Mini grammar 2 1. ARTIKLER (kendeord) a, an, the 2 2. SUBSTANTIVER (navneord), flertal houses, churches 4 3. GENITIV (ejefald) s s or of 4 4. ADJEKTIVER (tillægsord), gradbøjning long longer longest 5 5. ADVERBIER (biord) strongly, easily 6 6. PRONOMENER (stedord) 6 6a. PERSONLIGE PRONOMENER I, you, he, she 6 6b. POSSESSIVE PRONOMENER my, your, his 7 6c. TILBAGEVISENDE PRONOMENER myself, yourself, himself 7 6d. PÅPEGENDE PRONOMENER this, that 8 6e. HENFØRENDE PRONOMENER who, which, that 8 6f. UBESTEMTE PRONOMENER some, any 9 6g. SPØRGENDE PRONOMENER who, what, which 9 7. PRÆPOSITIONER (forholdsord) about, at, for, in, of, to, with 11 8. STORT BEGYNDELSESBOGSTAV 11 9. TEGNSÆTNING 12 10. NUMERALIER (talord) 13 11. VERBER (udsagnsord) 13 11a. TO BE am / are / is was / were been 14 11b. TO HAVE have / has had 14 11c. REGELMÆSSIGE VERBER like / likes liked 14 11d. UREGELMÆSSIGE VERBER begin began begun 17 11e. PASSIV 18 11f. DO, DOES, DID Spørgsmål 19 11g. DON T, DOESN T, DIDN T Benægtende sætninger 19 11h. -ING-FORM He is reading a book at the moment. 20 11i. FREMTID will / shall, udvidet form, kort form 21 11j. SAMMENTRÆKNING AF VERBER I m, you re, he s 22 11k. BYDEMÅDE
1. ARTIKLER (kendeord) Småordene a, an og the kaldes artikler (kendeord). De placeres normalt foran substantiver. De ubestemte artikler er a og an, og man skriver: a foran konsonanter a foran et ord, der begynder med y an foran vokaler an foran ord, der begynder med stumt h. Den bestemte artikel the udtales: [δə] foran konsonanter [δə] foran ord, der begynder med y [δi] foran vokaler [δi] foran ord, der begynder med stumt h a school a young man an elephant an hour Eksempler [δə] school [δə] young man [δi] elephant [δi] hour 2. SUBSTANTIVER (navneord), flertal Substantiver (navneord) er betegnelser på personer, steder, ting eller idéer. Flertalsdannelse af substantiver: Regelmæssige substantiver danner flertal ved at tilføje -s eller -es: Der tilføjes -s til de fleste substantiver i flertal. Hvis et substantiv ender på en hvislelyd (-s, -z, -ch, sh eller -x) tilføjes -es. Hvis et substantiv ender på en konsonant + -y, fjernes -y og der tilføjes -ies i flertal. Nogle substantiver, der ender på -o tilføjes -es i flertal. boy boys, girl girls bus buses, buzz buzzes, church churches, bush bushes, fox foxes baby babies, country countries hero heroes, potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes (dog ikke: piano pianos, photo photos, disco discos) Uregelmæssige: Substantiver, der ender på en f-lyd tilføjer -ves i flertal. Nogle substantiver ændrer vokal i flertal. Nogle substantiver hedder det samme i ental og flertal. Nogle få substantiver tilføjer -en i flertal. calf calves, half halves, knife knives, leaf leaves, loaf loaves, shelf shelves, thief thieves, wife wives, wolf wolves man men, woman women, foot feet, goose geese, louse lice, mouse mice, tooth teeth deer deer, sheep sheep, fish fish child children, ox oxen 2
Sammensatte substantiver Sammensatte substantiver kan dannes af forskellige ordklasser. Eksempler: substantiv adjektiv verbum præposition + + + + substantiv substantiv substantiv substantiv pop music blackboard swimming pool underground På dansk skrives sammensætninger normalt som ét ord. På engelsk skrives de som regel som adskilte ord (med eller uden bindestreg). Det er nødvendigt at bruge ordbog for at sikre sig den rigtige stavemåde. Eksempler: safety pin art-robbery sister-in-law Dog findes der også sammensætninger i ét ord, fx: policeman Flertal af sammensatte substantiver Flertal af sammensatte substantiver kan dannes på forskellige måder. Eksempler: Flertalsmarkering på sidste led Flertalsmarkering på første led Flertalsmarkering på begge led safety pins, boyfriends brothers-in-law, Members of Parliament men students, women doctors Dog: man-eaters, lady friends 3
3. GENITIV (ejefald) Genitiv (ejefald) udtrykker et ejerforhold. Ved mennesker, kæledyr og tidsangivelser dannes genitiv ved at tilføje s, s eller : Ental: I ental tilføjes normalt s. Hvis substantivet ender på en s-lyd tilføjes (eller s). Flertal: Efter flertalsord, der ender på -s, tilføjes. Efter flertalsord, der ikke ender på -s, tilføjes s. Når det ikke drejer sig om personer, kæledyr eller nogle tidsangivelser, anvendes normalt of. The girl s bike, the dog s food, a week s homework Charles football (også Charles s) The girls room The children s school The door of the house The pages of the book 4. ADJEKTIVER (tillægsord), gradbøjning Et adjektiv (tillægsord) er et ord, der beskriver et substantiv eller et pronomen. Adjektiver kan gradbøjes. Gradbøjning af adjektiver: Adjektiver på én stavelse tilføjes -(e)r eller -(e)st. strong nice stronger nicer strongest nicest Ved adjektiver på to stavelser, som ender på -y, fjernes y, og der tilføjes -ier eller -iest. funny funnier funniest Hvis der er mere end én stavelse, bruges normalt more eller most. boring more boring most boring Ved adjektiver på to stavelser, som ender på -er, -le, -ow, anvendes for det meste more/most, men de kan også gradbøjes ved at tilføje -(e)r eller -(e)st. clever feeble narrow more clever cleverer more feeble feebler more narrow narrower most clever cleverest most feeble feeblest most narrow narrowest Nogle adjektiver gradbøjes uregelmæssigt. good bad little better worse less best worst least De fleste adjektiver er ægte adjektiver, for eksempel beautiful, long, green, men andre ordgrupper kan også fungere som adjektiver, fx: Eksempler: Verbum der fungerer som adjektiv. a rolling stone, torn clothes Pronomen der fungerer som adjektiv. the other day, each game 4
5. ADVERBIER (biord) Et adverbium (biord) er et ord, der beskriver et verbum, et adjektiv eller et andet adverbium. Der er to slags adverbier: 1. Ægte adverbier 2. Adverbier, som er dannet af adjektiver ved at tilføje -ly. Bemærk: Hvis et adjektiv ender på -y, ændres y til i, og der tilføjes -ly. Hvis et adjektiv ender på -ue, fjernes e efter u, og der tilføjes -ly. Hvis et adjektiv ender på -le, erstattes le med ly. almost, also, always, even, ever, just, never, often, quite, rather, seldom, sometimes, soon, still, yesterday strong strongly easy easily true truly possible possibly Adverbier gradbøjes på samme måde som adjektiver. Adverbier på én stavelse tilføjes -(e)r eller -(e)st. Adverbier på -y gradbøjes ved hjælp af more/ most. Nogle adverbier bøjes uregelmæssigt. Nogle adverbier har to former, når de gradbøjes. fast faster fastest strongly more strongly most strongly easily more easily most easily truly more truly most truly possibly more possibly most possibly well better best little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest late later latest/last 5
6. PRONOMENER (stedord) Pronomener står i stedet for substantiver. De kan også være påpegende eller tilbagevisende. 6a. Personlige pronomener Personlige stedord er ord, der kan stå i stedet for substantiver. De kan fungere som subjekt, objekt eller stå efter en præposition. Subjekt Objekt /efter præposition Ental I (jeg) you (du) he (han) she (hun) it (den, det) me (mig) you (dig) him (ham) her (hende) it (den/det) I came yesterday. (subjekt) They went abroad yesterday. (subjekt) She visits him every day. (objekt) The teacher saw us. (objekt) Flertal we (vi) you (I) they (de) us (os) you (jer) them (dem) She gave it to them. (efter præposition) I came after her. (efter præposition) 6b. Possessive pronomener Et ejestedord beskriver et ejerforhold. Foran et substantiv Alene Ental my (min/mit/mine) your (din/dit/dine) his (hans) her (hendes) its (dens/dets) mine (min/mit/mine) yours (din/dit/dine) his (hans) hers (hendes) That is my car. That car is not mine. Is this your book? Is this book yours? Flertal our (vores) your (jeres) their (deres) ours (vores) yours (jeres) theirs (deres) Peter and Ian said it was their ball. But was the ball really theirs? 6
6c. Tilbagevisende pronomener Et tilbagevisende stedord viser tilbage til sætningens subjekt (grundled). Et tilbagevisende stedord bruges ved visse verber, fx pride oneself of, absent oneself from, og er valgfrit ved andre verber, fx wash oneself, dress oneself, surrender oneself. Ental I you he she it myself yourself himself herself itself I look at myself. You look at yourself He (George) looks at himself. She (Susan) looks at herself. The dog looks at itself. Flertal we you they ourselves yourselves themselves We look at ourselves. You look at yourselves. They look at themselves. 6d. Påpegende pronomener De påpegende stedord bruges til at udpege eller fremhæve en person eller en ting. Sådan bruges de: Nær den der taler Længere væk fra den der taler Ental this that This is my bike. These are my bikes. Flertal these those That bike (over there) is mine. Those bikes (over there) are mine. Samme regel om nærhed gælder, når der tales om tid. This Christmas I m going away on holiday. When I think back to that Christmas two years ago, I feel sad. 7
6e. Henførende pronomener Et henførende stedord indleder en henførende bisætning og fører normalt tilbage til et substantiv. who which whose that Anvendes om personer og kæledyr. Anvendes om dyr og ting. Anvendes om personer, dyr og ting, når der beskrives et ejerforhold. I bestemmende henførende sætninger anvendes that i stedet for who og which. He is a boy who talks all the time. King is a dog who loves food. I have a horse, which I like. She has got the bike, which is red. He s the man whose cat ran away. The man, whose car was stolen, was sad. That s the school whose football team lost. He is the boy that talks all the time. She has got the bike that is red. 6f. Ubestemte pronomener Any, anybody, anyone, anything samt some, somebody, someone, something bruges i forskellige former for spørgende, nægtende og positive sætninger. Any, anybody, anyone og anything bruges i spørgende sætninger, hvor man ikke kender svaret.. Some, somebody, someone og something bruges i spørgende sætninger, hvor man forventer et positivt svar. Any, anybody, anyone og anything bruges i nægtende sætninger. Desuden kan any, anybody, anyone og anything samt some, somebody, someone og something bruges i positive sætninger. Have you got any money? Do you know anybody here? Do you know anyone here? Can he see anything? Can I have some more potatoes, please? Will somebody help me? Will someone help me? Do you want something to drink? I haven t got any money. I don t know anybody here. I don t know anyone here. I can t see anything. She can come any time now. Anybody can sing a song. Anyone can do it. Anything will be fine. He has some money. He knows somebody who can fix the car. He knows someone who can fix the car. He can see something out on the sea. 8
6g. Spørgende pronomener De spørgende stedord anvendes til at stille spørgsmål. Man bruger who, når der stilles spørgsmål om personer whose, når der er tale om et ejerforhold whom efter en præposition (bruges ikke meget i dag) what om personer og andet, når der ikke er tale om et begrænset antal which bruges både om personer og andet, når der er tale om et begrænset antal. Anvendes ofte sammen med of. Who is that girl? Whose is this pencil? To whom did you give the book? Eller: Who did you give the book to? What are you doing? What does she prefer to eat? What films have you seen? Which of these books do you prefer? Which boy in the team was fastest? Which one of your classmates do you work best with? 7. PRÆPOSITIONER (forholdsord) Præpositioner står som regel foran substantiver, pronomener eller -ing-former. Præpositioner er småord som: about, across, against, ago, after, among, at, beside, besides, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, out, over, (a)round, through, till, to, towards, under, until, with. Præpositioner udtrykker ofte sted eller tid. Sted: She stood between the two boys. The cat sat on the table. Tid: He came at 11 o clock. They watched TV after dinner. Det er ofte vanskeligt at finde den rigtige præposition på engelsk. Derfor er det en god idé at slå op i en ordbog. Eksempler på brug af præpositioner: about round She walked about the school. Hun gik rundt på skolen. She walked round the school. Hun gik rundt om skolen. across over He walked across the road. Han gik tværs over vejen. She wore a coat over her dress. Hun havde en frakke på over sin kjole. afraid of afraid for The boy was afraid of horror films. Drengen var bange for gyserfilm. His mother was afraid for him. Hans mor var bekymret for ham. 9
against towards He was leaning against the wall. Han lænede sig imod væggen. She was going towards him. Hun gik hen imod ham. among between He was walking among the trees. Han gik imellem træerne. (imellem flere end to) He was standing between the table and the window. Han stod imellem bordet og vinduet. (imellem to) ago for in (om tid) He came an hour ago. Han kom for en time siden. He lived in London for three years. Han boede i London i tre år. The lesson begins in ten minutes. Timen begynder om ti minutter. at on in (om sted) At the hotel. På hotellet. At the station. På stationen. (sted af lille udstrækning) On the hill. På bakken. On the floor. På gulvet. (på en flade) Bemærk: On the farm. På bondegården. In the country. På landet. at on in (om tid) At 8 o clock. (om klokkeslæt) On 10 th October. (om datoer) In 2009. (om årstal) beside besides He sat beside his girlfriend. Han sad ved siden af sin kæreste. She has another boyfriend besides him. Hun har en anden kæreste ud over ham. by with The letter was written by a friend. Brevet blev skrevet af en ven. (om den der handler) He wrote it with a ballpen. Han skrev det med en kuglepen. (om redskabet) during under He was killed during the war. Han blev dræbt under krigen. (i løbet af) The cat was sleeping under the sofa. Katten sov under sofaen. (neden under) in into The cake is in the oven. Kagen er i ovnen. (inde i) She puts the cake into the oven. Hun putter kagen ind i ovnen. (ind i) look after look at look for The babysitter was looking after the baby. Barnepigen passede babyen. He was looking at his girlfriend. Han så på sin kæreste. She was looking for her glasses. Hun ledte efter sine briller. 10
8. STORT BEGYNDELSESBOGSTAV Reglerne for stort begyndelsesbogstav på engelsk er ofte forskellige i forhold til dansk. Ugedage, måneder, højtider Nationaliteter, sprog Religiøse begreber Titler Navne på institutioner Historiske begivenheder Monday, October, Christmas the English, a Dane, she speaks German the Bible, the Koran, Christian, Muslim, God Queen Elizabeth, Sir Cliff Richard, Mr and Mrs Jones The Danish Government, the American Congress, Parliament, Millfields Community School World War II, the French Revolution 9. TEGNSÆTNING Engelsk tegnsætning er især anderledes, når drejer sig om komma og ved direkte tale. Komma anvendes når en bisætning kommer før en hovedsætning før og efter et adverbium, der er placeret inde i en sætning før et tag-question (svarer til dansk ikk?) for at adskille tre eller flere ord i en sætning før og efter en indskudt sætning, som kan udelades efter yes og no, når de indleder en sætning. As I arrived at the cinema, I saw I was too late. Michael, however, never made mistakes. You have done your schoolwork, haven t you? She bought hamburgers, ice cream, coke, and sweets. The pop idol, who is number one on the chart, will visit Birmingham next week. Yes, I ll do my homework. No, I don t like football. Direkte tale Der anvendes komma før direkte tale. Begge citationstegn placeres foroven. Oliver said, I ll do my homework tomorrow. The kids shouted, Felix has run away. Well, go and look for him, said Mum, and you had better be quick! 11
10. NUMERALIER (talord) Der findes to slags tal: mængdetal og ordenstal. Desuden handler dette afsnit om brøker, decimaltal og datoer. Mængdetal 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty- three 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a/one hundred 101 a/one hundred and one 200 two hundred 1,000 a/one thousand Ordenstal 1 st first 2 nd second 3 rd third 4 th fourth 5 th fifth 6 th sixth 7 th seventh 8 th eighth 9 th ninth 10 th tenth 11 th eleventh 12 th twelfth 13 th thirteenth 14 th fourteenth 15 th fifteenth 16 th sixteenth 17 th seventeenth 18 th eighteenth 19 th nineteenth 20 th twentieth 21 st twenty-first 22 nd twenty-second 23 rd twenty-third 30 th thirtieth 40 th fortieth 50 th fiftieth 60 th sixtieth 70 th seventieth 80 th eightieth 90 th ninetieth 100 th hundredth 101 st (one) hundred and first 200 th two hundredth 1,000 th (one) thousandth Mængdetal over 1000 På engelsk bruges der komma til at skille tusinder, hvor man på dansk bruger punktum. Engelsk: kr. 2,375,250 Dansk: kr. 2.375.250 12
Decimaltal På engelsk bruges der punktum i decimaltal, hvor man på dansk bruger komma. Engelsk: 1.75 liter Dansk: 1,75 liter Brøker 1/2 a half eller one half 1/3 a third eller one third 1/4 a fourth eller one fourth eller a quarter eller one quarter 5 3/8 five and three eighths Datoer Datoer kan skrives på forskellige måder: 1. 15 October 2009 2. 15 th October 2009 3. October 15, 2009 4. October 15 th, 2009 Bemærk: Datoerne udtales the 15 th of October. 11. VERBER (udsagnsord) Et verbum fortæller ofte, hvad der foregår i en sætning, dvs. at et verbum beskriver en handling. 11a. To be To be fungerer ofte som et hjælpeverbum, der bl.a. hjælper med at danne ing-form og passiv. Nutid Datid Førnutid Førdatid Ental: I you he she it am are is is is was were was was was have been have been has been has been has been had been had been had been had been had been Flertal: we you they are are are were were were have been have been have been had been had been had been 13
11b. To have To have fungerer ofte som et hjælpeverbum, der bl.a. hjælper med at danne førnutid og førdatid. Bemærk! I førnutid og i førdatid er hovedverbet altid det samme. Nutid Datid Førnutid Førdatid Ental: I you he she it have have has has has had had had had had have had have had has had has had has had had had had had had had had had had had Flertal: we you they have have have had had had have had have had have had had had had had had had 11c. Regelmœssige verber Regelmæssige verber ender på -ed i datid samt i førnutid og førdatid. Bemærk! I førnutid og i førdatid er hovedverbet altid det samme. Eksempel: to work Nutid Datid Førnutid Førdatid Ental: I you he she it work work works works works worked worked worked worked worked have worked have worked has worked has worked has worked had worked had worked had worked had worked had worked Flertal: we you they work work work worked worked worked have worked have worked have worked had worked had worked had worked 11d. Uregelmœssige verber Uregelmæssige verber bøjes anderledes end de regelmæssige verber. Bemærk! I førnutid og i førdatid er hovedverbet altid det samme. Navneform / nutid bear become begin bend bet bid Datid bore became began bent bet bade Førnutid / førdatid Have / has had + born become begun bent bet bidden 14
15 Navneform / nutid Datid Førnutid / førdatid bind bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forget freeze get give go grow hang hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel bound bit bled blew broke brought built burnt, burned burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt, dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forgot froze got gave went grew hung, hanged heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt bound bitten bled blown broken brought built burnt, burned burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt, dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forgotten frozen got (gotten am.) given gone grown hung, hanged heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt
Navneform / nutid Datid Førnutid / førdatid know lay lead lean learn leap leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide sling slink smell sow speak spell knew laid led leant learnt, learned leapt, leaped left lent let lay lit, lighted lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid slung slunk smelt sowed spoke spelt, spelled known laid led leant learnt, learned leapt, leaped left lent let lain lit, lighted lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn, sewed shaken shed shone shot shown, showed shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid slung slunk smelt sown, sowed spoken spelt, spelled 16
Navneform / nutid Datid Førnutid / førdatid spend spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting strike swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw wake wear weave weep win wind wring write spent spun spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw woke, waked wore wove wept won wound wrung wrote spent spun spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown woken worn woven wept won wound wrung written 11e. Passiv Et verbum kan stå i enten aktiv eller passiv. Der er tale om en aktiv form, når grundleddet udfører handlingen i en sætning. Drengen læser bogen. X O Der er tale om en passiv form, når grundleddet ikke udfører handlingen. Bogen læses af drengen. Bogen bliver læst af drengen. X O X O O Dannelse af passiv på engelsk: Man anvender altid to be i en eller anden bøjning til at danne en passiv sætning. Præpositionen by anvendes til at angive den, der handler eller virker. 17
Nutid: Datid: Førnutid: Førdatid: Fremtid: The book is written by a young author. Bogen skrives/bliver skrevet af en ung forfatter. The book was written by Ernest Hemingway. Bogen blev skrevet af Ernest Hemingway. The book has been written by Ernest Hemingway. Bogen er blevet skrevet af Ernest Hemingway. The book had been written by Ernest Hemingway. Bogen var blevet skrevet af Ernest Hemingway. The book will be written by a very popular author. Bogen vil blive skrevet af en meget populær forfatter. Bemærk: The book is being written at this very moment. Bogen er ved at blive skrevet i dette øjeblik. 11f. Do, does, did (spørgsmål) To do anvendes ofte til at danne spørgsmål. Man kan danne spørgsmål ved at anvende do/does did + en navneform, hvis ikke et af følgende verber findes i sætningen: Nutid: am, are, is, have, has, can, shall, will, may, must. Datid: was, were, had, could, should, would, might, must. Nutid Datid Ental Flertal Do I? Do you? Does he? Does she? Does it? Do we? Do you? Do they? Did I? Did you? Did he? Did she? Did it? Did we? Did you? Did they? Do you like ice cream? Does she often wash the car? Did they enjoy the film? men: Are you happy? Will you come tomorrow? Were you at school yesterday? Would you like a banana? 18
11g. Don t, doesn t, didn t (nœgtende sœtninger) To do anvendes ofte til at danne nægtende sætninger. Man kan danne nægtende sætninger ved at anvende do/does did + not + en navneform, hvis ikke et af følgende verber findes i sætningen: Nutid: am, are, is, have, has, can, shall, will, may, must. Datid: was, were, had, could, should, would, might, must. Nutid Datid Ental Flertal I you he she it we you they don t don t doesn t doesn t doesn t don t don t don t didn t didn t didn t didn t didn t didn t didn t didn t I don t like oranges. She doesn t know his name. We didn t do our homework. men: I am not happy. They can t play basketball. They were not out last night. The cat couldn t catch the mouse. 11h. -ing-form På engelsk anvendes udvidede tider (-ing-form) om det, der er eller var ved at ske. Udvidet nutid (Sker lige nu.) Udvidet datid (Om noget, der var ved at ske på et bestemt tidspunkt.) Udvidet førnutid (Om noget, der startede i fortiden og stadigvæk er ved at ske i nutiden.) Udvidet førdatid (Om noget, der startede i fortiden og stadigvæk var ved at ske på et bestemt tidspunkt i fortiden.) He is reading a good book at the moment. They are writing an essay in class this morning. He was finishing his homework when she rang. They were reading when somebody called. He has been working in the garden for a week. They have been watching TV for three hours. When he came home, his mother had been cooking all day. They had been playing football all the break when the teacher called them. 19
Man bruger også ing-form efter verber som: avoid, deny, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, give up, cannot/can t help, keep, mind, risk, be used to, go on, keep on, look forward to efter: busy, like, worth efter nogle præpositioner: after, at, without You can t avoid doing it. Do you mind opening the door? We look forward to seeing you. He was used to working hard. Peter was busy looking for his bike. I feel like going to the cinema. It s worth trying. He is good at surfing. She stood without moving. 11i. Fremtid Fremtid fortæller om noget, der vil komme til at foregå i fremtiden eller en fremtidig tilstand. Fremtid kan dannes på forskellige måder. 1. Verbet will anvendes ofte til at danne fremtid, men i mere højtideligt sprog kan der anvendes shall i ental og flertal. Ental I you he she it will/shall will will will will She will (eller shall) go to England tomorrow. You will like Paris when you get there. Flertal we you they will/shall will will We will (eller shall) do our homework next week. They will love London once they arrive. 2. Man kan bruge udvidet form til at udtrykke noget, der sker i nær fremtid, 3. Man kan bruge verbets korte form i nutid til at udtrykke en fremtid, hvis der er tale om noget, der sker regelmæssigt eller om naturlove. My uncle and aunt are coming to visit me soon. It is going to rain this afternoon. The early plane for Oslo leaves at 6.30 pm. The sun rises late in winter. 20
11j. Sammentrœkning af verber Når man skal skrive, som der tales, anvender man ofte sammentrækning af verber, dvs. man trækker subjekt og verbum sammen og anvender en apostrof. Nedenfor er der eksempler på sammentrækninger af verberne to be, to have, will og shall. to be Nutid I m (I am) you re (you are) he s (he is) she s (she is) it s (it is) we re (we are) you re (you are) they re (they are) who s (who is) there s (there is) what s (what is) where s (where is) here s (here is) how s (how is) to have Nutid Datid I ve (I have) you ve (you have) he s (he has) she s (she has) it s (it has) we ve (we have) you ve (you have) they ve (they have) I d you d he d she d we d you d they d (I had) (you had) (he had) (she had) (we had) (you had) (they had) who s (who has) who d (who had) there s (there has) there d (there had) what s (what has) will, shall Nutid Datid I ll you ll he ll she ll it ll we ll you ll they ll (I will/shall) (you will/shall) (he will/shall) (she will/shall) (it will/shall) (we will/shall) (you will/shall) (they will/shall) I d you d he d she d we d you d they d (I would/should) (you would/should) (he would/should) (she would/should) (we would/should) (you would/should) (they would/should) who ll (who will/shall) who d (who would/should) there ll (there will/shall) there d (there would/should) what ll (what will/shall) Sammentrækning kan også forekomme sammen med can, may, must, might, ought to samt could, should og would. Ligeledes finder sammentrækning sted ved to do. 21
11k Bydemåde Bydemåde svarer til navneformen af et verbum. Bydemåde bruges på to måder. Enten som opfordring eller som ordre. Bydemåde findes også som nægtende sætninger. Man kan også danne bydemåde ved hjælp af let s. Eksempler: Do you homework! Shut up! Come here. Get up! Don t make so much noise. Don t come home late. Let s ask the teacher. Let s not ask the teacher. 22