthattherehasbeenaslightincreaseintheshareofthepopulationdeprivedineachdimension(figure4),resultingina worseningoftheshareofpeopleexperiencingatleastonedeprivationandanincreaseintheshareofpeopleexperiencingmultiple deprivationsatonce. Map1:ShareofRespondentsExperiencingatLeastOneDeprivation Theslightworseningofwelfareineachdimensionhasaffectedsomeregionsmorethanothers.Therearesevengovernorates,which encompassoverone-thirdofthepopulation,wherevirtualyeverybodysurveyedexperiencedatleastonedeprivation(map1). Similarly,thesearethegovernorateswiththehighestshareofrespondentsthatreportexperiencingmultipledeprivationsatonce. Thereareseveralfactorscontributingtoaverageincreasesinhouseholddeprivations.Thebiggestincreasesintheshareexperiencing multipledeprivationswereinalmaharah,wheretherewasalargeincreaseintheshareofrespondentsresidinginadistrictthat experiencedatleastoneviolentincident,andalhudaydah,wheretherewasaworseningoffoodsecurity(figure6).however,itis importanttonotethateventhoughthepercentageofpeoplelivinginadistrictwithaviolentincidentincreaseddramaticalyinal Maharah,thetotalincreaseinviolencewassmal-therewereonlythreeviolentincidentsreportedduringthemonth.Similarly, althoughtheaggregatenumberofviolentincidentsandfatalitiesdecreasednationaly,theshareofrespondentslivinginadistrict withatleastoneviolentincidentslightlyincreasedfrom March2019. Figure4:DimensionsandIndicatorsSelectedfortheAnalysis Figure5:ShareofRespondentsExperiencingMultipleDeprivations Figure6:SignificantChangesintheGovernoratesExperiencingtheLargestIncreaseintheShare ExperiencingMultipleDeprivations. Dimension (group) Displacement Health Education FoodSecurity Violence Deprivation HouseholdhostsIDP s Householdsisdisplacedthemselves Anymembercannotreceiveneeded medicalcare Anyschool-agedchildnotattending school HouseholdhasinadequateFood ConsumptionScore Anyviolentincidentsinthepastmonth indistrict 14% 27% 17% 34% 37% 33% 29% 48% 44% DeprivationType Conflict Education Food Health 48% 34% 37% 44% 27% 29% 17% 14% Hosted 33% AlHudaydah FoodDeprivation 48% AlMaharah SecurityDeprivation 1% 68%

4 UsingtheYemenmVAM totrackviolencesuroundingdisplacement Inadditiontomonthlymonitoring,theYemenmVAM dataalowsanin-depthanalysisofotherinformationcolectedoverthecourse oftheconflict.thesurveycolectsinformationondisplacementincludingthegovernoratefrom whichthehouseholdmigrated,the monthandyearofmigration,andthedistricttowhichthehouseholdhadmigrated.thissectionreportsresultsfrom asample includingthefirsttimeeachdisplacedhouseholdwasinterviewedforalidp sreachedinthesurveybetweenaugust2015and December2018-i.e.6,245uniquerespondents. Figure7demonstratestherewasalargesurgeindisplacementinthefirstfew monthsfolowingtheescalationinconflict, corroboratingthefindingsofthetaskforceforpopulationmovement.thesurgewassolargethatover50percentofidp sinthe samplecolectedbetweenaugust2015anddecember2018reportedtohavingbeendisplacedbetweenmarchandjune2015. Importantly,figure7demonstratesthatthetimeofthehighestdisplacementinthesampleofrespondentswasnotthetimewhen violencehadpeakedintheconflict.rather,itcanbeassociatedwiththeonsetofviolence,butdisplacementquicklydeclinedasthe numberoffatalitiescontinuedtoescalateoverthecourseoftheconflict.thesefindingsdemonstratethatthedisplacementcrisisis relatedtoviolence,butthattheoveraldisplacementpatternsarenotcompletelyexplainedbythenumberoffatalitiesorviolent incidentsthatpeopleexperience. Usingthetimeofdisplacementandlocationofdisplacement,alongwiththelocationofmigrationandtimeofthesurvey,wecan matcheachobservationwithviolencethatoccursatanumberofpivotaltimesforeachrespondent.matchingdisplacedrespondents withviolenceinformationyieldskeyinsightsregardinghow violenceaffectsthedecisiontomigrate,andthedecisionofwhere respondentschoosetomigrate. First,IDP sleftviolentsituationsthatturnedevenmoreviolentaftertheyleft.violencewasescalatingovertime,butthensharply peakedinthegovernorateoforiginafterindividualschosetomigrate.theincreasewassolargethattheprevalenceofviolence nearlydoubledinthefivemonthsafterdisplacementrelativetothefivemonthsbefore. Figure7:ShareofTotalIDPSamplebyMonthofDisplacementandviolencebymonth ShareofTotal DIsplacement AverageNumber offatalities Average Numberof Incidents 1 3K 2K 1K 0K April Figure8:Share ofhouseholdsmovingtoless/moreviolentgovernorates 72% 7 Figure9:ShareofIDP sresidingindistrictsbyviolencetrendsince Displacement 7 Second,figure8demonstratesthatIDP smigratedtoregionsthathadsignificantlylessviolencethantheregionsfrom whichthey werecomingfrom.theamountofviolencewasapproximatelytentimesworseinthegovernoratesfrom whichidp smigratedfrom thaninthegovernoratestowhichidp smigratedtobyfivemonthsafterdisplacement.additionaly,therewasnosurgeinviolence atthetimeofdisplacementinthegovernoratestowhichidp smigrated. Third,figure9demonstratesthatthevastmajorityofIDP smigratedtogovernoratesthathadlittle-to-noviolenceatthetimeof displacementandtheycontinuedtoliveingovernoratesthatwerefreeofviolenceatthetimeofthesurvey,whichinsomecaseswas morethanayearafterdisplacement.thus,consistentwithotherreports,idp sareseekinglessviolentareasandaregoodat predictingareasthatarelessviolentandstaylessviolentforpotentialylongperiodsoftime.however,asmoretimepassessince theinitialdisplacement,theamountofviolenceinthedestinationtendstoincrease.thus,althoughidp saregoodatmovingto areaswithlittlecurrentviolenceandlittlefutureviolence,overtimethispredictionbecomeslessprecise. Overal,theYemenmVAM canhelptofilanumberofinformationgapsinacontextwheretraditionaldatacolectionisnear impossibleandconstantshocksaffectthemajorityofthepopulation.thehighfrequencyofthesurvey,itsgeographic representationofnearlytheentirecountry,andthelengthofthesurveynearlyovertheentirecourseoftheconflictmakeitan invaluablesourceofinformationthatthewfpandtheworldbankareanalyzingtogether. More Violence-Incidents More Violence-Fatalities 27% Less Violence-Fatalities 23% Less Violence-Incidents ViolenceDataSources: Uppsala ACLED 22% SameLevelofViolence MoreViolenceatTime ofsurvey 8% LessViolenceatTime ofsurvey

5 Foodconsumption InApril,thenationalmeanfoodconsumptionscore(FCS)deterioratedcomparedwiththeprevious monthwithmorethan40percentofthesurveyedhouseholdsreportinghavinganinadequatefood consumption(12percentpoorand28percentborderline). ThebiggestdeteriorationhasbeenrecordedinAlBaydaandAlHudaydah,wherethepercentageof householdshavingpoorandborderlinefoodconsumptionincreasedby20percentagepointscompared tomarch. Map2:Percentageofhosueholdsbygovernoratewith PoorandBorderlineFoodConsumption clickononeormoregovernoratestogetthecorrespondentfigure11 and figure 12 Figure10:Percentageofhouseholds withnoincomesource foreachfoodconsumptiongroup(april2019) Poor Borderline Acceptable 3 29% 28% Inaddition,asignificantincreaseintheshareofhouseholdsreportingpoorfoodconsumptionwas recordedalsoinaddaliandamran.inthesegovernoratesaround10percentmorehouseholdshavea poorfoodconsumptioncomparedtomarch. Thedatashowsalsothatinadequatefoodconsumptionisconnectedwithalackofincome opportunities.around60percentofthehouseholdswhoreportedsupportfrom otherfamiliesastheir primarysourceofincomeand50percentofthehouseholdswhoreportedbeingunemployedhavea poorandborderlinefoodconsumption.lossofemploymentandaccesstoincomewasidentifiedby familiesasthemainchalengeforfamiliestoaccessfood. Map3:Averageweeklyconsumptionbygovernoratefor Dairy >5 Figure11:Percentageofhouseholdswithinadequatefoodconsumption(Nov2018- Apr2019) 10 1 Figure12:Percentageofhouseholdswithinadequatefoodconsumption(poor andborderline)accordingto Displacementstatus % 35.3% 34.8% 40.8% 3 26% 13% 12% Non Borderline Poor 1day 2days 3days 4days Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

6 Copingstrategies Inlinewiththefoodconsumptionresults,inAprilsurveyedhouseholdsseem toresortmoreoftentocoping strategies.thenationalrcsiincreasedfrom 20.2inMarchto21.6April,thehighestinthepastsixmonths. Map4:AverageofrCSIpergovernorate(April2019) ClickononeormoregovernoratesonthemaptogetthecorrespondentFigure14 Figure15:Percentageofhouseholdsadoptedfoodbasedcopingstrategyby displacementstatus Overal,householdswithpoorfoodconsumptionaresignificantlymorelikelytoadoptcopingstrategiesthat wouldcompromisethequantityandthequalityofthefoodconsumed:limitingthesizeofportions,reducethe numberofmealseatenperdayandrestrictconsumptionofadultsforchildrenareusealmost4daysaweekby familieswithpoorfoodconsumption. Borrow oraskingforhelp LessExpensiveFood 67% 83% Amongalthegovernoratesinthecountry,thehighestaveragerCSIreportedinAprilwasrecordedinthe neighboringgovernoratesofhajahandalhudaydah(25)folowedbysana scity(24).inthesegovernorates, surveyedhouseholdshaveusedalthefivefood-basedcopingstrategiesonanaveragethreetimesintheweek beforethesurvey. LimitPortionSize Whilethedifferenceinthefoodconsumptionamongdisplacedandnon-displacedhouseholdsgotsmalerinApril, IDPshouseholdscontinuetorelytocopingstrategiesconsiderablymoreoftenthannon-displacedhouseholds. ReduceNumberofMeals 74% 4-18 >=19 RestrictConsumption 74% Figure13:NationalaverageofrCSIaccordingtohouseholdsmainincomesource Figure14:AverageofrCSI(Nov2018-Apr2019) 30 Borrow oraskingforhelp 53% SupportFrom Family 30.4 SelfEmployed 22.1 AgriculturalWage 21.0 Unregular Government Salary 18.8 Driver Non LessExpensiveFood LimitPortionSize 72% 69% NoIncomeSource 25.2 NonAgriculturalWage 21.3 RegularPrivate SectorSalary 18.9 Salary Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr ReduceNumberofMeals RestrictConsumption ForFurtherInformation ArifHusain SiddharthKrishnaswamy ElianaFavari TobiasFlaemig SharadAlanTandon ChiefEconomist,DeputyDirector RegionalVAM Advisor,RBC VAM Officer,RBC VAM Officer,WFPYemen SeniorEconomist,WorldBank PolicyandProgrammeDivision