º µ Õß â ÿπ (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun) π µâ Õߪ» æàπ Õπ
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1 π æπ åµâπ º µ Õß â ÿπ (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun) π µâ Õߪ» æàπ Õπ Àå ÿ 1 ««2 Abstract Sdoodee, S. 1 and Chiarawipa, R. 2 Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun) in southern Thailand and alleviation by calcium and boron sprays Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2005, 27(4) : Fruit splitting is a serious problem of Shogun mandarin in southern Thailand. To alleviate this impact, the applications of calcium and boron by spraying were investigated. An experiment was established in a farmer orchard (at Amphur Sadao, Songkhla province) where four-year plants were grown at 6 m x 6 m spacing. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design, and 16 trees were used. There were 4 treatments (1. control or water spray, 2. 1% CaCl 2 spray or C treatment, % boric acid spray or B treatment and 4. 1% CaCl % boric acid spray or C+B treatment) with 4 replicates. The application was started at 4 months after fruit-setting, the sprays were done at 1 month intervals. It was found that the occurrence of fruit-splitting started at 3 months after fruit-setting, and there were 4 causes of fruit-splitting: 1 Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand. 2 Information Technology Center, Department of Agriculture, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand. 1 Ph.D.(Crop Physiology), Õß» µ å, «æ» µ å æ µ À «ß π π å Õ Õ À À à ßÀ«ß «..(æ» µ å), π «µ»ÿπ å π» «µ µ ß µÿ ÿß æœ Corresponding sayan.s@psu.ac.th µâπ 13 π«2547 ßæ æå 16 ÿ æ π å 2548
2 å Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. 1. scab (28.33%), 2. sun scald (11.11%), 3. sun burn (7.78%) and 4. no primary peel damage (52.78%). Various patterns of fruit splitting were found: vertical, horizontal, oblique and informal shape. The treatments of calcium and boron sprays did not affect on fruit growth or fruit size compared with the control, but they significantly enhanced fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) and total acidity (TA). The treatments of C, B, and C + B can reduce the percentages of fruit splitting to 5.56, 8.89 and 6.67%, respectively, and they were significantly different from that of the control (52.22%). It is suggested that calcium and boron sprays can alleviate fruit splitting in Shogun mandarin, and fruit quality is also enhanced. Key words : fruit splitting, calcium, boron, Shogun mandarin àõ Àå ÿ ««º µ Õß â ÿπ (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun) π µâ Õß ª» æàπ Õπ «. ß π π å « (4) : Õ º µ ªìπªí À ÿπ ß Õß â ÿπ π µâ Õߪ» æ ËÕ º ß â» «æàπ Õπ Õß â π «π Õß µ ËÕ Õ ßÀ«ß Ëß ª Ÿ â Õ ÿ 4 ªï â ª Ÿ 6 µ x 6 µ ÀâπÈ ª ß Õ å Ë â field capacity (FC) Õß «ß ºπ ÿà µ Õ âµâπ â π«π 16 µâπ 4 «Õß Õ 1) «ÿ (æàππè ) 2) æàπ Õ å 1% 3) æàπ Õ 0.8% 4) æàπ Õ å 1% à«õ 0.8% 4 È (1 µâπ/1 È ) æàπ Ë ËÕ 4 ÕπÀ ßµ º æàπ ÿ à«ß 1 Õπ æ «à º â ÿπ Ë µ µ Èß µàº Õ ÿ 3 ÕπÀ ßµ º Àµÿ µ 4 Àµÿ Õ 1. Á ˺ «º (28.33%) 2. à ß À Õß ªìπ«ß ˺ «º (11.11%) 3. º ˺ «º (7.78%) 4. µ àæ Õ Ëº «ª Õ (52.78%) Ÿª Õ º µ Ëæ àß â ªìπ 4 Õ π«µ Èß π«πõπ π«ß µ Ë à Ÿª πàπõπ æàπ Õπ à àߺ µàõ µ µ Õߺ π º ËÕ àæàπ µà À⺠⠫πàπ π ÈÕ à TSS à TA Ÿß ÈπÕ à ß π æàπ Õ å 1% Õ 0.8% Õ å 1% à«õ 0.8% ß ªÕ å Áπµåº µ ß À Õ æ ß Õ 5.56, % µ µ µà ßÕ à ß π àæàπ Ëß º µ 52.22% ß π π â«à æàπ Õπ ߺ Õ º µ Õß â ÿπ æ Ë ÿ æº â«ÿà â ª Õ àõπ (mandarins À Õ tangerines) ªìπ ⺠˪ Ÿ ªìπ â Ë«ª º º µ æ ËÕ Ë«πªï 2001/2002 ß 15,967,100 µ π (FAO, 2002) À 𪻠π Èπ â ª Õ àõπ Ë Õ â «À«π â ÿπ ªìπæ π ÿå Ë â «π Ë ÿ Àâ æ Èπ ˪ Ÿ 𪻠æ Ë ÈπÕ à ß «Á«Ë«ÿ Õߪ» æ Èπ ˪ Ÿ «Èߪ» πªï 2544 ª 376,000 à (»Ÿπ å π» µ, 2547) Õ à ß Áµ Õ º µ Ëß ªìπÕ º ª µ ß «(physiological disorders) Õ à ßÀπ Ëß Õߺ â (Zou and Xu, 1995) â ªìπªí À π Àâ «À ß» à µ ºŸâº µ â πªí ÿ π Èßπ È æ â π ÿà π πà Õ â ª Õ àõπ (Citrus reticulata Blanco) ªí À º µ ÿπ ß «à â æ π ÿ Õ Ëπ Ê àπ ÿà â µ ª Õ (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck)
3 «. ß π π å «. ªï Ë 27 Ë ÿ à â Õ (C. maxima (Burm.f.) Merr.) ÿ à π «(C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) ªìπµâπ (Davies and Albrigo, 1994) æ â ÿπ (C. reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun) Ë ª Õ ß π º µ Õ Ÿà Õª 20-50% π ߃ Ÿ Õ æ Õ º µ â ß % ( ª ª, 2544) Õ º µ µ «Õß π ÈÕº ß π πº π à«π Õß ª Õ Ëß «À ÿ àπ πâõ à µâ π πµàõ ß π ß à «π Àâ Õ º µ Èπ (Sekse, 1995a) πõ Õ º µ Õß â æ π ÿå Ë ª Õ ß â«(gao et al., 1994) ß º ß â ß Õß ª Õ Ë à Áß ß æ µÿ Ë ªìπÕß åª Õ Õß æ µ π (Bower et al., 1994) «π æõ» Õ º (microclimate conditions) àπ Õÿ À Ÿ «È𠫪 ߪ πè Ωπ «æ π åµàõ µ Õß º â«(peet, 1992) àπ «Õ à ß À Õß ªìπ «ß (sun scald) Ë ªìπ Àµÿ À⺠µ æ Õ º «º «º â â ß π à«ß ß«π Ë ÕÕßπÈ Õ Ÿà ˺ «º ( «µ µàõ à«πµ «) à«π π «âß µâπ â «πè Ÿß â πè π º Àâ º µ â àπ π (Huang et al., 2000) πõ π È Qian (1997) æ «à Õ º µ Õß â 2 Õ µ π π«µ Èß π π««ß Ëß «µ µà ß π π µà æ π Õߺ Èß 3 Õ À ßµ º º Ë ª Ë π º ÿ (Chikaizumi et al., 1984) πõ π È ß ß π Õ µ µ à«π µà ßÊ Õߺ Õ È«º (stem-end) â π â ߺ (shoulder) (Ueta and Tanno, 2002) âπº (stylarend) (Garcia-Luis et al., 1994) ªìπµâπ À π«ß π ªÑÕß πº µ π Èπ Christensen (1996) â π π «à «æ ËÕ æ Ë «Áß ß Àâ ºπ ß å Õß ª Õ º À Ë ßÀ ÕªÑÕß π â æ «âõ Ë º µàõ µ Õߺ àπ æàπ Ë Õß åª Õ Õß µÿ (Xu et al., 1994) À Õ æàπ Ë Õß åª Õ Õß µÿ Õπ (Kumar et al., 2001) Ëß Õ º µ â Ë «ÿ 721 º µ Õß â ÿπ Àå ÿ ««ª πè à «Èπ π π Àâ «Ë Õ ªìπ Õ π«ßàπ Ëß Ë à«õ º µ â àπ π (Sekse, 1995b) ßπ Èπ æ ËÕÀ π«ß µ Õߺ â ÿπ ß â Õß â«æàπ Õπ Ë º æ ËÕ «À Õߺ º µ Ë µ Õß º â ÿπ ˪ Ÿ π æõ» âõπ Èπ Ωπµ ÿ Õß µâ Õÿª å «Õß π «π Õß µ Ë Õ.. ß µâπ â ÿπ π «π ß à «π ßæÿà Ë Õ µâπ â æ π ÿå µ µ πµâπµõ â æ π ÿå Õ Õ å à«ß Ë Õßµâπ â Õ ÿ 4 ªï ª Ÿ 6 µ x 6 µ «ÿ æ ß» µ Ÿæ «æ «ß ÀâªÿÜ µ µ µ ÀâπÈ ª ß Õ å Ë â field capacity (FC) µâπ â ÿπ Ë ÕÕ Õ π à«ß Õπ ÿπ π Ë µ º π à«ß Õπ Æ 2546 Á Ë «º º µ â π à«ß Õπ π 2547 «ß ºπ Õß ÿà µ Õ (CRD) 4 «Õß Õ 1) «ÿ (æàππè ) 2) æàπ Õ å 1% 3) æàπ Õ 0.8% 4) æàπ Õ å 1% à«õ 0.8% À Õ 0.8% µ Õ 17.5% æàπ æàπ Ë«Èߺ π ÿà Õπ 1 Èß µ Èß µàº Õ ÿ 4 ÕπÀ ß µ º â π«π 4 È (1 µâπ/ È ) «Õß 15 º /µâπ ª π µõ πõß ß «Õßµâπ â ÿπ π à«ß « π. â à å ÕßπÈ π (leaf water potential) â Pressure chamber (PMS, U.S.A.) «à π ª (stomatal conductance) â Porometer (AP4 : Delta-T, U.K.) ««â ß Àπ Õ ßæÿà â Light meter (Licor, U.S.A.) ««Èπ π π «ßæÿà Ë «30. â Neutron probe π âõ Ÿ æõ» «ª ß Õß â«hobotemp π Õÿµÿπ «Õ.. ß π µõ πõß ß «
4 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. Õߺ â à µ µ Õߺ ªÕ å Áπµåº µ Àµÿ ÕßÕ º µ Õ º µ µ Èß µà Ë µ º Õ ÿ 1-9 Õπ àß à«ß µ µ Õß º 3 Õ Ë 1 (Õ ÿ 1-3 ÕπÀ ß µ º ) Ë 2 (Õ ÿ 4-6 ÕπÀ ß µ º ) Ë 3 (Õ ÿ 7-9 ÕπÀ ß µ º ) «Àå ÿ æº À ß Á Ë «ËÕ ÿº 9 ÕπÀ ß µ º º Õß µ µ Õߺ µõ πõß ß «Õßµâπ â ÿπ º â ÿπ µ µà ß µ º 3 Õ Ë 1 Õ ÿ 1-3 Õπ π Õπ Æ ß π π Ë 2 Õ ÿ 4-6 Õπ π Õπµÿ ß π«ë 3 Õ ÿ 7-9 Õπ π Õπ ß π âõ Ÿ «Õ» ß Àâ ÀÁπ«à µ Èß µà Õπ ßÀ 2546 Ωπµ æ Ë ÈπµàÕ π ËÕß π Õπ π π µÿ 惻 π ËÕ â ªï 2547 Ωπµ πâõ ßÕ à ß π π Õπ ÿ æ π å (Figure 1) º π âπºà π»ÿπ å ß æ Ë ÈπÕ à ß µàõ π ËÕß ÿ Õπ π º â ß π π à «µ µà ß π π µà «Õß (Figure 2) «â ß «ª ß Õß Ë Õ 1,900 / µ. µ /«π (Figure 3a) à» å ÕßπÈ π à Ë µë ÿ π Õπ惻 π Õ MPa (Figure 3b) àπ «à π ª Ë à Ë µë ÿ π Õπ 惻 π Õ 0.09./«π (Figure 3c) à«π à Ë «Èπ π π Ë «º «π 30. µ Èß µà Õπµÿ ß ÿ æ π å Õ Ÿà π à«ß 18-20% Èßπ È æ ÀâπÈ Ë Õ π à«ßωπ Èß à«ß (Figure 3d) ªÕ å Áπµå µ Õߺ â ÿπ π π«πº µ Õß â ÿπ æ «à à Õ º µ π à«ß Õπ Æ ß ßÀ µà Ë æ Õ º µ µ Èß µà Õπ π π ß π À Õ º Õ ÿ 3-9 ÕπÀ ß µ º æ Ë ÿ π à«ß Õπ惻 π Ëß Ωπµ ÿ Õ 58.33% π«πâ ß π ß Õπ π (Figure 4) Õß Èßπ È æ Àµÿ µ Õߺ 4 Àµÿ Õ 1) Õ º µ Á (scab) 28.33% 2) Õ à ß À Õß ªìπ«ß (sun scald) 11.11% 3) Õ º (sun burn) 7.78% 4) º µ àæ Õ Ëº «ª Õ Ë ÿ ß 52.78% (Figure 5) Õ º µ Á æ Ë ÿ π Õπµÿ Õ 50% π«πâ µë ß π ß Õπ π à«πõ º Ë æ µ Èß µà Õπ π«õ 22.58% π Èπ π«πâ ß π ß Õπ π «πõ à ß À Õß ªìπ«ß æ πª Ë â ß πµ Èß µà Õπ µÿ Õ 12.50% π ß Õπ π Õ 13.79% ËÕ º µ Ë àæ Õ Ëº «ª Õ π Èπæ âµ Èß µà Õπµÿ π«πâ æ Ë Ÿß Èπ ªìπ 75.0% π Õπ ÿ æ π å (Figure 6) πõ π È àß Õ º µ Õߺ ªìπ 4 À àê Õ µ π π«µ Èß π«πõπ π«ß µ Ë à Ÿª πàπõπ Ëß π µà π«µ â Èß «È«º ߺ âπº µ Ÿª µà ßÊ À à π È æ «à Ë 1 Õß æ π Õߺ µ π«µ Èß π«ßæ Ë ª 50% π Ë 2 µ π«πõπ Ë ÿ Õß ß Õ π«ß π«µ Èß à«π µ à Ÿª πàπõπ πâõ Õ à ß π à«π ÿ â àõπ Á Ë «µ π«µ Èß π«πõπ Ë ÿ Ë ª 40% à«π µ π«ßæ πâõ ßÕ à ß π µ à Ÿª πàπõππâõ Ë ÿ (Figure 7) æàπ Õ å Õ µàõ ÿ æ º â ÿπ æàπ Õ å 1% Õ 0.8% Õ å 1% à«õ 0.8% À⺠⠫πàπ π ÈÕ à TSS à TA Ÿß «à º ª µ µ µà ß ß µ Õ à ß π à«π ªÕ å ÁπµåπÈ π ª Õ π Èπ æ «à º ª µ à Ÿß Ë ÿ µ µà ß ß µ Õ à ß π «æàπ Ë ßº àπ Õ æàπ π ÿ «Õß Àâ
5 «. ß π π å «. ªï Ë 27 Ë º µ Õß â ÿπ Àå ÿ ««Figure 1. Weather conditions (daily rainfall and pan evaporation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature) during July March Figure 2. Change of fruit diameter in the four treatments (Control, C, B and C + B) during August February Õ ª Õ µ Õߺ â ÿπ ß µ µà ß «Õß Ë «ÿ (52.22%) Õ à ß π ß µ Ë π«õß C, B C+B µ Õߺ æ ß 5.66%, 8.89% 6.67% µ Ëß à «µ µà ß π ß µ (Table 1)
6 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. Figure 3. Values of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) above the canopy (A), leaf water potential (B) and stomatal conductance of the citrus trees (C) and soil moisture content in the experimental plot (D) during October February Vertical bars indicate standard deviation. «åº Õß º Õß ß µ â«à ª Ë π ª ß Õß æõ» π ª ß Õßµ Èß µà à«ß Õπ Æ ß π (Figure 1) à º Àâ «µ µà ß Õß µ µ Õߺ â ÿπ (Figure 2) Èßπ È ªìπ æ ÀâπÈ Ë Õ π à«ß ËΩπ Èß à«ß ß«à æ à â «ÿπ ß æ â À µâπ â â æ πè ÿπ ß àߺ µàõ µ µ Õߺ â (Huang et al., 2000) Õ à ß
7 «. ß π π å «. ªï Ë 27 Ë º µ Õß â ÿπ Àå ÿ ««Table 1. Effect of the treatments of fruit sprays on fruit quality and percentage of fruit splitting. Treatment Fruit firmness (N) TSS (ºBrix) TA (%) Water content (%) Fruit splitting (%) Control 2.08b 9.80b 4.24b 71.91a 52.22a C 2.36a 10.42a 5.84a 67.24b 5.56b B 2.44a 10.36ab 5.06ab 68.29b 8.89b C + B 2.33a 10.33ab 5.89a 68.88ab 6.67b C.V. (%) F-test * * * * * Means followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different by LSD (P?0.05). Figure 4. Percentage of fruit splitting in the control treatment during July March Vertical bars indicate standard deviation. Figure 5. Incidence of fruit splitting in Shogun mandarin caused by scab (28.33%) (A) sun scald (11.11%) (B) sun burn (7.78%) (C) and no primary peel damage (52.78%) (D).
8 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. Figure 6. Average values of the percentage of fruit splitting from scab, sun burn, sun scald and no primary peel damage during October March Figure 7. Percentage of fruit-splitting patterns occurred in 3 stages of fruit development. Columns with the same letter on each stage are not significantly different by LSD (P<0.05). Áµ ËÕ ª πè Ωπ π«πâ µ Õß º Èπ «π ËÕ ª πè Ωπ πâõ ß π«πº µ ßµ ª â«àπ π (Figure 4) Èßπ È æ π æωπµ À⺠Ÿ πè â Ÿà º Èß ß º «º Õ à ß «Á«π ª µ ß π µàß πº (fruit turgidity) Ë à«π Õß ª Õ Ëß «À ÿàπ (elasticity) âπâõ ß à µâ πµàõ ß ß à «π Àâ º µ Èπ π à«ß Ë Ωπµ (Christensen, 1996) Õ à ß Áµ æ Õ º µ π Ë 1 âµ Èß µàõ ÿ 3 Õπ Ëß ß ªìπ àßµ «Õß å ª Õ Àπ µà ß Ë 2 Ë â ß à«π Õß juice sacs Àâ µ «µ µ Õߺ «Á«ª Õ ß ß (Spiegel-Roy and Goldschmidt, 1996) ß àߺ Àâ ªÕ å Áπµåº µ π Ë 2 Ë 3 πõ π È æõ» ß º µàõ Àµÿ µ Õߺ Èß 4 Àµÿ â«(figure 5) æ Õ º
9 «. ß π π å «. ªï Ë 27 Ë µ Ë Á π à«ß Õπµÿ ß π ß Õπ π Èßπ È æ à«ß «ß à «ª Ωπ µ ÿ π Õπµÿ Ÿß ß ß ªìπ π Õπ π Ëß π È ÿπ ß π à«ßƒ ŸΩπ Õ» âõπ π «ß«π Àâ ÈÕ Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenkins â «å π ÈÕ ËÕ Èπº «µÿâπ Àâ àß åº ª µ Õ à ß «Á«(hyperplastic tissue) π Àâ π ÈÕ ËÕ πÿπ Èπ â ÀŸ (warty outgrowth) ªìπ º ( å, 2547) ËÕº µ «ß àߺ Àâ µ Õߺ «Õ º ß à «ËÕ º Ë æ µ Èß µà π à«ß Õπ π«èßπ Èæ «à º «æÿà Ë â ß Ë «â Ÿßµ µàõ ªìπ «π π π Õ º À â ÿπ ß (Arndt, 1992) º ß ª Ë π ªìπ πè µ ÿ µ «Õߺπ ß å π Ÿª ß È «º ª µ π ËÕß å ˺ «º Ÿ Àâßµ ª ËÕº µ «ß Àâ «º Õ ª µ Èπ à«πõ à ß À Õß ªìπ«ß º «º ªìπ ÿ º À Õß π à«ß À ß 1-2 ª Àå ÿ º ª Ë π ªìπ πè µ Õ ÿ µ «Õߺ «π Èπ Õ ª ˺ «µ π «µàõ æ «º «º â π Ë â ß Ëß «(µ µàõ à«πµ «) âõ «à Õ π È À πè À Õ ÕÕßπÈ «º «º â ß π Õ À â ªìπ ÿ æ µàõ πè π (oil gland) «º «º â ÿπ ÿ Õ µë æ ß 70ºC ß Àâ ªìπ Õ ÿ º À â â «à â æ π ÿåõ ËπÊ àπ «Õ oleocellosis (Knight et al., 2002) Õ sun scald (Josan et al., 1995) Õ rind-oil spot (Chikaizumi, 2000) Õ rindstain (Maia et al., 2004) Ë Ÿ æ «à â ß ªìπ «π π π ÀâµàÕ πè π «å π ÈÕ ËÕ Èπº «æ π ÿ µ «Õß à«π flavedo À Õ ª Õ â ÈππÕ π ªìπ Õ µ Àâ Õ º µ ËÕ â πè à«πõ º µ Ë àæ Õ Ëº «ª Õ π Èπ ªÕ å Áπµåº µ Ÿß «à ÀµÿÕ ËπÊ Èßπ Èπà ªìπº ß π µàß πº à«ß Ë â πè ßæ «à π«πâ æ Ë Èπ π à«ß ˵âπ â â πè Ωπ πª 727 º µ Õß â ÿπ Àå ÿ ««ß Õ» âõπ π «ß«π Õ âõß ª À πè Ë à πâõ Ë ÿ π Õπ µÿ Õ à À πè Ÿß Èπ Ë ÿ π Õπ ÿ æ π å Õ Ë Õÿ À Ÿ Ë Ÿß ÿ π«πâ æ Ë Ÿß Èπ π ß 34.89ºC π Õπ π À⺠πè å ËÕ æ âßà (Medeira et al., 1999) ËßÕÿ À Ÿ Ë Ÿß ÿ Ë æ Ë Ÿß Èπ «à 30ºC ªìπ Ë º â (Arndt, 1992) æ Õÿ À Ÿ Õߺ æ Ë Èπ Õ à ß «Á«ß â «à Õÿ À Ÿ Õß æõ» (Parchomchuk and Meheriuk, 1996) æ ß à å ÕßπÈ πº µë πè À â Ÿàº Õ à ß «Á«ß π πº Ÿß Ëß ªìπ Àµÿ µ Õߺ Õ à ßÀπ Ëß (Milad and Shackel, 1992; Peet, 1992; Peet and Willits, 1995) πõ π È Õ µ à«π Õß ª Õ àπ «fruit stomata (Yamaguchi et al., 2003) àõß ªî Õß Õ (navel) Õ µàõ Õß È«â πº (Garcia-Luis et al., 1994; Garcia-Luis et al., 2001) À Õ ß π µ «Õß π ÈÕº (Opara, 1996a) ªìπµâπ ßπà ªìπ ÀµÿÀπ Ëß Ë à ß µõ º µ â µ ß À Õ «à cuticle microcracks (Webster and Cline, 1994) À Õ cuticular fracture (Sekse, 1995b) Ë Àâ º µ π µàõ (Figure 6) Ë µ Õߺ Ëæ π Õßπ È Èπ â 4 Ÿª Õ µ π π«µ Èß π«πõπ π«ß à Ÿª πàπõπà ÕÀ» ß (Figure 7) µ π π«µ Èß π«ßæ â Ë ÿ π ÿ µ µ Õߺ µà π π«πõπ À» ßæ âµ Èß µà π Ë 2 3 ß ß Àâ ÀÁπ«à æ π º µàõ Ÿª µ Õߺ æ µ π π«µ Èß π«ß Èπ ËÕº µ «π ÿ µ µ π ËÕß «È«âπº «µà ß» å ÕßπÈ µë (Milad and Shackel, 1992) à«π Õß ª Õ ß (Chikaizumi et al., 1984) àõß Ë Õ µàõ Õß â π È«º «ß àõß ªî Õß Õ (Garcia-Luis et al., 1994; Garcia-Luis et al., 2001) ß À⺠µ π π«ß à «âßà à«π «ßº
10 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug ª Õ Àπ µ π π«πõπ ß π Ë º Ë ª Ë π º º ÿ (Qian, 1997) Ë µ À» ßπà µ «Õß ª Õ µ ß π Õß Á ø ÕÁ Õ º (Josan et al., 1995) µ ª Ë π ª ß Ÿª ß Õߺ (Goa, 1995; Opara and Tadesse, 2000) à«πµ Àπàß µ «º πà ÈπÕ Ÿà Õ º À Õ àõß ªî Õß ª Õ (skin fracture)» ß µ «π π ÈÕº (flesh fracture) π à«ß µ µ Õߺ (Opara, 1996a; Opara, 1996b) πõ π È æàπ Õ å Õ à«æ Ë ÿ æº â â «à àæàπ Àâ ªÕ å Áπµåº µ ß (Table 1) Èßπ È πà ªìπº Õ å Õ Ëß ªìπ Ë ÿ µ â ß «Áß ß Õߺπ ß å Àâ «πàπ π ÈÕ æ Ë à TSS TA Õߺ Àâ Ÿß Èπ â«(raese and Drake, 2002) àπ «Gao (1995) Ëæ «à ËÕ ª Õ º «πàπ π ÈÕ Ÿß à«õ º µ â æ π ª Õ æ µ π Ë à πè (insoluble pectin) Ÿß Ëß à«â ß «Áß ß Àâ º «º â À ª µÿ π ª Õ µë ªÕ å Áπµå µ Õߺ Èπ (Opara and Tadesse, 2000) ß à«ºà π ÕßπÈ ßº «º â æ Ëß «â âπ Ÿß Õ Ÿà Õ º ૪ à «â âπ Õß π πõ º Àâ â ß π ß ªìπ Õ Ÿ πè ⠟ຠÀ«à ß Ë Ωπµ â (Lang et al., 1997) ßπ Èπª Áπ» ß ºà π Õß µÿ Õπ ߺ «º πà âπ «â «µàõ ª æ ËÕ Àâ â ß Õß µÿ Èß Õß Ë µàõ æ Õß ª Õ â π ËÕß ªìπ Ë ËÕπ Ë â â ª à æ ßæÕµàÕ «µâõß π æ π º ËÕ â Ÿà Ë 2-3 (Storey and Treeby, 2002) «π Èß 2 ß à«â ß «Áß ß Õߺπ ß å â Èπ â«(peryea et al., 2003; Teasdale and Richards, 1990) Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. ÿª π æ Ÿ Õ» Õß µâ Ë Ωπµ ÿ â «Õ» Õÿ À Ÿ Ÿß «â ß Ÿß π à«ß µ µ Õߺ µ Èß µàõ ÿ 3 Õπ ªìπµâπ ª º Àâ Õ º µ Õß â ÿπ ÿπ ß â ßπ Èπ Àâ µÿ Õπ ߺ à«õ º µ â ß à«æ Ë ÿ æ Õߺ â«ßπ Èπ ß Àâ µÿ Õπ Àâ À «µâõß π µà µ µ Õߺ Ëß à«õ º µ Õß â ÿπ âõ à ß ª æ Ëß Èπ µµ ª» ß «π È â ÿπ π πÿπ «ß π â À «ß π π å ª ªï 2546 Õ Õâ ßÕ ß å æ È π µ å Õ «: Sphaceloma spp. Àµÿ ª Õßæ µà ßÊ πª». «µ «ß µ À å, ÿß æœ. ª ª ß Ÿà Õ «π â Õ à ß ÕÕ æ. ÿß æœ: À. µ µ µ.»ÿπ å π» µ µ ª Ÿ ⺠πµâπªï àß µ «ß µ À å, ÿß æœ. Arndt, H Apple shading to reduce heat damage. Tree Fruit Leader, V. 1, Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Fisheries, Government of British Columbia, Canada. Bower, J.P., Gilfillan, I.M. and Skinner, H Fruit splitting in Valencia and its relationship to the pectin status of the rind. In: 7 th Int. Cit. Con., pp , 8-13 March 1992, Acireale, Italy. Chikaizumi, S Mechanisms of rind-oil spot development in 'Encore' (Citrus nobilis Lour. X C. deliciosa Ten.) fruit. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:
11 «. ß π π å «. ªï Ë 27 Ë º µ Õß â ÿπ Àå ÿ ««Chikaizumi, S., Matsumoto, K., Amano, S., Akiyoshi, H. and Watanabe, J Studies on splitting of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck var. Brasiliensis Tanaka) fruit. (1) Symptoms and incidence of splitting in relation to the developmental stage of the fruit. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University 29: Christensen, J.V Rain-induced cracking of sweet cherries: Its causes and prevention. In: Cherries : Crop Physiology, Production and Uses (eds. A.D. Webster and N.E. Looney), pp Cambridge: UK University Press. Davies, F.S. and Albrigo, L.G Citrus. CAB International, UK. FAO Citrus Fruit Fresh and Processed Annual Statistics CCP:CI/ST/2002. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Gao, Z Studies on correlations of tomato firmness and crack with other characters. Acta Hort. 402: Gao, F.F., Huang, H.B. and Xu, J.K An investigation of the cause of fruit cracking in Hongjiang orange. J. South China Agri. Univ. 15: Garcia-Luis, A., Duarte, A.M.M., Porras, I., Garcia- Lidon, A. and Guardiola, J.L Fruit splitting in 'Nova' hybrid mandarin in relation to the anatomy of the fruit and fruit set treatment. Scientia Hort. 57: Garcia-Luis, A., Duarte, A.M.M., Kanduser, M. and Guardiola, J.L The anatomy of the fruit in relation to the propensity of citrus species to split. Scientia Hort. 87: Huang, X.M., Huang, H.B. and Gao, F.F The growth potential generated in citrus fruit under water stress and its relevant mechanisms. Scientia Hort. 83: Josan, J.S., Sandhu, A.S. and Kaur, J Pericarp anatomy in relation to fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon). Indian J. Agri. Sci. 65: Knight, T.G., Klieber, A. and Sedgley, M Structural basis of the rind disorder oleocellosis in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Ann. Bot. 90: Kumar, A, Singh, C. Ral, M. and Ranjan, R Effect of irrigation, calcium and boron on fruit cracking in litchi 'cv. Shahi'. Ori. J. Hort. 29: Lang, G., Flore, J., Southwick, S., Azarenko, A., Facteau, T. and Kappel, F Overtree sprinkler calcium shows widespread potential to reduce cherry rain-cracking. Good Fruit Grower 48: Maia, M.I., Medeira, M.C., Pinto, M.J. and Duarte, A.M Pre-harvest rindstain of 'Encore' mandarin: initial histological signs of epicarp disturbance and extent of the disorder. Scientia Hort. 99: Medeira, M.C., Maia, M.I. and Vitor, R.F The first stages of pre-harvest 'peel pitting' development in 'Encore' mandarin: An histological and ultrastructural study. Ann. Bot. 83: Milad, R.E. and Shackel, K.E Water relation of fruit end cracking in french prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. French). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117: Opara, L.U. 1996a. Stem-end splitting in apples. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 7: Opara, L.U. 1996b. What is stem-end splitting in apples? Good Fruit Grower 47: Opara, L.U. and Tadesse, T Fruit growth and mineral element accumulation in Pacific Rose TM apple in relation to orchard management factors and calyx-end splitting. J. Plant Ntr. 23: Parchomchuk, P. and Meheriuk, M Orchard cooling with pulsed overtree irrigation to prevent solar injury and improve fruit quality of 'Jonagold' apples. HortScience 31: Peet, M.M Fruit cracking in tomato. HortTech. 2: Peet, M.M. and Willits, D.H Role of excess water in tomato fruit cracking. HortScience 30: Peryea, F.J., Neilsen, D. and Neilsen, G Boron maintenances sprays for apple: Early-season applications and tank-mixing with calcium chloride. HortScience 38: Qian, K.S Reasons of fruit cracking in Navel oranges and its control. South China Fruits. 26: 12. Raese, J.T. and Drake, S.R Calcium spray materials and fruit calcium concentrations
12 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R. influence apple quality. J. Amer. Pomo. Soc. 56: Sekse, L. 1995a. Fruit cracking in sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.): Some physiological aspectsa mini review. Scientia Hort. 63: Sekse, L. 1995b. Cuticular fracturing in fruits of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) resulting from changing soil water contents. J. Hort. Sci. 70: Spiegel-Roy, P. and Goldschmidt, E.E Biology of Citrus. Cambridge University Press, London. Storey, R. and Treeby, M.T Nutrient uptake into navel oranges during fruit development. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 77: Teasdale, R.D. and Richards, D.K Boron deficiency in cultured pine cells. Plant Physiol. 93: Ueta, J. and Tanno, S Splitting and cracking in 'Sensyu' apples. I: Observations of splitting and cracking. Bull. Akita Fruit Tree Exp. Sta. 28: Webster, T. and Cline, J All about cherry cracking. Tree Fruit Leader, V. 3, Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Fisheries, Government of British Columbia, Canada. Xu, J.K, Chen, J.Z., Zou, H.Q., Ye, T.H. and Li, F.C Studies on the relation between calcium and fruit-cracking in 'Hong Jiang' sweet orange. J. South China Agri. Univ. 15: Yamaguchi, M., Haji, T. and Yaegaki, H Relationship between fruit cracking and varietal differences of exocarp cell length and stomatal density of nectarine cultivars. Bull. Natl. Inst. Fruit Tree Sci. 2: Zou, H.Q. and Xu, J.K Studies on the relation between peel anatomical structure and fruitcracking in 'Hongjiang' sweet orange. J. South China Agri. Univ. 16:
º Õß «µ µàß ËßµàÕª º º µ ÿ æ ÕßÕßÿàπ «πå
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