Praktisk jordbundsøkologisk risikovurdering: hvordan gør man?

Transkript

1 Praktisk jordbundsøkologisk risikovurdering: hvordan gør man? Web: krogh.ph Paul Henning Krogh

2 Indhold Beslutningsstøtte systemer Lidt om jordbundsdyr Midetest Collemboltest Feltundersøgelse af LAS

3 Ecological effects assessment of corn cropping system ECOLOGY water quality greenhouse gasses soil biodiversity biodiversity runoff water undergrnd water N 2O CO 2 indirect CO 2 chemical disturbance soil fertilization physical stress pollinators predators parasitoids soil state herbicide use nutrition state farm type CONTEXT insecticide use pesticide use soil fungicide use fertilizer use climate fuel use weed profile crop sub-type climatic disturbance chemical fertiliz. use water managmt CROP MANAGEMENT physical disturbance weed biomass soil tillage weed ctrl. applications weed control pest control CROP PROTECTION herbivores disease control Bohanec et. al in press

4 Evaluation of six typical cropping systems Values of two economic and four ecological attributes that occur on the second level of the model structure

5 Soil invertebrate diversity

6 Soil fauna size classes

7 Three lifeforms of springtails Epiedafic Hemiedafic Euedafic

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13 Three earthworm life-forms Anecic eats on the soil surface vertical burrows Endogeic Epigeic consumes in upper soil horizon unpigmented or weakly pigmented reside and eat on the soil surface in the organic matter small, highly reproductive

14 1. Man checker sit testdyr ud!

15 H. aculeifer biologi Arrhenotoky: ubefrugtede diploide hunner laver haploide hanner Nærmest altædende: omnivor

16 Stadier Fra Krantz (1978) A manual of acarology Larve Protonymfe Deutonymfe Adult

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18 Livscyklus Egglaying Egg Larva Protonymph Deutonymph Adult 28d Removal for testing 35d Test ends Baseret på Andrea Ruf, Uni Bremen 40 Days

19 Hvorfor en midetest? Nogen troede at man dermed fik en 2- arts-test! En mide er forskellig fra en orm og en springhale..ikke mindst en rov-mide Visse stoffer kunne tænkes især at ramme mider, men ikke andre jordbundsdyr

20 Stadie-specifik følsomhed Heckmann et al. 2005

21 Folsomia fimetaria biologi Kønnet formering Alm. i landbrugsjord i Europa og formodentlig resten af verden undtagen troperne Detrivor

22 i kontrast til F. candida Kun hunner med ukønnet formering får kun hunner: Parthenogenese Har intracellulær bakterie i kønsorganer: Wolbachia Han-frekvens på 2 per juvenile adult 1-4 måneder og 50 hanner per juvenile adulte 4-5 måneder

23 Genetisk variation Simonsen, V., Christensen, P.G., Clonal and genetic variation in three collembolan species revealed by isozymes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Pedobiologia 45:

24 Mesocosm model system

25 The collembolan Folsomia fimetaria, Ff, in a mesocosm spiked with pyrene Col: A community of the main collembolan life-forms Det: A detrivore model community, incl. an enchytraeid Pred: Detrivore community + a gamasid mite predator Cortet et al ET&C.

26 The collembolan Isotomurus prasinus in a mesocosm spiked with pyrene Col: A community of the main collembolan life-forms Det: A detrivore model community, incl. an enchytraeid Pred: Detrivore community + a gamasid mite predator Cortet et al ET&C.

27 The collembolan Hypogastrura assimilis in a mesocosm spiked with pyrene Col: A community of the main collembolan life-forms Det: A detrivore model community, incl. an enchytraeid Pred: Detrivore community + a gamasid mite predator Cortet et al ET&C.

28 The enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus in a mesocosm spiked with pyrene Det: A detrivore model community Pred: Detrivore community + a gamasid mite predator Cortet et al ET&C.

29 Increasing biodiversity results in increasing phenanthrene degradation Cortet et al ET&C.

30 Field effects of LAS enriched sludge on soil fauna

31 Aims Is LAS toxic under field condition? How does the laboratory results agree with field results? How can we explain the field results?

32 Mixing LAS into sludge

33 Laying down string of sludge in soil groove

34 LAS in sludge stimulates plant growth

35 Experimental design Blok 1 Blok 2 Blok 3 Blok 4 Blok 5 12 m 19 m cm Aerobic sludge + LAS g kg cm

36 Plant roots grow in whole bundles through the sludge

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38 LAS disappearance from sludge LAS % remaining of initial 0 MAY JUN JUL

39 Digging up a soil block for determination of earthworm abundance

40 A. caliginosa

41 Enchytraeids in sludge

42 Enchytraeids in soil close to the sludge

43 F. fimetaria Individuals 10 3 m -2

44 Willemia sp. Individuals 10 3 m -2

45 M. macrochaeta Individuals 10 3 m -2

46 Prostigmatid mites Individuals 10 3 m -2

47 Gamasid mites (predators) Individuals 10 3 m -2

48 Astigmatid mites Individuals 10 3 m -2

49 Summary of results Short term: Colonisation of all soil invertebrates studied is inhibited by LAS (except two groups of mites) Long term: Collembolans and earthworms have recovered from LAS Enchytraeids did not recover from LAS after 5 months Mites and M. macrochaeta are stimulated by LAS

50 Lab toxicity of LAS in soil H. assimilis F. fimetaria H. aculeifer A. caliginosa A. longa E. albidus EC50 reproduction, mg kg-1 0

51 How does laboratory results agree with field results? Inhibitory effects both in lab and field to all soil invertebrates except gamasid mites Enchytraeids were the most sensitive species in both lab and field Earthworm and enchytraeid populations were not more sensitive to LAS compared with microarthropods Recovery of earthworms and collembolans

52 Conclusion LAS in sludge has a short term toxic effect to soil invertebrates in sludge, but recovery has been attained for allmost all soil invertebrates, except for enchytraeids that had just started to recover

53 Opsummering nye LAS tests Reproduction is stimulated by sludge for E. crypticus and A. caliginosa but not for F. candida Probably explained by feeding behaviour Sludge spiked with LAS did affect reproduction of F. candida and A. caliginosa Significantly reduced reproduction was observed for E. crypticus (72 g LAS kg -1 sludge) Industri: The reproduction was, however, comparable to the reproduction observed in the control soil without sludge. Compared to LAS directly spiked to soil, the reproductive output of organisms exposed to spiked sludge was either not significantly different (F. candida, E. crypticus) or significantly improved (A. caliginosa)

54 SSD for LAS toxicity (NOEC and EC10) including plant species and soil invertebrates HC 5

55 Ny grænseværdi - tidligere 4,6 mg kg -1 An extensive review of the invertebrate and plant ecotoxicological data, combined with a probabilistic assessment approach, led to a PNEC value of 35 mg LAS/kg soil, i.e. the 5th percentile (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (lognormal distribution of the EC10 and NOEC values Jensen et al. 2007