BIOGAS OG BIOBRÆNDSLER I DET SMARTE ENERGISYSTEM

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1 BIOGAS OG BIOBRÆNDSLER I DET SMARTE ENERGISYSTEM K A R L S P E R L I N G k a r p l a n. a a u. d k B i o G a s B i o g a s k o n f e r e n c e S k i v e, 8. n o v e m b e r F O R S K N I N G S G R U P P E N E N E R G I P L A N L Æ G N I N G A A L B O R G U N I V E R S I T E T

2 Hovedpointer 1. Gassystemet er komplekst; fortsat stort behov for forskning og udvikling af nye løsninger (f.eks. forgasning, elektrolyse) 2. Biogasteknologier skal vurderes ift. en række kriterier (biomasseeffektivitet, fleksibilitet, samfundsøkonomi, lokal synergi etc.) 3. Biogas er generelt en del af løsningen med positive sidegevinster (for landbruget) 4. Men biogassen skal indgå i fremtidens smarte energisystem kræver nye tilgange 5. Ikke hensigtsmæssigt at låse sig fast på én løsning nu (f.eks. opgradering + transmission) 6. Der er behov for en langsigtet strategi vedr. biogassens rolle i det smarte energisystem

3 Biomassens rolle generelt 1. Skal prioriteres til kritiske anvendelser: tung transport, industri, kraftvarme 2. Skal udnyttes effektivt: i forhold til energiindhold og samfundsøkonomi 3. Skal udnyttes fleksibelt: skal bidrage til at balancere energisystemet i samspil med vind og sol 4. Skal understøtte udviklingen af fremtidige teknologier: f.eks. co-elektrolyse, CCS fra biomasseafbrænding (kraftværker), potentielt også brintteknologier 5. Skal understøtte samfundsudviklingen: f.eks. omlægning til mindre og økologiske landbrug

4 varmepumper, sæsonlagre m.fl. i stedet for biomasse Anbefalinger 1. Skabe rammebetingelser der fortsat gør det rentabelt at bruge biogas til el- og varmeproduktion gerne kraftvarme 2. Placere biogasanlæg tæt på aftagemuligheder: kraftvarmeværker og industri 3. Undersøg muligheden for at støtte lokale biogasnet 4. Strategisk placering af biogas: udnytte synergier ifm. anden energiproduktion (forgasning, elektrolyse, kraftvarme, industri overskudsvarme osv.) 5. Styrke den lokale forankring og udvikling, f.eks. vha. fællesanlæg og biogaslaug/biogasfonde 6. Understøt udviklingen af flydende brændsler til den tunge transport (metanol/dme) 7. Sikre langsigtede løsninger til de decentrale varmeværker: solvarme, store

5 Current gas consumption Total 133 PJ - 24 PJ in Households PJ in Power/heat - ~30 PJ in Industry - ~7 PJ in Services - + losses 5

6 Biogas i nutidens energisystem Energistatistik 2015: TJ produceret (3.830 TJ i 2005) knap 5% af NG forbruget TJ til elproduktion; TJ til fjernvarme TJ til andre formål (industri, transport, gasnet osv.) 51 Renseanlæg, 5 Industrianlæg, 27 Lossepladsanlæg, 28 Fællesanlæg, 55 Gårdanlæg Nuværende NG forbrug: 133 PJ

7 Biomass Photo Voltaic Wind Power 1980 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 ' '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 Indeks 40 Y E AR S = S T A B I L C O N S U M P T I O N L E S S C O 2 - E M I S S I O N S C O S T - E F F E C T I V E T R A N S I T I O N Energiforbrug Danmark Danmark BNP 1000 Primary Energy Consumption, PJ ' Olie Naturgas Kul og koks Andet Biomasse Vindmøller Olie til transport Danish Potentials 7

8 EJ / year PJ / year THE BIOMASS CHALLENGE Global energy perspective Danish energy perspective Current Future Max Min 0 Current Future Max Min Primary energy supply Biomass potentials Primary energy supply Biomass potentials 8

9 Hvilket energisystem bliver biogas en del af?

10 What are the challenges? We want to decrease the use of fossil fuels but: 1. The current system is extremely flexible 2. We cannot replace these with biomass only 3. We need to use intermittent renewable ressources! We can increase wind power but.. There is a limit with the current energy system design.there is a need for a new system design 10

11 Solutions on the table 1. Interconnectors and trading 2. Flexible electricity demands and smart grids 3. Integrated efficient Smart Energy Systems

12 PES excl. wind (TWh) Excess production (TWh) OPTIONS FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION V2G Flexible consumption Open energy system 25 Transmission abroad Electricity storage Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Production of hydrogen CAES systems Stopping of wind turbines Regulation of CHP plants Closed energy system 285 Ref. CHP reg. 280 Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Electric cars Heat pumps Electric heating

13 PES excl. wind (TWh) Excess production (TWh) OPTIONS FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION V2G Flexible consumption Open energy system 25 Transmission abroad Electricity storage Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Production of hydrogen CAES systems Stopping of wind turbines Regulation of CHP plants Closed energy system 285 Ref. CHP reg. 280 Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Electric cars Heat pumps Electric heating

14 RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Savings in Energy Denmand Efficiency improvements in energy production F L E X I B L E T E C H N O L O G I E S I N T E G R A T E D E N E R G Y S Y S T E M S Renewable energy sources (RES)

15 IDA s Energy Vision 2050

16 Savings are essential Electricity savings (25%) Heat savings (42%) (From 132 kwh/m2 to about ca. 80 kwh/m2 in 2050) Savings in industry Transport growth but modal shift to more efficient transport Technologies.

17 I D A S E N E R G I V I S I O N

18 Wind, solar, PV and wave power MW Onshore Wind, MW Offshore Wind MW PV, 300 MW bølgekraft (Plan B: More wind or PV) 2,3 TWh large solar thermal (0,3 TWh today) 2,2 TWh individual solar thermal (0,1 TWh today) 4,6 TWh geothermal

19 Industry Growth in demands (40%) Priority: 1. Savings 2. More district heating and district cooling for industry 3. Replace fossil fuels with electricity consumption 4. Replace fossil fuels with solid biomass 5. Replace fossil fuels with biogas 6. Replace fossil fuels with green gas (synthetic fuels) Larger use of low temperature sources for district heating in nearby heat networks.

20 Transport More public transport and direct use of electricity Personal transport in electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles Heavy transport on electrofuels. The key to sustainable biomass consumption.

21 PJ Biomasse i IDA 2050 Affaldsforbrænding Biogas, gylle Halm, træ og energiafgrøder (fast til kedler, industri, etc.) Træ, energiafgrøder (gasificeret til transport) 50 0 Reference 2015 ENS Vind 2050 IDA 2050 Træ, energiafgrøder (gasificeret til kraftvarme, etc.) 21

22 Direct Electrification Battery Electrification Hydrogen Fermentation (Fuel excl. Ships) to Methanol Fermentation (Energy) to Methanol Biomass Hydrogenation to Methanol: Steam Gasification Biomass Hydrogenation to Methanol: Partial Oxidisation Gasification CO2 Hydrogenation with CCS (Including Biomass) to Methanol CO2 Hydrogenation with CCS to Methanol CO2 Hydrogenation with Carbon Trees to Methanol Co-electrolysis with CCS (Including Biomass) to Methanol Co-electrolysis with CCS to Methanol Co-electrolysis with Carbon Trees to Methanol Biogas Hydrogenation to Methane Biomass Hydrogenation to Methane CO2 Hydrogenation with CCS (Including Biomass) to Methane CO2 Hydrogenation with CCS to Methane CO2 Hydrogenation with Carbon Trees to Methane Co-electrolysis with CCS (Including Biomass) to Methane Co-electrolysis with CCS to Methane Co-electrolysis with Carbon Trees to Methane Energy Consumption Per 100 Gpkm (PJ) Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand Electricity (111 PJ) Electricity (111 PJ) Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand Biomass [Glucose] Biomass (60 PJ) [Cellulose] (65 PJ) Electricity (83.5 PJ) H 2 O (2.6 Mt) Electric Grid 1 6 PJ 3 Electric Grid 1 Electricity 1.9 Mt (178 PJ) Electricity Electricity (100 PJ) CO (100 PJ) 2 OR OR 294 Gpkm 313 Gpkm Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand Power Plant Electricity (83 PJ) H 2 O (2.3 Mt) Freight is not applicable Marginal Heat 3 (7.6 PJ) 323 Gtkm Resource Anaerobic Conversion Chemical Process Transport Fuel 61 Gpkm Transport Demand OR Digester Hydrogenation Synthesis Steam Electricity 59 PJ Chemical 61 Gpkm Hydrogenation OR Gasifier Biogas Synthesis Methane (50 GJ) (100 PJ 2 ) Passenger Transport 350 Syngas 36 Gtkm Power Plant Heat Methane Biomass 1 (100 PJ 2 ) Electrolyser Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand (77 PJ) H 2 36 Gtkm (60.5 PJ) 0.6 PJ 250 Carbon H 2 Sequestration (72.2 & PJ) Chemical Electricity Electrolyser Recycling 3 Hydrogenation OR 52 Gpkm Synthesis 83 PJ (7.3 PJ) H Mt 150 (60.5 PJ) Biomass CO 2 Methanol/DME Power Plant ( Mt PJ) (7 Mt) CO (62.6 PJ 2 2 ) 100 Marginal Heat 1 31 Gtkm (50.2 PJ) (4.4 Mt) or 4.5Mt Co-electrolysis 4 Chemical 50 OR 83 Gpkm Synthesis Straw (401.7 PJ) H 2 O (5.7 Mt) PJ Electricity (307 PJ) 3.4 PJ 3 0 Electrolyser 6 Syngas (139 PJ) Fermenter Low & High Temperature Gasification 7 Methanol/DME (100 PJ 5 ) Lignin (197.7 PJ) C5 Sugars (92.8 PJ) 50 Gtkm Ethanol (100 PJ) OR Electricity (PJ) Bioenergy (PJ) Total (PJ) 67 Gpkm 39 Gtkm 4 H 2 O (15.5 Mt) 11 5 Mt 1 Mt 3.5 Mt Chemical Synthesis Elec. H2 H 2 Methanol/DME Methane (149.4 PJ) Hydrogenation T H E S E P A T H W A Y S W E R E A S S E S S E D T O Q U A N T I F Y H O W M U C H B I O M A S S A N D E L E C T R I C I T Y A R E R E Q U I R E D T O S U P P L Y T H E S A M E T R A N S P O R T D E M A N D U S I N G T H E S E P A T H W A Y S Methanol/DME (337.5 PJ 2 ) OR 279 Gpkm 169 Gtkm

23 HYDROGENATION OF GASIFIED BIOMASS (FOR HEAVY TRANSPORT) Resource Conversion Process Transport Fuel Transport Demand Gasifier Hydrogenation Chemical Synthesis OR 87 Gpkm Biomass (74.7 PJ) 0.9 Mt Syngas Methanol/DME (100 PJ 2 ) 53 Gtkm H 2 O (3.8 Mt) Electricity (52.7 PJ) 2.9 Mt Electrolyser 1 H 2 (38.4 PJ) M E T H A N O L, D M E O R M E T H A N? P O T E N T I A L F O R NO B I O M A S S!

24 SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS - ARE CRUCIAL IN 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS S O L U T I O N A cross-sectoral and coherent energy system solution Smart Electricity Grids to connect flexible electricity demands such as heat pumps and electric vehicles to the intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar power. Smart Thermal Grids (District Heating and Cooling) to connect the electricity and heating sectors. This enables thermal storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility and heat losses in the energy system to be recycled. Smart Gas Grids to connect the electricity, heating, and transport sectors. This enables gas storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility. If the gas is refined to a liquid fuel, then liquid fuel storages can also be utilised.

25 Electricity Consumption Capacity [MW] Electricity Consumption Capacity [MW] 0 GRIDS AND STORAGES IN SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS Electric heating Electrolyzers Electric vehicles Flexible demand Large heat pumps Electricity demand Electric heating Electrolyzers Electric vehicles Flexible demand Large heat pumps Electricity demand Reference CEESA Recommendable Reference CEESA Recommendable 25

26 IDA s Energy Vision Intelligent use of storage Electrolysers with high capacity (P2G) District heating systems Heat pumps with high capacity large and small (Power-to-heat) Electricity for transport Direct in trains and electric vehicles In electrofuels for heavy duty vehicles Ressourcer Konvertering Udveksling og lager Forbrug Biomasse og brændsler Forbrændingsmotorer Vind m.fl. Fluktuerende elproduktion Electrofuels Brændselslager El-udveksling Mobilitet (køretøjer) Elbiler Fleksibelt elforbrug El-lagring Kraftvarme Varmepumpe Køling Varmelagring Varme Sol m.fl. Fluktuerende varmeprod.

27 Gas challenges and solutions strategies Phase out Natural gas (from 133PJ - 37 TWh/year) Savings District heating Electrification Bioenergy Future gas grids are complex, local, national and adapted to future needs (not current) Use of existing gas storages is complex but needed Use of biogas and gasified bioenergy for industry and CHP (mainly direct w no hydrogenation) CO2 from bioenergy can be used for fuels in transport (store wind power in gaseous/liquied fuels) Storage in liquid and gaseous fuels

28 Main conclusions 100% RE is possible technically and feasible Future need to focus on exchange between the sectors instead of only between countries A flexible system is robust with regards to costs and biomass consumption. It uses storages intelligently It provides more jobs and lower health costs than fossil fuel systems W W W. S M A R T E N E R G Y S Y S T E M S. E U