Håndtering og rensning af regnvand på lokal skala behov og udvikling

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1 Regn med en blå og grøn fremtid udviklingen inden for renseteknologier fortsætter med fuld fart Krüger temadag d. 6/11-14, Hotel Crowne Plaza, København Håndtering og rensning af regnvand på lokal skala behov og udvikling Peter Steen Mikkelsen Professor

2 Nutidens afløbssystemer Fælles systemer: Separate systemer: T T

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5 Seoul Cheonggyecheon Creating livable cities with water!

6 The traditional system thinking is changing Limiting release: - Substitution - Minimising release from products - Legislation and regulations - Voluntary use reductions Treatment: - Stormwater BMPs - Household treatment & reuse of WW - On-site industrial treatment - WWTPs - Sludge disposal Real time monitoring, modeling, and control: - WWTP monitoring and control - Rainfall measurement and forecasting - Flow and water quality monitoring - Data assimilation into models - Model predictive control Example: Combined system: D+T T D+T O +T Adaptation and resilience: - Climate change -> Cities are changed - Opportunities arise for source control Main challenges: Maintenance, climate change, micropollutants, creating attractive jobs, => Creating smarter and more liveable cities D+T T R+T T T

7 Prioriterede stoffer udvalgt i DayWater-projektet (et EU-project under FP5) Generelle parametre: BOD, COD, SS, N og P Metaller: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pt og Zn PAH: Naftalen, pyren, benz[a]pyren, Pesticider: Pendimethalin, Phenmedipham, Glyphosate, Terbutylazine Andre organiske stoffer: NPEO, NP, DEHP, PCB, PCP, MTBE (Eriksson et al., STOTEN, 41-57, 2007)

8 Målte koncentrationer og eksisterende grænseværdier (litteraturstudie) Kilde: Eriksson, E., Mikkelsen, P.S., Baun, A. & Ledin, A. (2007): Stormwater priority pollutants: a comparison with regulatory and environmental quality standards (internal report) I 2008 blev vandkvalitetskriterier (EQS) for en række stoffer fastlagt af EU blev siden implementeret i bek. 1669, men der bliver hele tiden foreslået nye stoffer til listen og lavere grænseværdier..

9 Sampling at selected locations and chemical analyses SS4 Moor SS3 Stormwater pond CS1 CSO treatment facility SS2 Stormwater discharge point SS1 Stormwater dual porosity filter treatment

10 Micropollutants EU WFD PS/PHS Benzene Naphthalene Anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Benzo(k)flouranthene Benzo(b)flouranthene Tributyltin compounds Brominated diphenylether C10-13 chloroparrafines Nonylphenols Octylphenols DEHP Carbon tetrachloride Trichloromethane Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Dichloromethane 1,2-dichloroethane Trichlorobenzenes Pentachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol Hg Hexachlorocyclohexane Hexachlorobutadiene Endosulphan Simazine Trifluralin Alachlor Aldrin Dieldrin Isodrin Endrin DDT Cd Pb Ni Atrazine Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Cr Zn Cu Fluoranthene Diuron Isoproturon Analytical considerations 2,6-dichlorophenol 1,1,1-trichloroethane Nonylphenolethoxylates Monobytyltin Dibutyltin Triphenyltin C10-35 alifates Pyrene Fluorene Acenaphthene Glyphosate MCPA Terbutylazin Acenaphthylene Phenanthrene Benz(a)anthracene Crysene/Triphenylene AMPA Local considerations Dinitro-o-cresol LAS Birch, Mikkelsen, Jensen & Lütshøft (2011): Micro-pollutants in stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflow in the Copenhagen area, Denmark. WS&Technol., 64(2),

11 Detected at least once Benzene Naphthalene Anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Benzo(k)flouranthene Benzo(b)flouranthene Tributyltin compounds Brominated diphenylether C10-13 chloroparrafines Nonylphenols Octylphenols DEHP Carbon tetrachloride Trichloromethane Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Dichloromethane 1,2-dichloroethane Trichlorobenzenes Pentachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol Hg Hexachlorocyclohexane Hexachlorobutadiene Endosulphan Simazine Trifluralin Alachlor Aldrin Dieldrin Isodrin Endrin DDT Cd Pb Ni Atrazine Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Cr Zn Cu Fluoranthene Diuron Isoproturon 2,6-dichlorophenol 1,1,1-trichloroethane Nonylphenolethoxylates Monobytyltin Dibutyltin Triphenyltin C10-35 alifates Pyrene Fluorene Acenaphthene Glyphosate MCPA Terbutylazin Acenaphthylene Phenanthrene Benz(a)anthracene Crysene/Triphenylene Dinitro-o-cresol LAS AMPA Metals, PAH, DEHP And then and presticides there is ETC occur... frequently!!!??? in high concentrations compared with WFD EQS!

12 Miljøfremmede stoffer kommer mere i fokus... Fordi samfundet producerer stigende mængder af kemikalier Fordi nye fokus-stoffer dukker op, og flere bliver prioriteret Fordi sedimenterne i bassiner og vandløb mange steder er kraftigt forurenede Fordi lovgivningen (måske) kræver det Fordi lokale målsætninger (måske) kræver det Fordi klimaforandringerne vil synliggøre problemstillingerne omkring forurening Hyppigere udledninger Mobilisering af forurenede sedimenter Fordi nedsivning af regnvand indebærer nogle udfordringer ift. grundvandskvalitet

13 Vandrammedirektivets mål og virkemidler Mål: Primært: God økologisk tilstand Sekundært: God kemisk tilstand Midler: Emissions grænseværdier ELV Miljøkvalitetskrav - EQS Bedst tilgængelige teknologi BAT Bedste miljøpraksis BEP

14 There are only three options: Eliminate at the source (control of material use and activities/behaviour) Reduce discharge (treat relying on either volatilization, immobilisation, or degradation) Discharge in the least harmful manner What is better: Discharging to soil, groundwater or surface water?

15 Terms in literature (Google Scholar, Sep 2013) Fletcher, Shuster, Hunt, Ashley, Butler, Arthur, Trowsdale, Barraud, Semadeni-Davies, Bertrand- Krajewski, Mikkelsen, Rivard, Uhl & Dagenais: SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more - Demystifying the terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal (submitted)..

16 Some experiences with BMPs End-of-pipe BMPs in separate systems: Oil separators Open ponds Constructed filter systems Vegetated wetland systems End-of-pipe BMPs in combined systems: Combined detention basins and wetlands Overflow regulating modules Compact physical-chemical treatment Mikkelsen et al. (2001): BMPs in Urban Stormwater Management in Denmark Sweden

17 Open ponds (detention ponds) Effective pollution control measure for heavy metals and PAH, less efficient for N and P, efficiency increases with size up to ~ 2.5 mm (250 m 3 /reduced ha) Sediments are severely polluted => waste disposal problem => Treatment facilities - not habitat for wildlife Outlet concentrations for heavy metals are still critically high, compared with emission limit values => Post-treatment may be necessary

18 Recent experiences with BMPs End-of-pipe BMPs in separate systems: Oil separators Open ponds Constructed filter systems Vegetated wetland systems End-of-pipe BMPs in combined systems: Combined detention basins and wetlands Overflow regulating modules Compact physical-chemical treatment

19 Compact physical-chemical treatment The Actiflo process

20 Recent experiences with BMPs BMPs for source control Stormwater harvesting Stormwater infiltration Snow management Street sweeping Treatment of wash water from road tunnels Gully pot filters

21 D e p t h b e l o w t e r r a i n ( m ) Accumulation in soil 0 0 Zn -1 (mg kg) 500 S PAH -1 (mg kg) mg/kg 7

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23 Nogle afsluttende spørgsmål Findes løsningerne som centrale renseløsninger, lokale grønne løsninger, eller et sted midt imellem? Skal vi tænke helt forskelligt for forskellige typer regnvand? Hvordan kan vi afgøre om rensning er nødvendigt, skal vi måle på alle udløb, eller kan vi kortlægge os ud af det? Er de grønne løsninger svaret på alle vores bekymringer, eller ender de med at blive kemiske affaldsdepoter? Er high-tech renseløsningerne alt for dyre, producerer en masse giftigt slam og klarer alligevel ikke de bittesmå partikler, som bærer en del af den kemiske forurening? eller er de en unik mulighed for at løse problemet, samtidig med at vi skaber et nyt industrisegment, som kan give Danmark en konkurrencefordel, fordi vi går foran i udviklingen? Kan vi organisere en form for fælles innovationsproces på tværs af kommuner, forsyningsselskaber, virksomheder og universiteter?