4 (), 41110 FTGravanis@teilargr 41 -,,,, /,,,,,,,, () : : : ( ) (,, ) (Johansen, 1978) 4-1
: : :, (, 1979) (economic threshold): : : 4-2
42 421 4211, (, 2003),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Rice,1984) 4-3
4212 42121, :, :,,, 42122 : : (,,,, ) (,,,,, ) :, 4-4
42123 (), ( ), () () 0,5 m,, ( 2,54 cm 2 ), 625000000 Echerisia coli, 0,5 x 2,0 m,,,,,, 15-30, 24, 1010 70, 4720 24,, (,,, ) 42124,,, H (,, ) 4-5
,,,, ( 41) ( 42) ( 42127) 41 ( ) 42, ( ), ( ) ( ), 4-6
42125, 43 ( ),,,,, : ( -) ( ) 42126,, 4-7
( ), ( 43),,,, ( ) 42127, :,, ( ),,,,,,, 4-8
422 4221, (Goidanich, 1964) : (, ), - ( ),,,, -,,, ( ) (Agrios, 1988) (Agrios, 1988; Jarvis, 1992; Mehrotra, 1980; Pyenson, 1977) : :, : : :, 4-9
: : 423 4231 -,,, (Cook & Baker, 1983), ( ),,, (Cook & Baker, 1983),,,,,, : 4-10
4232 42321,,,, ( 43) ( 41),,,, (Cook, 1990) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4-11
:,,, /,,,, (Increased Growth Response),, ( ) (Cook & Baker, 1983),,,, (Chet & Henis, 1985; Beckman, 1987) :,, (fungistasis), (Lockwood, 1977) (,, ), ( ) : -,, 4-12
,, :,,, 41 / 1 Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici 2 Fusarium oxysporum 3 F solani fsp phaseoli 4 Phytophthora cinnamoni 5 Pythium spp 6 Rhizoctonia solani 7 Streptomyces scabies 8 Sclerotium cepivorum 9 Phymatotrichum omnivorum 10 Sclerotium oryzae (Suppressive soils):, 100 (Baker & Cook, 1974), :,,,, Agrios (1988), Trichoderma, Penicillium Sporodesmium Pseudomonas Bacillus Cook & Baker (1983) 41,,, ( ), (Alabouvette, 1990; Loper et al, 1992; Cook & Baker, 1983; Hornby, 1990; Papavizas & Lumsden, 1980) 4-13
Fusarium oxysporum, (Alabouvette et al, 1985): (ph8), (1-10%) 42322,,,, (),, (Papavisas & Lumsden, 1980),,,,,,, ),, :,,,,, : 4-14
, Verticillium dahliae:, Fusarium equiseti (Loper & Stowell, 1992), Phytophthora cinnamomi:,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, (Loper & Stowell, 1992; Cook & Baker, 1983) 42323,,, (Baker & Cook, 1974) :,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ), 4-15
, : /, (Cook & Baker, 1983), Trichoderma 30, Trichoderma sp (Merriman & Russell, 1990), 1932 T lignorum Rhizoctonia solani,,, Trichoderma, Sporidesmium sclerotivorum Sclerotinia minor (Loper & Stowell, 1992) Trichoderma spp,,,, Papagiannouli et al ( 2001) Trichoderma Rhizoctonia solani PDA 10 0 C, 15 0 C 20 0 C, 5 0 C ( 44) 20 0 C T harzianum R solani, 10 0 C 15 0 C, R solani Trichoderma T harzianum T viride R solani (5 0 C, 10 0 C, 15 0 C 20 0 C), T polysporum 15 0 C 4-16
20 0 C richoderma R solani,, 44 R solani 5 0 C 19, Fusarium oxysporum var redolens T viridae T hamatum, (Xifilidou et al, 2000) richoderma, Harman (1998) ( 42325) Trichoderma spp : stress Gliocladium virens Fusarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici, Vagelas et al (2001b), & (2002a) & (2002) Gliocladium virens, 4-17
Fusarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici (Fol) Rhizoctonia solani in vitro Fol G virens (Trichoderma harzianum T viride),,, G virens T harzianum, T viride Gliocladium virens Rhizoctonia solani (Kapsalis et al, 2003) To Gliocladium virens Pythium ultimum Rhizoctonia solani, GlioGard SoilGard (Lumsden et al, 1998) Gliocladium (G roseum), Botrytis cinerea (Navi & Bandyopadhyay, 2001) Pythium oligandrum (Sullivan, 2001) Navi & Bandyopadhyay (2001), Pythium spp, Fusarium spp, Botrytis spp, Phytophthora spp, Aphanomyces spp, Alternaria spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Sclerotium spp Tilletia caries Gaeumannomyces graminis Polyversum Pythium oligandrum, O Saligkarias et al (2002a 2002b), Candida guilliermondii Candida oleophila, Botrytis cinerea & (2002) Aspergillus niger Navi & Bandyopadhyay (2001), Sporothrix flocculosa, 42 (Tariq et al, 2001; McSpadden Gardener & Fravel, 2002; Navi & Bandyopadhyay, 2001) 4-18
42 * Rotstop Phlebiopsis gigantea Heterobasidium annosum Primastop Gliocladium catenulatum SoilGard GlioGard Gliocladium virens,, Cotans WG Coniothyrium minitans Sclerotinia spp AQ10 Biofungicide Ampelomyces quispualis YieldPlus Cryptococcus albidus Botrytis spp Penicillium spp Aspire Candida oleophila Botrytis spp Penicillium spp Endothia parasitica Endothia parasitica ( ) Endothia parasitica ( ) Fusaclean Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum Biofox C Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium oxysporum & F moniliforme Polygandron Pythium oligandrum polyversum Trichoderma 2000 Trichoderma harzianum Pythium ultimum Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium spp Trichopel Trichoderma harzianum T-22 & T-22HB, Bio-Trek, Rootshield Trichoderma harzianum Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Pythium, Fusarium Supresivit Trichoderma harzianum Trichodowels, Trichoject, Trichoseal Trichoderma harzianum & T viride Chondrostereum purpureum &,, Take-All Binab T Trichoderma harzianum & T polysporum Trichodex Trichoderma harzianum Botrytis cinerea & : Tariq et al (2001) and Navi & Bandyopadhyay (2001), Pseudomonas fluorescens Drechslera dictyoides (Agrios, 1988) Bacillus Bacillus sp Nectria galligena,, 4-19
Cercospora sp Alternaria sp, (Agrios, 1988) O (2001) Serenade WP Bacillus subtilis,, Kodiak Bacillus subtilis, Navi & Bandyopadhyay 2001) Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptomyces spp (Navi & Bandyopadhyay 2001) /,,, (Cook, 1990) Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Loper & Stowell, 1992), 6 (Take-All decline),,,, (Pseudomonas fluorescens), Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici phenazine (Loper & Stowell, 1992) Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Steinernema abbasi, Fusarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici, (Vagelas et al, 2000 ; Vagelas et al, Vagelas et al, 2001a; Vagelas et al, 2001b; Vagelas et al, 2001c; Vagelas et al, 2003 ; &, 2002b) Rhizoctonia solani (Kapsalis et al, 2003a), Pythium spp (Kapsalis et al, 2003b) 42324,,, 4-20
, (Cook, 1990) Verticillium dahliae, (Gravanis & Xifilidou, 2001), Verticillium nigrescens, V dalhiae V nigrescens,,,,, 15 35,,,,, (15 35 ) 4 15 V nigrescens 4 V dalhiae,,, 15 35, ( V nigrescens), Agrobacterium tumefaciens,, -84 Agrobacterium radiobacter agrocin, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (, 1998),,, 20 (Ogawa & Komada, 1985),, Fusarium oxysporum, (Ogawa & Komada, 1985),,,, 4-21
42325, (), (Bacillus subtilus, Streptomyces spp), (Merrinam et al, 1975; Schroth & Becker, 1990), Harman (1998) -22 T harzianum,, (,,, ), 40% 42326, ( ), (, 1990),, (Dixit & Dubey, 1992),,, in vitro in vivo (Gravanis et al, 1998), (PDA) 25 mgml -1 Fusarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici, Verticillium dalhiae Phytophthora parasitica 42%, 48% & 100%, ( 45) M Fusarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici Verticillium dalhiae Clavibacter michiganense subsp michiganense Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato 30 mgml -1 72 4-22
,, 5,, (%), ( 96 ) 80 60 40 20 0-20 -40-60 0 3,13 6,25 12,5 25 (mg/ml) Fusarium Verticillium Phytophthora Dr FT Gravanis 45 in vitro, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae Phytophthora parasitica in vitro (Allium sativum) (Capsicum spp) (Wilson et al, 1997), (, 1998),,,,, Sclerotium cepivorum,, (Merriman et al, 1981) Gravanis et al (2001),, (Origanum vulgare), (Mentha piperita), (Thymus vulgaris), (Salvia officinalis), (Levandulla officinalis) (Origanum dictamus), Furarium oxysporum fsp lycopersici & Verticillium dahliae ( 46) Clavibacter michiganensis pv michiganensis Pseudomonas syringae in vitro in vivo 20, 9 cm (40 l, 20 l & 10 l, ) 10 4-23
, - 46 (Verticillium dahliae) 3-8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 21,,, 40 l & 20 l, 10 l,, Clavibacter michiganensis,,,, 424 4241 4-24
, 1960,,,, () Synchytrium endobioticum ( King Edward), Synchytrium endobioticum,, 90% 62% 92% (Jarvis, 1992) ' :,, 10,,,,,, 4-25
4242 42421, (Goidanich, 1964),, 42422 42423 : 4-26
,, (Chenopodium album),, (Puccinia graminis) 42424, ( 43531 44241) 3-4, 3-4 (Mehrotra, 1980; Agrios, 1988),, ( ) 3-4 Verticillium dahliae, 10 (Agrios 1988) 4-27
42425, ( 44243) 4243 42431 ( 44252),, (Jarvis, 1992), (,,, ) 82 0 C 30 min, 70 0 C ( 43),, (Greer & Diver, 1999) : 4-28
20 cm 6-8 60 cm, 60 cm 3 m 43 * / ( 0 C) (min) 1 60-70 10 2 Botrytis cinerea 55 15 3 Didymella lycopersici 50 30 4 Fusarium oxysporum fsp 60 30 dianthi 5 Phytophthora cryptogea 50 30 6 Pythium ultimum 46 20-40 7 Rhizoctonia solani 53 30 8 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 50 5 9 Sclerotium rolfsii 50 30 10 Thielaviopsis basicola 48 30 11 Verticillium dahliae 58 30 12 90 30 13 100 15 * : Jarvis, 1992,, 2-3, (Chet & Henis, 1985; Beckman, 1987) 80 0 C,, 60, 80 0 C, ',, 4-29
42432 ( 144251,, 6-8, ( ), 4 (Greer & Diver, 1999) pvc 2-4 m, 5-10 cm, ( &, 2000) 4-6,, Fusarium oxysporum fsp cucumerinum, F oxysporum fsp melonis Verticillium dahliae V dahliae, Pyrenocheta lycopersici Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis Paenibacillus sp Fusarium oxysporum fsp radicis lycopersici 15-20 4,, () Florida (Greer & Diver, 1999) :,, 10 cm,, 4-30
42433 (, ),,, 4244 ( ), ( 100000 200 ),, ( &, 1992), :,,, (Agrios, 1988; &, 1992) 4-31
(,, ) ( &, 1992),, (Agrios, 1988; &, 1992), (Agrios, 1988) :,,,,,, ( &, 1992) 4-32
43 431 4311 T,,, 47,, ( 47),,,, (, ),, 1 ( ) ( ),, (imago) 4-33
,,,,, (ecdysis), (exuvia), 3-5 (instar) 48 4312,,,,,,,, (stadium) T,, :, 4-34
Apterygota ( 48) ( ) 49 () (, 5 ) ( Pterygota) ( ) : 4313,, (nympha) 3 ( 49),,,, : - 4-35
Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, 4314,, 410 () :,C,D: : F: : (larva) E 5-6 ( 410B,C,D) (pupa) ( 410E), (, ) (imago), ( 410F) Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera 4-36
, ( ) (Rhagoletis cerasi) ( 411),, 20-25,, 3-5 cm 411 (Helicoverpa armigera) 3-4, ( ) 3 3 2-15 cm 10-18, 2-3, :, (, ), 4-37
,,,,, 1 (Capnodis tenebrionis), 2 1-3, 2 3, 4315 - -,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, : ( Lepidosaphes ulmi) ( Lasiocampa quercus) ( Helicoverpa armigera) ( ) 4-38
, ( ) ( ),,,,, 4316,,,, :,,,,, (, 1997; Ross,1965) 43161 (,,, ),,,,,,,, : (, Melolontha sp, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Anomala sp) 4-39
( Byctiscus betulae ) ( ), (, ) ( Ottiorrhynchus sp, Helicoverpa armigera ) ( ) 412 Sinoxylon sexdentatum : (, Lithocoletis cerasi) B ( Anarsia lineatella, Oberea linearis) ( ) [ Cossus cossus, Zeuzera pyrina,, ( 412)] (, ),, (, Cleonus mendicus) Y (, ) 43162 Hemiptera (,,,,, ),, :, (, ) ( Myzus persicae) ( ) (, ) 4-40
( Eriosoma lanigerum) ( ) ( Eriosoma lanigerum, ) 43163 Thysanoptera (), : Liothrips oleae) A ( Thrips tabaci) N ( Scitothrips citri) A 43164 (,,, ) :, ( Pegomyia hyoscyami betae ) [ ( 411)] 4-41
432 4321 ( Acarina Acari) Arachnida Chelicerata H Acarina,,, (Araneae), (Hologastra), Arachnida ( ),, 0,10-0,15 mm To,,,, 413 : : ( 413) :,,,,, 4-42
,, (4),,,,,, 4 ( 413), Phytoptipalpidae (Trombidiformes, Prostigmata), 3 Eriophyidae (Trombidiformes, Tetrapodili), 2, ( ), 3, ( ) 6 4322 -,,,,, Prostigmata,, ( Eriophyoidea ) (,, ) Prostigmata, Tetranychoidea, ( ) ( 413),, ( ), 4-43
, (, ), ( ) 4323 ( ) Baker & Warton, Acari 5 (Onychopalpida, Mesostigmata, Ixodides, Trombidiformes, Sarcoptiformes) H Y Trombidiformes 3 44 Tarsonemini Podapolipodidae, Scutacaridae, Pyemotidae Tarsonemidae : Pyemotus ventricosus, Sitotroga cerealella Sitophilus spp,, Anarsia lineatella Acaraspis woodi Tarsonemus palidus Tarsonemus spirifex Prostigmata, Tetranychidae (), Phytoptipalpidae Tetranychidae,, ( ) 1 mm,,,,, 4 4 4-44
( 413) Tetranychidae (Tetranychinae Bryobiinae),, : Panonychus ulmi Eotetranychus carpini vitis Tetranychus urticae ( 413) Bryobia rubrioculus f typica Bryobia rubriculus f prunicola 44 Trombidiformes ( Demodicidae) 4 ( Podapolipodidae Phytoptipalpidae),, ( Demodicidae) 4 ( Demodicidae, 4, Phytoptipalpidae, 3 ) ( Demodex ),, 200 m, 2 Tarsonemini Prostigmata Tetrapodili Phytoptipalpidae (0,2-0,3 mm), Brevipalpus oudemansi Tetrapodili Eriophyidae,,,,, : Eriophyes vitis Eriophyes piri Phytoptus avellanae Vasates lycopersici 4-45
Aceria sheldoni Aceria oleae Phyllocoptruta oleivora Aculops pelekassi 433 & 4331 (Bonnemaison, 1965; Kok & Kok, 2003) :,,, ( ) : ( ),, :,,,,,,,, 55 0 C 20-25 min,, 45 0 C 15 min 4-46
, (Ceratitis capitata) 13,5 0 C, (optima),, optima,,,, : : ( Nosema carpocapsae, ) ( Mermithidae ) ( Pediculus ventricosus ) (Entomophthorales, Mucorales, Blastocladiales, Chytridiales) ( Bacillus thuringiensis ) ( Coccinella sp ) (,, ) :, 4332 () ( ) 4-47
,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, (Oecephylla smaragdina) (nonymous, 2000) (Kok & Kok, 2003) : :, 4-48
: ( ), :, 4333 43331 -,,, (Weeden et al, 2002) Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Mantis religiosa (Mantodea, Mantidae),,,, 4-49
: (), 200000, 200 (New, 1991) T ( europtera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, ), Phytoseiidae, 300-500 (Anonymous, 2000) 43332 Chrysopa spp (Neuroptera) (adult) 8-12 mm ( 414), (larva) 3 ( 414C) 10-12 mm 300 3-4, ( 414),,,,,, 2-3 5 3 4-50
22 (, 1986) 200 C 414 Chrysopa sp (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) A: A : C: 5-10 15 2-3 Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Coccinelidae, Adalia, Adonia, Scymnus, Exochomus, 4 mm, -, ( 415) 9-10 mm,, ( 415C) - - ( 415), 4-51
A B 415 Coccinella sp (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) A: A : C: C 5-7, () 1,5 ( ), ( ) 500 Anthocoridae Orius spp (Berry et al, 2000; Koppert, 2002; Orr et al, 1997) - 3 mm, 30-35 (, ) O tristicolor O insidiosus ( 416) THRIPOR-1 (Koppert, 2002) 416 Orius insidiosus A: : N A B Pentatomidae (Perillus bioculatus) Geocoridae (Geocoris spp),,, P bioculatus Geocoris spp 80 4-52
(Orr et al,1997) Tachinidae (Wintemia spp Myiopharus spp) (Berry et al, 2000; Orr et al, 1997) (6-14 mm),,, (, ) ( ),, 2-3 Syrphidae (Berry et al, 2000; Orr et al, 1997) (Syrphus spp Allograpta spp), 10-12 mm ( ) (12 mm),,, 7-10 400 3-7 Coccinelidae, Carabidae (Bonnemaison, 1965; Orr et al, 1997; Ross, 1965),,,,, () 4334 43341, (Anonymous, 2000; Weeden et al, 2002) 4-53
( ) ( 417),,, Trichogramma luteum (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammidae) Telonus ullyetti (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) (Helicoverpa armigera) Exochus notatus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) Rogas testaceus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) (Prays oleae) 417 Trichogramma sp [Heliothis (Helicoverpa) armigera]* * : (1986) : 4-54
25%, 800000 43342,, 418 Encarsia formosa (Bonnemaison, 1965;, 1986) : Ichneumonidae, Ichneumon sp, Aleima sp, Parylypa sp, Campoletis sp, Melanicheumon sp, Braconidae Apanteles sp, Chelonus sp, Meteorus sp, Microplitis sp, Praon sp, Trichogramidae Trichogramma sp ( 417) Chalcidae Spilochalcis sp Aphelinidae Aphelinus sp, Encarsia sp ( 418), Prospaltella sp, (Berry et al, 2000; Orr et al, 1997) (,,, ), Acroceridae, Bombylidae, Cecidomyiidae, Cryptochetidae, Phoridae, Pipincluidae Sarcophagidae (Anonymous, 2000) 4-55
4335 43351 (Orr et al, 1997; Weeden et al, 2002),,, (Bonnemaison, 1965), (Weeden et al, 2002) :,,, (,,, ), (,,, ) 43352, 90, (Weeden et al, 2002) Bacillus thurigiensis ( ) 4-56
(DIPEL, Thuricide, ) (Koppert, 2003) Bacillus popilliae, (Scarabaeidae) (Weeden et al, 2002), ( 419), (Bonnemaison, 1965; Weeden et al, 2002) Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Steinernema abbasi ( 465) Galleria mellonella ( & 2002b) ( 420) 419 Galleria mellonella, () Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, 420 Steinernema abbasi, Galleria mellonella 43353,, (Bonnemaison, 1965),,,, 4-57
Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana ( Mycotrol GH-OF Mycotrol GH-ES) Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ( Apopka Strain 97),, Verticillium lecanii Mycotal (oppert, 2003) 43354,, 43355 Steinernematidae Heterorhabditidae : Steinernema carpocapsae: Steinernema feltiae: ( 10 C) Steinernema glaseri: ( Steinernema carpocapsae) Scarabaeidae Steinernema kushidai: Scarabaeidae Heterorhabditis bacteriophora: 20 C Heterorhabditis megidis: ( Steinernema abbasi) 4-58
434 (Landis & Orr, 1996; Orr et al, 1997) : 4341 ( ),, (Dent, 1991),,,,, Icerya purhasi (Homoptera, Margarodidae),, 1888,, 1888 Albert Koebele,, Icerya purhasi Rodolia cardinalis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) 514 Icerya purhasi (Clausen, 1978) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Lepidosaphes beckii Aphytis melinus A lepidosaphes,, 4-59
( ) 30 San Jose (Quandraspidiotus permiciosus),,, Prospaltella permiciosi, 4342 :,, ( ) (Pseudococcus citri) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera, Coccinelidae),, 4-60
4343 «Farmscaping» (Dufour, 2000),, (, ), ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-61
435 4351,, 43511,,,,, 43512,,, 43513, (Otiorhynchus 4-62
excellens) Hybernia bajaria, 43514,,,, ( ), Cleonus mendicus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) 43515,,,,,,, 43516 entoleter (),,, 4-63
4352 43521,, 55 0 C, (), 55-70 0 C,,, 57,5 0 C, 6 12% 43522 Mayetiola destructor (Diptera, Cecidomyidae) 43523, 4-64
43524 1, () 400 ( ), 4-30 43525 70000-350000 RAD (65) Callitroga hominivorax, 1991, Curacao 1954, 60, 100 1 km 2, 4353 43531, 4-65
,, ( 42424 44241) 43532,, (, ) 43533,, 43534 ( ) ) 43535, 4-66
( ) 4-67
44 441 0,2 mm 5 mm, 100,,, A (,, ) ( Aphelencoides spp Anguina spp ) 421 422 Meloidogyne sp,,,, ( 422),, ( Meloidogyne Heterodera) Tylenchulus semipenetrans, ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ) 4-68
O,, ( 421),, 500,,, Meloidogyne,, Heterodera,,,, 10, 4, 4,, 2, : (4 ),, 20-40,,,, 10-20 cm,, 0,02 mm, 4-69
,,,,,, -,,,,, ( ) ( Anguina tritici), ( Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi), ( ),, 3 0 C Globodera rostochiensis, Anguina tritici,, 50 0 C 70 0 C, 25 0 C H,, Meloidogyne, (, ),,, CO 2 O 2,,,,,,,,, : 4-70
,,,,,, (, ),, (,, ) 423 Meloidogyne sp, : 1 mm 2 cm ( 423) Meloidgyne Xiphinema Nacobbus Longidorus,, Radopholus,, Tylenchulus, Xiphinema, Aphelenchoides, Pratylenchus, Criconemoides 4-71
, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Nacobbus, Heterodera,,, Trichodorus (, ),,,,,,, Ditylenchus,,,, Anguina Aphelenchoides, 1958 Hewitt, Rask Goheen Xiphinema index 19 16 Longidorus, Xiphinema, Trichodorus Paratrichodorus Dorylaimoidea (nepoviruses),, (tobaviruses),, 4-72
,,,, 442 4421,,,, : (, ) (,,,, ) (,, ) 4422 (Radewald, 1977), 4-73
(Radewald, 1977; Dufur et al, 2003):,,,, (, 1967) 4423, ( ), 4-74
(Dufour et al, 2003) ( ), ( ) Poly 21 TM ( Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, CA),,, 4424 44241 ( 42424 43531), Meloidogyne Crotalaria spectabilis Meloidogyne (, 1994) : Ambrosia artemisifolia (Compositae) ( ) Crotalaria spectabilis ( ) Meloidogyne ( ), (,, 4-75
, ), (,,,, ) Meloidogyne,, ( Globodera sp, Heterodera sp, Ditylenchus sp) (5-7 ), ( 1999) ( ) 44242 ( 1999) Crotalaria spectabilis,, ( 3241) (Dufour et al, 2003; Wider & Abawi, 2000) (dhurrin), Asparagus officinalis (glycoside) ( 1999) Brassica (Dufour et al 2003, Maquwarth personal communication) (glucosinolates) Tagetes (), Tagetes Tagetes Pratylenchus (, 1999), 4-76
44243 ( 42425) -,, 20 cm ( ) - 80-90% Meloidogyne 2 10 ( ), 44244 Meloidogyne 4-12, ( 1999) 1-2 (,, H 2 S, ) (Dufour et al, 2003;, 1994;, 1999), ( ) (Radewald, 1977) 4-77
4425 44251 ( 42432),, 4 8, (Meloidogyne spp) 47% 66%,, ~25% ( &, 2002) (Dufour et al, 2003; Jarvis, 1992), 44252 (Radewald, 1977; Dufour et al, 2003) 45 * / ( 0 C) (min) 1 49 15 2 Anguillulina dospaci 56 11 3 Heterodera marioni 48 15 4 Meloidogyne incognita 48 10 5 Pratylenchus penetrans 49 10 * : Jarvis, 1992 70 0 C 45,,,,,, 4-78
46 * ( 0 C) (min) ( ) Radopholus similis 550 20 () Radopholus similis 500 10 () Tylenchulus semipenetrans 467 25 Ditylenchus dipsaci 490 20 () Meloidogyne sp, Pratylenchus sp & Xiphinema sp 517 5 Anguina tritici 500 120 Ditylenchus dipsaci 433 180 Ditylenchus dipsaci 430 240 Meloidogyne sp 450 60 ( ) Meloidogyne hapla 528 3 ( ) Pratylenchus penetrans 510 9 Aphelenchoides fragariae 430 30 Meloidogyne sp 466 65 * : Radewald, 1977 ( 46) 4426,, (, 1999) Pseudomonas o P oryzihabitans (Andreoglou & Gowen, 2000) Meloidogyne (Andreoglou et al, 2001; Leontopoulos et al, 2001; Leontopoulos et al, 2003; Vagelas et al, 2003) Steinernema abbasi Galleria mellonella (Vagelas, 2002) (P oryzihabitans) Steinernema abbasi Steinernema ( S riobravis) (Dufour et al, 2003) Meloidogyne Pasteuria penetrans (Channer & Gowen, 1988; Dube & Smart, 1987; Davies et al, 1988) 4-79
Meloidogyne, Nematech Co Ltd, Pasteuria WP, 1x10 6 P penetrans Melodogyne incognita,,, 100 Moniliales (Deuteromycotina) (, 1999) Trichoderma harzianum, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, H minnesotensis, Verticillium chlamydosporium, Arthrobotrys dactyloides Paecilomyces lilacinus (Dufour et al, 2003) Gliocladium virens (Leontopoulos et al, 2001), DiTera Prosper-Nema Myrothecium verrucaria, Deny Activate Burkholderia cepacia Bacillus chitinisporus, (Dufour et al, 2003) Hypoaspis miles (Dufour et al, 2003) ENTOMITE-M Koppert BV (Koppert BV, 2003) 4427, ( Meloidogyne spp, Heterodera spp, Globodera spp),,,,, 4-80
, (Dufour et al, 2003) 47 Bartlett, Quince ( ) Poncirus trifoliata,, rough lemon, Nemaguard, Nemared, Citation, Hansen 536 Myrobalan 29-C, Marianna 2624, Nemaguard, Nemared, Myrobalan, Marianna 2624 Mazzard, Mahaleb : Dufour et al, 2003, ( ) (viruses), (fungi) (nematodes),, VFN, ( 47) 4-81
45 451 -, (Hanf, 1983),, ( ), (Hanf, 1983): :, (,, ),,,, (Fryer & Makepeace, 1977;, 1996) :, () 4-82
(Pratley, 1996), (,, ) 48 / 1 Avena sterilis & A fatua Gramineae wild oat 2 Lolium sp Gramineae ryegrass 3 Alopecurus myosuroides Gramineae black grass 4 Phalaris spp Gramineae canarygrass 5 Bromus sterilis Gramineae baren brome 6 Galium spp Rubiaceae cleavers 7 Papaver rhoeas Papaveraceae corn poppy 8 Chamomila recutita Asteraceae chamomile 9 Anthemis spp Asteraceae mayweed 10 Fumaria officinalis Papaveraceae fumitory 11 Sinapis arvensis Cruciferae charlock, wild mustard 12 Capsella bursa-pastoris Cruciferae shepherds-purse 13 Veronica spp Scrophulariaceae speedwell 14 Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae chickweed 15 Bifora radians Umbeliferae 1 Bilderdykia (Polygonum, Polygonaceae black-bindweed Falopia) convolulus 2 Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae prostrate knotweed 3 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae fat-hen 4 Amaranthus spp Amaranthaceae pigweed 5 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae, black nightshade 6 Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae, common purslane 7 Xanthium spinosum & X strumarium Asteraceae, spiny cotbur, common cocklebur 8 Datura stramonium Solanaceae jimsonweed 9 Abutilon theophrasti Malvaceae velvetleaf 10 Polygonum persicaria Polygonaceae redshank 11 Tribolus terrestris Zygophylaceae puncture vine 12 Echinochloa crus-galli Gramineae barnyard grass 13 Setaria spp Gramineae foxtail 14 Digitaria sanguinalis Gramineae crabgrass 1 Cyperus spp Cyperaceae nutsedge 2 Cynodon dactylon Gramineae bermudagrass 3 Sorgum halepense Gramineae johnsongrass 4 Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae field bindweed 5 Cirsium arvense Asteraceae creeping thistle 6 Solanum oleagnifolium Solanaceae silverleaf nightshade 7 Paspalum distichum Gramineae knotgrass 8 Cardaria draba Cruciferae hoary cress 9 Rumex spp Polygonaceae, docks 4-83
Papamichail et al (2002), 11 11, :,,,, 48 (, 1996) (Anonymous, 1969; Anonymous, 1985; Anonymous, 1992; Witson et al, 1992) 452 4521 45211 4-84
,,,,, -,,, ( 4341) : ( ), () (Evans, 2002; Evans et al, 2001) (bioherbicides), ( ) (mycoherbicides) (Evans, 2002; Evans et al, 2001), 4-85
45212,,,, -, ( ) Wyoming 16 42 (Zimmerman, 1997) Mason & Huber (2001) 24, 20 1981-2000 ( ) Evans (2002),,, (Evans, 2002; Evans et al, 2001),,, Evans et al (2001) DeVine TM Phytophthora palmivora Morrenia odonata Florida, Abbott Laboratories Collego TM Colletotrichum gleosporioides fsp aeschenomene Aeschenomene virginica registration,, (Evans, 2002), ( 4-86
),, 4522 45221 :,,,,,, (,, ) (Fryer & Makepeace, 1977) 45222, 4-87
45223 ( ), () (,, ) 45224 (,,, ) 45225, (,, ) 4-88
46 461 - -, (Dufour, 2001) enbrook (1996) (Biointensive IPM),, : :,, :, ( ) :, 4-89
, (1998), :,,,,,,,,,, 424, 4-90
(Hoffmann & Frodsham, 1993) - Leon,, ( ) ( 424) 462 2092/91, : :, Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum) cinerariaefolium (Compositae) 1800 1828, & : Derris elliptica (Leguminosae) Quassia: Quassia amare L (Simarubaceae),, 1890, Ryania speciosa :,, 30%, 50% 10% 4-91
:, 20-80 90% (,, ) (Cook, 2003) Insecto Insecto Ltd, S ryzae ( ) : (),, : (), 95% (, ) ( 35 0 C) E : Bordeau ( = ) Millardet 1882, () ( ) 1:2,,,,,,, 1-2% 1:1-1,5 4-92
: (Na 2 CO 3 ) 1887 ( ) : : sex,, Bacillus thuringiensis: Bacillus thuringiensis,,,,, ( 43352) :,,, ( 43354) 2092/91 42323, 42324, 42325, 42326, 4335 4426, (compost teas) (Diver, 1998 & 2002) Phytophthora infenstans, Venturia inequalis, Plasmopara viticola, Uncinula 4-93
necator, Botrytis cinerea, Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Fusarium oxysporum),,, (Bacillus spp), (Sporobolomyces spp Cryptococcus spp),, (Diver, 1998) 4-94
95