Vindenergi. Folkeuniversitetet 26 September 2017 Aarhus. Niels-Erik Clausen DTU Vindenergi

Vindenergi Folkeuniversitetet 26 September 2017 Aarhus Niels-Erik Clausen DTU Vindenergi

Aftenens program - vindenergi Introduktion hvem er jeg og hvad laver vi på DTU Vindenergi? Vidste du? Vindmøllens opbygning Vindmølleparker Opklarende spørgsmål undervejs -Hvad betyder..? Generelle spørgsmål til sidst Kaffepause Miljøpåvirkninger LCA - livscyklusanalyse DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 2

Introduktion af underviser Uddannelse civilingeniør (DTU-M) 1980 PhD (DTU-M) soldrevne køleanlæg 1984 Kaptan 1984 85 soldrevne køleanlæg Atlas og Alfa Laval 1985 1992 Design af anlæg til afsaltning af havvand BWSC 1992 2000 Design af dieselkraftværker i udviklingslande inkl. miljøvurdering DTU Vindenergi (tidl. Risø Vindenergiafdeling) 2000 - Undervisning i planlægning og udvikling af vindmølleparker del af kandidatuddannelsen i vindenergi. Forskning i vedvarende energi og klima, miljøpåvirkninger, socialt engagement 3 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Wind Energy Department From resource to grid DTU Wind Energy 246 staff members Including 150 academic staff members and 40 PhD students 4 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Research Facilities Existing Wind turbines at Risø Campus for research and teaching 850 kw V52 research wind turbine Test Station for Large Wind Turbines at Høvsøre Test Station for Very Large Wind Turbines at Østerild Risø met-mast Blade test Facility for Research 1 MW drive-train test facility Measurement stations and equipment, incl. Lidars Structural test laboratory Material tests lab, incl. Microscopes etc Fiber laboratory Small wind tunnels WindScanner facility Under development or in planning phase National Wind Tunnel at Risø Campus (2018) Large-scale blade test facility (2017) Østerild Grid Test Facility 5 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Wind turbine blade testing NEW Large scale test facility at DTU Wind Energy from 2017. Testing up to 45 m blades R&D experiments and testing at DTU Wind Energy 6 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Commercial testing at Blade Test centre A/S, a private limited company with the following shareholders: DNV-GL AS Technical University of Denmark FORCE Technology

DTU Test Stations Prototype Testing Høvsøre 2007 Risø 1979 Østerild 2012 5 test beds < 165 m < 8 MW Spacing 300 m 7 test beds < 250 m < 16 MW Spacing 600 m 7 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Hvorfor installerer vi vindmøller i Danmark? 8 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

Klimaudfordringen på én slide DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Hvad betyder det? Frederikssund efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013 10 DTU Wind Energy DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Roskilde efter stormen Bodil dec. 2013 Folkeuniversitetet

Mandag morgen 27 august 2017 Politiken 26 september 2017 En række førende klimaforskere har 29. juni 2017 publiceret en artikel i Nature der dokumenterer at vores CO 2 udslip skal nå sit højeste senest 2020 ellers kan vi ikke holde os under de 2grC temperaturstigning som anses for det maksimale Jorden kan tåle (navnlig visse ø-stater) 11 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Nogle tal for vindmølleindustien (2016) Beskæftigelse i Danmark 32900 Omsætning: 118 Mia DKK Eksport: 56 Mia DKK Elproduktion 12.6 TWh svarer til 42.5% af DK elektricitetsforbrug (I 2016: 37.6%) Der blev installeret 54 GW i verden og 220 MW i Danmark (netto 162 MW) EU: 11% fra vind heraf 1% fra offshore vind Kilde: Vindmølleindustrien, windpower.org DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Ny kapacitet til elproduktion i EU 2000-2016 Kilde: WindEurope 2017 13 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

EU-28 ændring i installeret kapacitet 14 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Kilde: WindEurope 2017

The wind turbine (gearbox) Gearbox Generator Blade Wind Hub N acelle Yaw drive High voltage cable Transformer Tower Control Foundation Power curve 15 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Typical modern wind turbine Wind turbine 2016 Three bladed upwind Pitch-controlled Variable speed Grid connected 27% with direct drive Average size 2.0 MW 8-10 MW being developed DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Størrelsen af vindmøller er stigende 12 10 8 cent/kwh 6 4 2 0 1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001 Year 201? 17 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet

Østerild National Test Center The crane for erection of Vestas V164 8 MW January 2014 (222 m to blade tip) 19 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

20 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Wind energy in Denmark offshore onshore Dec 2016: On land Offshore 5225 MW 3954 MW 1271 MW Number of wind turb. 5225 Electricity prod. 2015 14.1 TWh (42%) Electricity prod. 2016 12.6 TWh (37.6%) Source: Energistyrelsen Stamdataregister for vindmøller Events in 2015 Wind energy > consumption 409 hrs (4.5%) 26 July kl 06-07: wind = 139% of consumption 2 Sept: No power plant online in Western Denmark Summer 2017: Several days with no power plants 21 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Vedvarende energi og elsystemet 22 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Integration af variable energikilder Source: Helle Juhler-Verdoner, Intelligent Energy, Sept 2016 23 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Drift af elsystemet med meget vind og sol 24 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Ny analyse fra Energinet.dk Tjener til at imødegå fejl og stabilisere nettet ved opståede fejl. Blev tidligere leveret af centrale kraftværker. Årlig omkostning for Energinet ca 200 mill DKK i 2013-15. I 2016 var det ca. 50 mill DKK. Ny rapport fra Energinet.dk Systembærende egenskaber: Frekvensstabilitet Spændingsstabilitet Kortslutningseffekt 25 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

Forskel fossile vs vedvarende Fossile brændsler findes kun koncentreret bestemte steder, hvor de udvindes. Brændslet importeres og brændes af i nogle få store kraftværker. Vedvarende energikilder er distribueret og findes overalt. De udnyttes der hvor de findes og gerne i nærheden af hvor behovet for elektricitet er. Det betyder at vedvarende energikilder vil befinde sig tættere på hvor mennesker bor og ofte være synlige. 26 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

From centralised to de-centralised power system CHP: combined heat and power from 15 power plants to 415 CHP and 5000 wind turbines Graphics: Gehrke, DTU Infrastructures Wind Energy, Technical for power University system integration of Denmark and control of small distributed energy resources, Risø DTU PhD Thesis 2008

Elsystemet 31 maj 2017 21:55 Vind: 106% 28 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Vind: 2%

Wind electricity vs % of electricity demand DK 2016: 37.6% Source: Wiser & Bolinger: 2016 Wind Technologies Market report, L. Berkeley National Lab. August 2017 30 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Ny vind kapacitet installeret i 2016 31 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Kaffepause 15 min 32 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Miljøforhold 33 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

Primære områder der kræver mere forskning: 1. Noise 2. Visual impact 3. Radar systems 5. Marine 4. Birds mammals 6. Bats Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems. Megavind May 2016 7. Decommissioning 34 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 8. Ice throw and blade failure

Støj = lyd man ikke har bedt om Naboen glemte at fortælle om sin fest DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Noise sources DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Impact from noise DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Noise Limits Danish Law 1284 December 2011 a) 44 db(a) at 8 m/s (open land) b) 42 db(a) at 6 m/s Sensitive areas (residential areas) a) 39 db(a) at 8 m/s b) 37 db(a) at 6 m/s Low frequency noise 20 db at 8 m/s and 6 m/s. (10-160 Hz; indoor) Limits apply for all wind turbines in an area; new and existing Noise limits do not apply at owners property Noise regulations vary from country to country. In practice the same machine designs are used with different layout and distances to neighbours applied. 38 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

39 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Background noise Background noise Stall regulated wind turbine Modern pitch regulated turbine 40 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Reduction of noise vs loss of production Source: Siemens Wind Power DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Dræby fed noise calculation From EIA report January 2009 If I live outside the blue line does that mean I cannot hear the turbines? 42 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Visual impact Larger on-land turbines may be visually more acceptable one 3 MW machine has much lower visual impact than fifty 55 kw machines lower rotation speed (same tip speed) For some locations (repowering) medium sized turbines may be preferable DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Photo:NEG-Micon

Visualisations Knuthenborg DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Before construction N1 Egehusgård DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Main proposal - N1 Egehusgård Source: EIA report Wind turbines at Knuthenborg (in Danish) Lolland Municipality Aug 2011. Distance to neighbour N1 is 716 m DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Total height 150 m distance 2 km DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Total height 150 m distance 4 km DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Total height 150 m distance 6 km DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Total height 150 m distance 12 km DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Visual impact Great Belt example 4 Nov 2016 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 51

Middelgrunden Photo: Mads Eskesen Curved layout give a beautiful overall impression with a perspective DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Birds and wind turbines In general few examples with a conflict. Altamont pass California, Golden Eagle: A rare species + slow reproduction = great care. Old wind turbines with lattice towers provide outlook post for the hunting eagles With modern wind turbines we have seen a conflict recently in Norway at the Smøla wind farm (150 MW) in Norway. Nine sea eagles were killed since 2005 where phase II of the wind farm were opened. Loss of habitat Deterioration or fracmentation of habitat or disturbance from human activity Collision risk The birds are hit by the blades or hit the tower. Especially migrating birds DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Displacement of seabirds The issue - Some bird species tend to avoid offshore wind farms - Loss of feeding habitat - Cumulative impact issue - Common scoter, red-throated diver Mitigation - On the plan level (number, size and location of wind farms) Implications - Large UK offshore wind farms aborted - Nearshore projects limited in numbers - Nearshore project area reduced in shallow part DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark 54

Energy payback time At 10 m/s wind speed: 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m Generates in?? electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time) 90% can be recycled 55 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Energy payback time At 10 m/s wind speed: 80 tons/sec: Mass of air through rotor disc ø 92 m Generates in 6-7 months electricity corresponding to the energy spent in manufacturing and erection (energy pay-back time) 90% can be recycled LCA focus lead to new tower concept 56 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Recycling of Vestas V80-2 MW Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA confe 57 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Re-use of wind turbine blades in Germany In Germany the old wind turbine blades can be reused for cement production in Melbeck near Lüneburg. Capacity 20.000 t per year. The blades are crushed and burned and the glass fibers end up in the cement replacing sand. 58 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Kilde www.gate21.dk 59 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Folkeuniversitetet 26 sept 2017

Østerild Nationalt test center 60 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

R&D cooperation with industry Example: CORAL community and radar controlled lights 1. Aircraft approaching Zone 3. Aircraft enters Wind Farm Zone 6. Aircraft exits Wind Farm Zone OBSTRUCTIO N LIGHTS 2. Detection by RADAR Light Control Server RADAR The Terma Group 2014 Project partners: Aalborg University and Terma 61 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Vedvarende energi er moderne Fashion week Oct 2012 in Paris 62 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark