ENGELSK GRAMMATIK NAVN: RØNDE EFTERSKOLE

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1 ENGELSK GRAMMATIK NAVN: RØNDE EFTERSKOLE Indholdsfortegnelse 1 ordstilling Udsagnsord (verber) 2.1 Kongruens Modalverber Uregelmæssige verber Udvidet tid Tillægsord (adjektiver) Biord (adverbier) Biordenes placering Kendeord (artikel) Navneord (substantiver) Ejefald (genitiv) Stedord (pronominer) Henførende stedord Påpegende stedord Ubestemt stedord Forholdsord Tegnsætning (komma) Sammentrækninger Egne notater Engelsk Grammatik - 1

2 1 Ordstilling Engelsk har næsten altid ligefrem ordstilling Ordklasser Dansk Latin Engelsk Forkortet udsagnsord Verber verbs vb. navneord substantiver nouns sb. tillægsord adjektiver adjectives adj. Biord adverbier adverbs adv. stedord pronominer pronouns pron. forholdsord præpositioner prepositions præp. bindeord konjunktioner conjunctions conj. talord numeralia numerals Nm. Det vil sige, at grundleddet kommer før udsagnsleddet - modsat dansk som både har ligefremordstilling og omvendt ordstilling. Engelsk Grammatik - 2

3 2 - Udsagnsord (verber) Kongruens Grundleddet og udsagnsleddet skal altid stemme overens. Når grundleddet er 3. person, ental, skal der -s på udsagnsleddet. I sætninger der begynder med there skal udsagnsleddet tilpasses det egentlige grundled: There is a man in the house. There are many books in the library. EN- TAL FLER- TAL Nutid Datid Førnutid Førdatid Fremtid 1. Person I help helped have helped had helped will help 2. Person you help helped have helped had helped will help he helps helped has helped had helped will help 3. Person she helps helped has helped had helped will help it helps helped has helped had helped will help 1. Person we help helped have helped had helped will help 2. Person you help helped have helped had helped will help 3. Person they help helped have helped had helped will help PAS PÅ, some - og any - styrer altid 3. person ental. Fx Is someone in here? Modalverber Navneform nutid datid kort tillægsform be able to can could been able to be allowed to may might been allowed to have to must must had to had to want to will Would wanted to be going to shall Should been going to be obliged ought to ought to been obliged to Can (kan) May (må) evne I can jump mulighed/tilladelse I may remember it (jeg kan måske huske det) You may borrow the bike (... må gerne...) Must (må) nødvendighed/forbud You must do something. You must not kill Will (vil) vilje/fremtid Do you want to have this (...vil du gerne...) We will be home to night Shall (skulle) fremtid We shall all be there next year. Ought to (burde) forpligtelse We ought to help the poor Engelsk Grammatik - 3

4 2 - Udsagnsord (verber) Uregelmæssige verber arise, arose arisen awake, awoke, awoken be, was/were, been bear, bore, borne beat, beat, beaten become, became, become begin, began, begun bend, bent, bent bet, bet, bet bid, bade, bidden bind, bound, bound bite, bit, bitten bleed, bled, bled blow, blew, blown break, broke, broken breed, bred, bred bring, brought, brought build, built, built bum, burned, burned burst, burst, burst buy bought, bought can, could, (be able to) cast, cast, cast catch, caught, caught choose, chose, chosen cling, clung, clung come, came, come cost, cost, cost creep, crept, crept cut, cut, cut deal, dealt, dealt dig, dug, dug do, did, done draw, drew, drawn dream, dreamed, dreamed drink, drank, drunk drive, drove, driven dwell, dwelt, dwelt eat, ate, eaten fall, fell, fallen feed, fed, fed feel, felt, felt fight, fought, fought find, found, found flee, fled, fled fling, flung, flung fly, flew, flown forget, forgot forgotten forsake, forsook, forsaken freeze, froze, frozen get, got, got give, gave given go, went, gone grow, grew, grown hang, hung, hung have, had, had hear, heard, heard hide, hid, hidden hit, hit, hit hold, held, held hurt, hurt, hurt keep, kept, kept kneel, knelt, knelt knit, knit, knit know knew, known lay, laid, laid lead, led, led lean, leant, leant leap, leapt, leapt learn, learned, learned leave, left, left lend, lent, lent let, let, let lie, lay, lain light, lit, lit lose, lost, lost make, made, made may, might, (been allowed to) mean, meant, meant meet, met, met must, must, (had to) ought, ought pay, paid, paid put, put, put read, read, read rid, rid, rid ride, rode, ridden ring, rang, rung rise, rose, risen run, run, run say, said, said see, saw, seen sew, sewed, sewn shake, shook, shaken shall, should, (been obliged to) shine, shone, shone shoot, shot, shot show, showed, shown shrink, shrank, shrunk shut, shut, shut sing, sang, sung sink, sank, sunk sit, sat, sat slay, slew, slain sleep, slept, slept slide, slid, slid sling, slung, slung slink, slunk, slunk smell, smelled, smelled speak, spoke, spoken spell, spelled, spelled spent, spent, spent spill spilled, spilled spin, spun, spun spit, spat, spat spoil, spoiled, spoiled spread, spread, spread spring, sprang, sprung stand, stood, stood steal, stole, stolen stick, stuck, stuck sting, stung, stung stink, stank, stunk strike, struck, stuck swear, swore, sworn sweep, swept, swept swell, swelled, swollen swim, swam, swum swing, swung, swung take, took, taken teach, taught, taught tear, tore, torn tell, told, told think, thought, thought throw, threw, thrown tread, trod, trodden wake, woke, woken wear, wore, worn weave, wove, woven weep, wept, wept will, would, (wanted to) win, won, won wind, wound, wound wring, wrong, wrong write, wrote, written Engelsk Grammatik - 4

5 2 - Udsagnsord (verber) Udvidet tid (-ing-form) Simpel tid (alm. Nutid/datid) bruges, når der er tale om: 1. Fakta/Kendsgerninger: She is pregnant. His dog died. 2. Noget er en vane/sker altid: The sun sets in the West. He plays games. Udvidet tid derimod beskriver: 1. Det man er i færd med lige nu/sker lige nu: I am watching a movie. She is running down the hill. 2. Parallelle forløb: She was reading the paper while he was doing the dishes. 3. Afbrudte handlinger: The girl was writing when he came in. Sådan dannes udvidet tid: to be + verbet + (ing) Udvidet tid minder om de danske udtryk: Være i færd med at / være ved at Går og / ligger og / står og 3 - Tillægsord (adjektiver) Tillægsord er ord som lægger sig til navneord. Dvs. at de siger noget om navneordet. Tillægsord bøjes i 3 grader: grundform - komparativ - superlativ (1.-3. grad) Der er 3 måder at bøje tillægsordene: Tilføjer Hvilke ord -er i 2. grad -est i 3. grad more i 2. grad most i 3. grad uregelmæssigt NB! De fleste tillægsord på 1-stavelse tall - taller - tallest short - shorter - shortest 2-stavelses ord med tryk på sidste stavelse polite - politer - politest 2-stavelses ord, der ender på -le, -ow, -er og -y dirty - dirtier - dirtiest narrow - narrower - narrowest Ord med 2 stavelser eller mere interesting - more interesting - most interesting En del tillægsord er uregelmæssige good - better worse Which do you like better, Coke or Fanta? Hvad kan du bedst lide, Cola eller Fanta? Engelsk Grammatik - 5

6 4 - Biord (adverbier) Sådan dannes/skrives biord: There aren't any cookies left. (overhovedet ingen) Tillægsord + ly quick - quickly, slow - slowly Ægte biord (småbiord) always, often, usually, generally, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, also, actually, just, really, soon, hardly, probably Tillægsord i uforandret form Daily, fast, little... NB! - hard og fast har samme form i både biord og tillægsord Good bliver til well som biord Småbiordenes placering Småbiordene placeres: Engelsk Grammatik - 6

7 5 - Kendeord (artikel) Ubestemt artikel (a/an) a foran konsonatlyde an foran vokallyde Nationaliteter/stillinger/ typekategori a man, a boy, a university an apple, an hour, an orange I am a Dane NB! Er der kun én af slagsen skal der ikke være kendeord. He was President of the United States Tællelige navneord, som angiver én af slagsen/én af mange Ved det danske per/om Foran hundred/thousand Few/a few - little/a little She had a headache (der findes mange hovedpiner) He runs twice a week. (om ugen) I have said it a hundred times Few/little = kun få / lidt a few/a little = dog nogle/noget Foran ordene: following, same, ordenstal Foran navneord + of Nogle få lande/byer Forholdsord + et verdenshjørne Forholdsord + left/right Navne på hoteller, restauranter, biografer, skibe, o.lign Foran navneord, der ikke kan tælles og beskriver noget generelt/begreb/ Afgrænset Fx nature, life Foran ordene most / one Ved man og woman som begreb Ved måltider Ved årstider/højtider/ugedage Institutioner/transportmidler (når der tænkes på deres funktion) Engelsk Grammatik - 7

8 6 - Navneord (substantiver) Regelmæssig flertal efter de fleste -s book - books, hat - hats efter hvislelyde (-ch, -sh, -x, -z) ofte efter o ofte efter -fe / -f konsonant + y Uregelmæssig flertal ENS i ental og flertal Findes kun i ental Findes kun i flertal -es box - boxes, beach - beaches -es hero - heroes, tomato - tomatoes -ves calf - calves, knife - knives -ies lady - ladies, country - countries man - men, mouse - mice, foot - feet sheep - sheep, deer - deer, fish - fish news, information, money, advice Clothes, people, trousers, looks, wages 7 - Ejefald (genitive) Grundlæggende bruges ejefald på 2 måder: 1. 's - bruges ved mennesker, højerestående dyr the boy's bike, the cat's tail, the boys' father Slutter ordet på -s kommer apostroffen efter s' Derudover bruges regel 1 - 's og regel 2 - of i en del andre tilfælde: Regel 1 s Tidsbetegnelser We need a five minutes' break Skibe/både This is the ship's mast Betegnelser for steder/erhverv Regel 2 of Mål, mængde, antal a box of nails a bottle of coke Geografiske betegnelser the town of Rønde (lake og river undtaget) Årstider, måneder, datoer I went to the baker's (shop) the summer of 2007 I was at the dentist's (clinic) the 24th of December Danske sammensatte navneord the mother's milk - (modermælk) women's magazine - (dameblad) Engelsk Grammatik - 8

9 8 - Stedord (pronominer) Personlige (A) (B) Ejestedord (C) (D) 1. pers I me my mine myself Tilbagevisende (E) EN- TAL 2. pers you you your yours yourself 3. pers he she it him her it his her its his hers its himself herself itself 1. pers we us our ours ourselves FLER- TAL 2. pers you you your yours yourselves 3. pers they them their theirs themselves Personlige: (A) bruges som grundled. (B) når stedordet ikke er grundled. Ejestedord: (C) - den bundne form - bruges foran navneord. That is my brother. It is his car. (D) - den ubundne form - bruges når ejestedordet står alene. These horses are mine. The car is yours. Tilbagevis.: (E) viser tilbage til grundleddet She ran the race herself. Engelsk Grammatik - 9

10 8.1 - Henførende stedord (som/der/hvis) På engelsk bruges disse former: WHO WHICH WHOSE THAT bruges om personer bruges om alt, som ikke er personer svarer til det danske hvis kan erstatte who/which i definerende sætninger Den sætning, der indledes af det henførende ord, kaldes den henførende sætning: På engelsk er der yderligere to typer henførende sætninger, som ikke findes på dansk - definerende og parentetisk: Definerende: Præciserer, hvem/hvad der tales om Hvis den henførende sætning fjernes er det ikke længere klart hvem det er Who/which kan erstattes med that Der er ingen komma, som på dansk The man who gave me an apple was very young. The man that gave me an apple was very young. Parentetisk: Definerer ikke det ord der henvises til, men giver blot yderligere info herom, hvorfor den sagtens kan fjernes, idet jeg fx kun har én far/én kat Der er altid komma rundt om den henførende sætning My cat, which is black, had slept the whole day. My oldest brother, who is 37, travels a lot. Engelsk Grammatik - 10

11 8 - Stedord (pronominer) Påpegende stedord Tæt på Langt væk Ental this that Flertal these those Ubestemt stedord SOME nogle stykker, visse, en del (et vist begrænset antal) Bruges i fremsættende sætninger: There are some cookies left. (nogle stykker) Kan bruges i spørgende, hvis der forventes et positivt svar: Would you like some tea? ANY nogen/noget overhovedet/som helst... ofte kan at all tilføjes Bruges hyppigst i spørgende og nægtende sætninger: Are there any cookies left? (nogen overhovedet) There aren t any cookies left? (overhovedet ingen) Disse regler gælder også for alle sammenskrivninger af some- og any-. Fx somebody, something Engelsk Grammatik - 11

12 9 - Forholdsord (præpositioner) (hvornår i fremtiden) (tiden der går til noget) (tidsrummet indenfor hvilket noget sker) She'll be going to New York in 2 days. We did the job in 3 hours. He spent all his money in/during one month. He talked during the long presentation (bruges om anbringelse på flader-/linie) She touched him on the cheek. They have a house on the coast. (betegner et område eller rum - fx lande landsdele, mindre byer eller rum, hvor man bor) He was sitting in the cafeteria. (betegner punkter på skalaer/kort, adresser) He is at school The boy lives at 10 Oxford Square Tids-forholdsord ago siden (hvor længe siden) He left two years ago. for i (tiden hvor længe) I was there for two months. on på (en bestemt dag/dato) He'll be there on Monday. at - (angivelse af nøjagtigt tidspunkt) See you at 6 o'clock. in om (hvornår i fremtiden) She'll be going to New York in 2 days. in på (tiden der går til noget) We did the job in 3 hours. in/during på (tidsrummet indenfor hvilket noget sker) He spent all his money in/during one month. during igennem He talked during the long presentation Steds-forholdsord on på/ved (bruges om anbringelse på flader-/linie) She touched him on the cheek. They have a house on the coast. in i (betegner et område eller rum - fx lande landsdele, mindre byer eller rum, hvor man bor) He was sitting in the cafeteria. at i (betegner punkter på skalaer/kort, adresser) He is at school The boy lives at 10 Oxford Square Mht. steds-forholdsord skal man være opmærksom på at samme ord til tider kan opfattes som både område, punkt og flade! Engelsk Grammatik - 12

13 10 - Tegnsætning (komma) INTET KOMMA A. Sætninger der begynder med: that, why, because, how, what, if, when, before B. Normalt ikke foran henførende sætninger, dvs. foran: who, which, whose, that SÆT KOMMA Når det letter forståelsen fx: a. ved indskud b. Foran direkte tale c. Foran question tags: I like this. don't you? d. Foran bestemte biord: in faet, however, well, too. e. For at angive pause eller ændring i tonefald (ophold i læsningen) Er du i tvivl - UDELAD KOMMA sammentrækninger isn t is not aren t are not hasn t has not wouldn t would not have not do not could not I am you are haven't don't couldn't I'm you're 11 - Forkortelser am ante meridiem (før kl. 12) gal. gallon (ca. 4,51.) BC before Christ i.e. id est - that is (dvs.) c. cent in. inch (ca. 2,5 cm) c/o care of (boende hos) Ib. pound (ca. 450g.) doz. dozen (dusin) oz. ounce (ca. 28g.) e.g. for instance (fx) p. page (side) etc. et cetera (osv.) pm post meridiem (efter kl. 12) ft. foot/feet (fod = ca. 30 cm) yd. yard (ca. 0,9m) Engelsk Grammatik - 13

14 Engelsk Grammatik - 14