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7 I THE DANISH SPEAKER. PRONUNCIATION OF THE DANISH LANGUAGE, VOCABULARY, DIALOGUES AND IDIOMS, FOR THE USE OF mum, m trvellers DENMARK AIND NORWAY. r.y MRS MARIA BOJESEN. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. 14. HENRIETTA-STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. AND A), SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH

8 7v](^ii^ COPENHAGEN. BIANCO LUNO. PRINTER. 2U (istergade.

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Rules for pronuncition of ech letter 3. Reding exercises 7. Vocbulry. The Universe nd Erth 27. Of se nd nvigtion 29. The rmy nd mmunition 32. Time nd its division. 34. Mn nd his reltions 36. The humn body 38. The sses, mtl fculties nd qulities 41. Mldies nd infirmities.' 44. Qudrupeds 46. Birds 48. Fishes 60. Reptiles nd insects 51. The differt sounds of nimls 62. Metls, precious stones nd nimls 53. Vegetbles, trees nd flowers 64. Of town nd wht belongs to it 68. Of country nd objects met with re Field-spots nd fishing 62. Gtlem's dress 64. Femle dress 66. Literry nd professionl m, nd professors of fine rts 67. Trdesm nd m of business 68.

10 .. Pge A house, its furniture nd utsils 71. Of trvelling-, crriges etc 75. Gmes nd recretions 76. Of music 78. Pinting " writing implemts 78. A list of most importnt geogrphicl nmes of Dmrk, s y re writt in Dnish nd in English 80. Dilogues. Pying visit 81. Going brod 84. On bord stemer 91. On rilwy 91. In hotel 99. Proverbil Dilogues 155.

11 "b Sf " " 1 he two most importnt things for tourists who intd to visit foreign countries, is to understnd system of money nd to know lnguge of country to be visited. The Dnish system of money is redily understood; knowledge of lnguge is more difficult to cquire. The following is intded to id studt in right pronuncition of Dnish nd use of fmilir expressions. The lphbet consists of 27 letters, whose sounds it is difficult,in some cses impossible to, describe exctly. As lnguge is writt nd printed both in Germn nd Romn chrcters, both re dopted in subjoined list: Romo. GermD. Pronuncition. A or 21 sounds s in English word mrble Bb - s b " Cc-dc sc " Dd!Db - s d _- Ee -de nerly s t " Ff - s f _ " " Gg-@g sg Hh-f)" sh 1 i - J j - Kk - L\ - i s e " " "boy " cese dy tcill " " " _ fir " " gurd " " house " me "you i s y ^ t sk " " " king { s 1 "lw " " Mm- 9J?m s m mild " " " Nn-9in sn " " " not

12 this " 1 To fcilitte study of Dnish lnguge, rule my be well ttted to for pronuncition, tht vowels gerlly re cctuted or long, wh y d or form syllble, nd op or short before one or two consonnts, especilly before Id, Ig, nd^ ng. Before four soft consonnts 6_, d, g, v y mostly re cctuted nd never doubled, s: Fder J Grece, Pine, Moder, Uge, Lyde, jere^ fr. Count, pin, mor^ week, vice, honour^ r f islnd, nd: 0, Nde. grce. Vnd, Sg, Vink, Bord, Siund, Ynk, BcBuk, wter, bed, hint, tble, while, pity, bnk, Brd, Vr^ Skib, Bred, Krog^ Llv. well, spring, ship, bred, corner, life.

13 Chpter1. Rules for pronuncition of ech letter. The Vowels. A is gerllybetwe two consonnts pronounced s English in rm s: mt, wek; lng, long; in dino^ syllbleit sounds lmost s w?, but clerer nd cctuted: Hve, grd; Ncibo, neighbour. E lmost like first e in English word letter, it is cctuted s: Drg, boy; her ske, to govern] wh it ds syllbleor forms one, s: live, to live ; Breve, letters. At d of words it hs shorter sound, s: Silke, silk;dette, this. Eg is pronounced s English pronoun / wh both letters belong to one syllble,s: jeg, I; Omtgn, virons; but else e nd g hve ir originlsounds, s: e-g, own. "^ne is refore pronounced In (Engl,sounds) wh word is plur. of noun ISubst. Egn^ country, virons,hut Agn, (Engl, sounds) wh it is pi. of eg, own. Two es in syllblelgth vowel, s: re, cl. retins its own sound s English e in me, s: / min, mine; vilde, would; it is cctuted before soft consonnts, s: rig, rich; Strid, qurrel,nd ding or forming syllble:sti, pth; igr, yesterdy. Before two consonnts it sounds s t in ring,s: Vind, wind; hlind, blind. 0 hs two principlsounds; its own s in lphbet, wh it forms or ds syllble,s: Noget, something; overbevise, persude, nd in some words ding in nd, rd, rt or st, s: Ord^ word; Port, gte; nd, bd; Ost, cheese; nd n op sound

14 before two or more consonnts like o in Engl. word not, s: Kort^ crds; Sorg, grief. But sound of o scrcely cn be more or less op lerned but by er. lso retins its own sound s English oo cctuted, U wh it finishes or forms syllble,s: wm, now; Ufred, discord; before one or two consonnts it is more op; s: Grundy ground; slukke, to extinguish. Y is pronounced s Frch u cctuted: nifde^ to joy; By, town; but before two or more consonnts be pitied. lmost like 0 : yride, to like ; ynkvwrdig, to hs sound of Engl, in nme (cctuted) s: JBre, honour; Mcd, m. re very 0 nd 0 oft confounded, ev by uthors, but it is of importnce to pronuncition to distinguish m nd not confound m in writing. The first is closed nd sounds lmost s i in Sir: t like Engl, u in murder, s: Dor, door; Sonnbn, son. Og sounds s 6j in vulgr but much used word: Logn, lie. is rr difficult vowel to foreigners. The A dee, to die, Bro^e, crime; or \^ op, something pronuncitio is s o in Engl, word not, s: et Ar, yer; Hh, hope. It my be clled diphtong, but s re relly re no diphtongs in Dnish lnguge, is numbered mongst vowels.

15 The Consonnts. B retins its own sound, more distinct in beginning thn in ding syllble: Bidrg, contribution; dyh, deep. does not belong to Dnish lphbet s no Eurely Dnish word begins with this Consonnt, ut it is still used by mny writers, prticulrly in nmes of foreign origin, nd refore it is necessry to know, tht it is pronounced like k before, o, u, 6: Crlsbd, Cubic, nd tkes sound of s before e, i, y, cb, s: Citron, lemon; CcBsr, Cesr. D is pronounced like Engl, d: Ded, deth; Dg, dy. At d of words sound is very soft, s: Brod, bred, Kjod, met; nd in fmilir converstion letter d is very indistinctly herd fter I, n, r, s well s before 5 nd t d of words: lid, fire;sind, mind, temper. F hs its originlshrp sound in beginning of syllble nd fter short vowel, s : flde, to fll ; efier,fter;it is softer in middle nd d of words, s: Luft, ir; vifte, to wve. By some uthors f is used in foreign words insted of ph, G is pronounced s g in good^ shrper in beginning thn in d of words: Grtner, grder; Bog^ book. In certin words of foreign origin it sounds nerly like ch, s: Gt, gius; Gelee, jelly. H is lwys herd distinctlynd shrp in beginning of syllble before vowel, s: Huus, house; Hndske, glove; but it is lmost silt before j

16 nd V in sme syllble,s: Hjerte, hert; Hvile, rest. J hs sound of y in Engl, word yet, s: Jordy erth ; Jceger, hunter. In division of words into syllblesj lwys remins with preceding vowel, s: Vej, pi. Vej-e, contrry to or consonnts which combine with vowel following, s: Lnd, country, pi. Ln-de, countries* Some writers very erroneously insert j fter vowel wh primitive is Dnish word with, o, u; so s kjcempe, to fight,struggle, insted of kcempe, s primitive is Kmp. J is lwys combined with vowel, i with consonnt. K is pronounced like English, softer t d thn in beginning of syllble,s: Kmp, strife,buk, bow. Gret cre must be tk not to confound sounds of g nd k, L lwys retins its own sound, s: Lys, light;leerer, techer. m likewise, gerlly mking preceding vowel short,s : Lm, lmb ; from, pious. JV lso hs sme sound s in English, but softer t d, s: Ncese, nose; Vogn, crrige. retins its originl sound distinctlypronounced, nd is not to be confounded with 6, s: Pske^ Ester: P Wh used with h it is pronounced s f: philosophy Philosopher; but modern uthors gerlly write Filosof. P is silt before 5 in word Pslme pslm. is justlyrejected by gret prt Q of best D-

17 nish uthors s superfluous nd not belonging to lnguge. Insted of this letter y mke use of /c, s: Kvide^ grief, insted of Qvide; Kvinde, womn, insted of Qvinde. R lwys hs distinct sound s well fter vowel s before it,s: Relfcerd,justice;grde, to weep. S hs in Dnish sme sound s s in Engl, word see, s: Skm^ shme; Scebe, sop. T retins ist own sound, s : Tjeste șervice;trng, need. Th in foreign words is pronounced like /: Theori, sounds s in English : F, frid ; Viisdom, wisdom. There is no to in Dnish lnguge. X nd Z V re rejecteds well s q s prejudicilto fithful represttion of lnguge. But some writers still use m, nd y re th pronounced s s nd is. The numerl 16, writt sext, is pronounced seist. Reding Chpter 2. Exercises intded to ssist pupil in correctlypronouncing letters of Dnish lnguge. A, E, J. Dmnrk, dnsk, Dnnemnd; Ark, Dmrk, Dnish, brve tellow; n rk, et Arkj to Ark Ppir; Grn^ Grnerne^ sheet, two sheets of pper, ; pine, j)ines, etgrn, ire Grn] Hgl, Hgl^ Hgl^iet) grin, three grins; hil-stone, hil, smll shot; Hve', Hcerne, et Ho, Hce; Klp, grd, grds, se, ses; flp,

18 8 Klpper, et Klp, Klp'^ Spnd^ to Spndcj flps, slp, slps; bucket, two buckets, et Spnd^ (pi Spcd); brv Mnd^ lng Hve^ tem ot horses, brve mn, long grd, trn Abe^ det gmle Skb^ de fldegrve. Advre, tme pe, old cup-bord, flttombs. To wrn, bgtle, fite, mle, tbe, V)ndre\ to slnder,to understnd,to pint, to lose,to wlk; klrt Vndy blnke Fde^ Askeplm. cler wter, brightpltes, sh-plm. En Lem^ et Lem^ de gmle Lemme, stge A shutter, limb, old trpdoors, wek Lemmer^ En Segl, mnge Segl, et Segl, Fders limbs. sickle, mny sickles, sel, lr's tre Segl. Drgs Leg. Vns Gve. Grevs three sels. The boy'sply Ṭhe frid's gift.thecount's Breve. Fremmede Herrer, Levde Hegn- Herlig letters. Foreign gtlem. Quick hedges. Glorious Ehed. Bevre., eje, feje, herske, leve, unity. To preserve, to possess, to sweep, to rule țo live, rte. Dejlig, elskelig, som, evnerig^ to wit. Beutiful, lovely, lonely, rich gifted, nedstemt, nervesvg, En Bid., et Bid; depressed, nervous. A morsel, bite 5 i?im, Rim.) et Riim, Rime. En ny horfrost, horfrost, rhyme, rhymes. Anew Riis.,et Riis Ppir, fireriis Ppir. En god Sigte^ rice, rem of pper, four rems of pper. A good sieve, et godtsigte. D Skrifter fiin, et nyt Skrift. good im. This writingis smll,new literry work. En Stift f Jem.) et rigt Stift,Messingstifter. En n iron nil, rich diocese, brss nils. An vigtigting. Et Folkeihing. Et Thingsvidne, importntthing. A prlimt. A witness.

19 Hjeriefred. Viinhjerge. Pigs Vid. Pece of hert. Vineyrds. The girl's wit. Bedrifiernes Tid. Hj emmets Rige. The time oi deeds. The kingdom ot home. Ild gnistrer. Vind piber. Tid svinder. The fire sprkles. Tlie wind howls. Time tiie. Bide, drikke. hvine^ pleje, strikke^ cifte. To bite, to drink, to whine, to nurse, to knit,to wve. Blind^ liflig^ lille, rig^ tilfreds, vigtig. Blind, plesnt, smll, rich, hppy, importnt. 0, U, Y, Tge Bo^ Bolig, et godt Bo, (Indbo). To tke lodging, good furniture. D Flor vr kort, det hvide Flor. The prosperity*ws short, white guze. En mork Lod, et Lod Guld. Dnsk Mode, A drk lot, hlf n ounce of gold. Dnish fshion, der vil blive Lndemode imorg. re will be meeting of clergym to-morrow. The D Skjold tber sig, Hns Ord er mil Skjold. spot will dispper. His word is my shield. Soldterne fik god Sold^ et grovt Sold. The soldiers were well pid, corse sieve. Kons folk. Kongs Krone. The womn's interpreter. The King's crown. HoffetsBlomst. Dovne, fodre, koge, The court's flower. To be idle, to feed, to boil, sove, stoppe, vove. Dorsk, from, god^ to sleep, to drn, to dre. Indolt, pious, good, hovmodig^ kongelig^ rolig. En ting Brud, hughty, kingly, quiet. young bride, Brudepige, Brud og Brudgom, et frligtbrud, bride'smid, bride nd bridegroom, severe rupture,.

20 10 et JEgteskbsbrud, EngmnielBuk^ hngjordeet brech of mrrige. An old he-got, he mde dybt Buk, bukke for Buk. Hunds Herre. deep bow, to bow before he-got.the dog'smster. Guds Bud. Sukks Uge. Bruge, TheLord's commndmt.the week of sighing.touse. knuge^ knurre, lugte, slukke, vugge. to press, to grumble, to smell,to extinguish țo rock. Fornuftig,frugtbr,huul^ munter, pudsig^ ukcerlig. resonble, fertile, hollow, merry, odd, severe* A En god Fyr, det Fyr histj et godt Fyr, good fellow,yonder light(fire), good light(fire), et godt Fyr, Fyr, et Fyr og et Fyr. good fir-tree, youngmn, light-fire nd fir-tree. Lyds Hurtighed^ Tyvs Lykke. The quickness of sound. The thief s luck. Sndsynligheds Skygge. Fyre, hyre, A shdow ot probbility. To fire, to hire, lytte, plyndre, slynge, synge. Vrydefuld^ to list,to plunder, to sling,to sing. Joyful, gyld^ lydig, nydelig., uskyldig, ydmyg gold, obedit, chrming, innoct, humble. JS, 0, A. LcBgg er noget ndet d Lcegget, The clf ot leg is differt from dogs-er, et slemt Lceg. En Snwrt kn give et Sncert. bd fold. A lsh cn give slsh. Vcerg hr et Vcerge, Vcegterer The gurdin hs wepon, wtchmn is Vcerge og hr et Vcerge. Hn hr Vcerk i gurdin nd hs wepon. He hs pin in Lemmerney et godt Vcerk, et ukjdt Vcerk, his limbs good literry work, n unknown work.,

21 u Hn er jesel, Drg hr et smukt jesely He is donkey, boy hs line donkey, JEsel med et jesel. Brcekkej fcegte, donkey with donkey. To brek, to iight, kcempcj IcerCj ncegte^ tcke. Hcederlig, to struggle țo lern,to dy, to think. Respectble, ncbrde^ bcevde, vcekkde, cerlig, nourishing, trembling, wking, honest, cerekcer. D gronne Fre, det gronne Fro, mbitious. The gre frog, gre seed. D slemme Folge, det glimrde Folge, spldidretinue, Folg f Folgets Opforsel. The bd consequces, consequces of retinue's behviour. Dods Morke. Bornes Nod. The drkness of deth. The childr's need. En spnsk Nod, et godt Nod, Nod og Svn^ A Spnish nut, good net, need nd privtion, et Nod m ikke Nod fhjcelpernod. En blnk net but not nut helpsin need. A bright Ndgle, et Nogle rodt Bomuldsgrnj IcegNogl key, reel of red cotton, put key og Noglet smm. En sml Som, nd reel toger. A nrrow hem (or sem), et stort Som, sl et Som i d Som. Domme^ lrge nil, put nil in tht sem. To judge, klove.) lofte, note, rodme., svomme, to cleve, to lift,to loiter, to blush, to swim. Under s(btsig,hoj.brodefuld,stovet^ skrobelig,ode. stout, tll, sintul, dusty, frgile,wste. Et godt Rd, Rd gv et ringe Rd. Good dvice, counsellor gve bd dvice. Et Ar, et Arstid^ Ar ud, Ar ind. Forret A yer, bout yer, yer lter yer. The spring ( twelvemonth).

22 12 kldes poetisk,vr; et Vr er nytiigt is poeticlly clled "Vr"; cover of cushion ogs i Vr. En Strle i Armods Vr, is useful lso in spring.a ry in hut of poverty. Andsevner. Nl og Trd. Mtl powers. Thred " needle. Arets Mneder. Afsle, fe. To refuse, to receive, The months of yer. The Consonnts. B, D, F. Brnet heder. Blomst dufter. Bond bygger. The child prys. The flower smells. The pesnt builds. Brnedb. et Blomsterbed. The christing of child. A bed of flowers. Bondegrd. Bryggers Bud. A pesnt's frm. The brewer's order. Bruds Borg. Belgs Brg. Bride's cstle. brek of wve. Blomstre, blne, bejle, blegne, To flourish, to turn blue, to court, to turn ple, bruge, bode. Bjergfuld, bedrovety to use, to md. Mountinous, fflicted, betydningsfutd; besked, bitter y bolgde. signitit, modest, bitter, wving. Drg driver. Dg deles. The boy is idle. The dy is divided. Dyd ddles. Digtekunst. Dod og Dom. Virtue is blmed. Poetry. Deth nd judgmt.

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24 Huset 14 guul, gr, gr^ gcev. " yellow, grey, gre, bold,gllnt hcelder. Ṭhe house sinks. Hest hviler. Hvlp hviner. HjertekvL The horse tkes rest. The puppy whines. A hertfelt grief. En Herregrd. En Hedningedrot. Hoffets A mnor-house. A heth chief. The Court's Hig. Hvets Hemmelighed. Hjorts Horn, spirtion. The se's secret. The stg'shorn, Hve^ hte, herskcj hjcelpcy hugge. To hve, to fetch, to govern, to ssist,to strike kverve. Hellig^herskesyg, hjemlig, himmelsk, to list. holy, imperious, homely, hevly^ ^ygg^^ig^ huld. Jcegerjubler. comfortble, fithful. The hunter is cheerful Jord hojner. Joll hjerger. Jorderige. The erth rises. The bot sves. All world, The Jubelhymner. Jomfrubuur. Hymns of joy. A mid's chmber. Junkers Jgtbesse. JulefestsGlcede^ young gtlemn's gun. Christms-cheer. Jomfrus Ledesfjerne. Hjwlpe, jg^^ The girl'sguidingstr. To help,to hurry on^ juble, jevne, pleje, to cheer, to djust, to be ccustomed, ije. Jgtelskde, jordisk, bojelig, to be in service. Fond of hunting,erthly,yielding, hojrey siojde, vejfrde. Kirk klder. right, noisy, wndering. The church clls. Kon knceler. Krl knurrer. The womn kneels. The mn-servnt grumbles. Krfts Kilde. Klokks Klng. The well of strgth. Ktinds Kmp. En Korsdrger. The womn's struggle. A cross-berer. The sound of bell. ^

25 15 En Krigsret. En Kongehrud. Klge. A court-mrtil. A Royl bride. To complin, klippe^ kvcele, nikke, prikke, strikke. to cut, to suffocte, to nod, to prick, to knit. Kejtet, klog, knrvurr, kold, korslgt. Awkwrd, prudt, grumbling, cold, crossed, krigersk. Love lede, Lonn lokker. wrlike. The lws guide. The rewrd ttrcts. Lndsherr lever. Lcerkeslg, The King lives. The wrbling of lrk. En Lcedskedrik. En Lndsbykirke. A refreshingbeverge. A villge church. Livets LysU hvs Lrm. The life's plesure. The noise of lion. TroldfolketsList. Leve^ lse^ The rtifice of mountin-sprites. To live, to lock* /irfe, lukke^ Icese, lefle. Lndlig, to suffer, to shut, to red, to lift. Country-like, liflig, lille,lummerhed^ Icgselsfuld,lydlos. plesnt,smll, sultry, longing, noiseless. Mnd mler. Moder mler. Moller The mn pints. The mor mesures. The miller mler. Modersml. Mndemod. grinds. A mternl lnguge. Mn's courge. Middgsmd' MetmesketsMedynk. Lmmets Lmhed. Dinner. The mn's pity. The lmess of lmb. Himmelsk Mildhed. Jeg m, mlke, meje^ miste. Hevly mercy. 1 nmst, to milk, to mow, to lose, myrde, mode. Mt, mgelig, mild^ modfld. to kill,to meet. Wek, fond of ese, mild, downcst^ mcegtig^ poweriui, meet. stisfied.

26 16 AT, P, R. Ntur ncerer. Ned nedstemmer. Nture mintins. Wnt depresses. Nogl nyiter, Nttedug. En Ndegve. The key is useful. Night-dew. A grciousgift. Nogsomhelst, Ntts Nyhed. Any whtever. The news of night. Nissers Ntur, Nytrsny. The nture of brownies. The first moonlight in yer. JVe, ndle^ nyde, ncegte^ node. To rech, to stitch,to joy, to dy, to compel, nole. Ndig, niurlig^nedtrykt, ny^ nyttigj to loiter. Grcious,nturl,depressed,new, useful, nydelsessyg. Pfugl prler. fond of plesure. The pecock prdes. Prcest prcediker. Postbudet plejer. The clergymn preches. The letter crrier is ccustomed to. Pottelg. Plumhudding. En Pehersvd. The cover ot pot. Plumpudding. A bchelor. Pigs Perlehone. Puddelhunds Pote. The girl'sguine-h. The poodle'spw. Prindsesss Peltsvcerk. Plge^ plette^ plukke. The Princess's fur. To plgue,to stin țo pluck, pibe^ pruite^ puste. Pskjonnet, to whistle, to brgin, to blow. Apprecited, pyegjerrig, prlde^ prgtsyg^ provet, greedy of money, bosting,fond of show, tried, pcbn. Riget rejses. Rcev rover, nice. The stte is rised. The fox robs, A Rover rser. Ruskregn. The robber is furious. Drizzlingrin. En Rejsedrgt.EnRetslcerd. Ribsbcerrets Frve. trvelling-dress, A lwyer.the colour of currnt.

27 17 Ross Duft. Riymnds Sorger. The perluiue of rose. The rich mn's troubles. To Rbe, risle, rve, rejse, ride. cry out, to purl,to stgger, to trvel,to ride, rodme. R, rslde, redelig, rigtig, to blush. Rough, rttling,honest, right,(true,) russisk, Russin, S, T, V. red. red. Sol skinner. Skcehn sviger. Sonn skriver. The sun shines. Destiny is deceitful. The son writes. Sommertind. Svcerdslg. Smertsvej. Breeze. Stroke of sword. Pinful wy. Sorgs Skrnke. Skovs Sngere- The bounds of grief. The singers of forest. Scellnds Sletter. Sejle, skbe, skrive. The plins of Selnd. To sil țo crete, to write, stotte, sygne, svomme. Sid, sorgfuld, to support, to sick, to swim. Low, sorrowful, stcerk, svg, syg, sovnig. Trceet trives. strong, wek, ill, sleepy. The tree grows. Tid truer. Tnk trodser. The time is threting. The thought deiies. Ei Oldtidsminde. Smertstime. A relic of nti(puty. The time of urief. Tvists Tlsmnd. Tjers Tk. The dvocte of discord. The servnt's thnks. Tros Trost. Tnkepuslinger. The consoltion of fith. shdow of ides. Tle, iitte, troe, true, trcejfe^ To spek, to peep, to believe,to thret, to hit, trcpnge. Tillidsfuld, Ijsimllig, trofst, to wnt. Contidt, obliging, fithful.

28 18 trolos, troettekcer, tung. Vejret vexler. fithless,qurrelsome, hevy. The wer is chngeble. Vind vifier. Verd mrker. Vitterlighedsmdne. The wind wves. The world is busy. Witness. Vskbsdrgt. Vredesudbrud. Grb of fridship. Exclmtion of nger. Vehillies Vrsel. Veltlheds Vugge. An om of good-will. The crdle of eloquce. Viismnds Vej. VtCy vide, vove. The wise mn's wy. To wit, to know, to dre, V)Oxe, vrlte, trindske. Vgtsom, tlig, to grow, to wddle, to neigh. "Wtchtul, fridly,, mttig, skelig, vwrdig^ mgtig. witty, difficult,worthy, importnt. The four superflous Consonnts Cf G, Xy Z- C is still used in some foreign words s: Chrcteer, Cpitin, Cicerone, Cypress- Chrcter, Cptin, guide, cypres-tree. Q is only retined by some old writers nd lwys pronounced s k: Qvinde Kvinde, = womn; qvsele = kvcele, to suffocte. X is used in some few words, s sir x, instntly; vexle, skifie, to chnge. It is pronounced s gs or ks, which letters now re used insted of x. f. Ex. signifies: for instnce. Z is to be found but in some few foreign words, s: Zith, Zone; mostly it is rejected nd remplced by s, s: Sohelskind = Zobelpelsvcerkj of sble; Sinnober = Zinnober, vermilion. fur

29 19 Chpter3. Skilletegne. Stops nd mrks used in writing. These very importnt points, which eir mrk puses or dote modultion of voice, re clled in Dnish: The Comm or Scetningstegrt (,), Semicolon or Ledtegn (;) țhe Colon or Tvepunkt (:), Punktum or Slutnings^ tegn{.)j Sprge- or Sporgsmlstegn(?),nd Udrbstegn (!).Besides se re Prsis, Indskudstegn ( ), Cittions or Anforelsestegn (" "), Tnkestreg (" ), Acct, Tonetegn ( ' ), Bindetegn (-),nd Prgrph ("). The Acct. 1) In Dnish lnguge stress or cct is plcedon firstrdicl syllble, wh word is of Teutonic origin; but in words derived from Ltin lnguges, stress is gerlly put on lst, s: Vskb, fridship, Digtekunst, poetry. Tyrdn,tyrnt, Mmtik, mmtics. 2) Substntives, verbs nd djectives of two syllbles hve cct on first syllbles: Moder, mor; jeg Iceser,I red; bitter,bitter, dru, sober. 3) Dissyllblesding in el hve gerlly cct on first syllble, "s: Middel, ms; Vrsel, wrning. 4) Ev in compound words cct is plced on rdicl syllble,s: Moderkcerlighed, mternl love,kongebrudj Royl bride. The cct is plced on second or lst syllble. 1) in words ding on eri, s: Bryggeriybrewery; Bogtrykkeri,printing-office; r

30 20 2) in Dissyllbles from foreign lnguges: Kndl, cnl, Kongres, congres, Gemdl^ consort, Ntur, nture ; nd 3) in most of words beginning with prefixes be, er, for, wh y strgth ide, s: betctnke, to reflect, erkjde, to cknowledge. Some words spelt in sme wy re only distinguished by cct, s: Forslg, proposl, Forsldg, sufficicy. Bort, border, Bort, wy. Sk0rt^ brittle, Short, skirt. In Monosyllbles ding in consonnt, vowels e, i, u re oft doubled, s: Gre, brnch ; et Huus, house ; but doubling never tkes plce wh vowel is dded in inflection of word, s: Gr, brnch; Huset, house. Before soft consonnts b, d, g, v, vowels never re doubled, s: et Greb, grsp; Fodj foot; et Lig, corpse; et Liv, life. The use of Cpitls. Every noun Subst. is writt in Dnish with cpitl letter, s: Drg^ boy; et Brn, child. Adjectives re wiitt with smll initils, ev those of ntionl nmes, contrry to English custom : det gelske Sprog, English Lnguge; d dnsk-iydske Krig, Dno-Germn wr. In epistolry correspondce Du, thou nd De, you, re writt with cpitl letter s mrk of respect.

31

32 22 Some words re like in both numbers, s: et Bred, lof, ti Brod^ t loves; et Slprog, lnguge, fremmede Sprog, foreign lnguges. A number of Monosyllbleschnge ir vowel in plur.,s: And, duck, JEnder; Hnd, hnd, Hcder')Sid, town, Stceder; Bog, book, Beger. Feminine nouns re formed on Msc. by dding indcj esse or ske, s: Besiyrer, Director, Besiyrerinde; Bron, Bron, Bronesse; Bedrger, swindler, Bedrgerske. The Adjectives correspond in gder nd in number with nouns to which y belong, s: str Konge, gret King, store Konger, gret Kings ; et gront Tree, gre tree, gronne Trceer, gre trees. reflective nd should The Pronoun sig is lwys be crefullydistinguishedfrom hm or dem. Hinnd is used speking of two, hverndre. of more persons. The Verbs hve n r in Sing. pres. but lose this r in Plurl, s: jeg tkker, I thnk, re tkke; jeg skriver, I write,m skrive. All regulr Verbs tke de in Imperf. nd t in Perf. jeg tkkede, hr tkket, I hve thnked; vi fcsgtede, hve fcegtet, we hve fought. The Crdinl numbers re nmed in Dnish. 11, elleve. 12, tolv. 13, trett. 14, fjort. 15, femt. 16, sext. 17, sytt. 18, tt. 19, nitt. 20, tyve.

33 23 21, og tyve. 32, to og tredive. 43, tre og fyrretyve. 54, fire og hlvtresinds-, og 439, firehimdrede,ni og tredive. 896, ottehundrede,8exog hlvfemsindstyve. 1,000,tusinde.' hlv- 100, hundrede. 150, hundrede treds. tyve. 65, fern og tresindstyve. 76, sex og hlvfjersindsijve. 87, syv og fiirsindstyve. 2,420,totusinde,firehundrede 98, otte og hlvfemsindstyve. og tyve. 4,000,000,fire Millioner. The bbrevited form in Dnish from 50 to 90 is hhtres, (or hlvtreds),insted f hlvtresindstyve, ires or treds for tresindstyv etc. Studs is n old Dnish word signifyingg/i^c,times, s: fiirsindstyve, 80, four times twty. But it is only in speech y^indstyve"^ is omitted, nd ev th never if ""oun follows numerl, s: 50 houses,hlvtre^ sindstyvehuse, not hhtres Huse. Ordinl numbers re Ibrmed of Crdinls by dding nde or de, s syv, syvde. Irregulrre d forste, d nd, d tredie, d fjerde, Iste 2d 3die 4de d femte, d sjette, d ellevte y d tolvte, 5te 6te lite 12te d tredivte. 30te. Some exercises for Nouns, including Adj ectives. En smuk Best, smukke Heste; d smukke Uest, A fine horse, fine horses, fine horse. de smukke Heste, Et gmmelt Tree fine horses. n old tree. Et godt Brn. En gnv Mnd, En vligdme. kind ldy. et tnodt jehle. A good child. A peevishmn. A ripe pple. D muntre Drgs Leg. Dei nye Udstgssteds The hppy boy's gme. The customers of

34 24 Kunder. D Icerde Mnds Rd. Del gmle Leftes uewshop. The lerned mn's dvice. The fultiimt of Opfyldelse. En And og Hone. JEnder og Hs. Old promise. A ducii nd fowl. Ducks nd fowls. En Fod og Hnd. Fodder og Hcder. En Bod A foot nd hnd. Feet nd hnds, A fine og Bog. En Ko og So. Krft og Rod. nd book. A cow nd sow. Strgthnd root. E71 Klo og T. Tre Konger. Fern Drge. A clw nd toe. Three Kmgs. Five boys. Tyte Mcd. Hundrede Born. Sm Boger. Twty m. hundred childr. Little books. Gmle Kort, Onde Ting, vwrre Ting. Mnge Old crds. Bd things, worst things. Much Pge, flerepge. money, more money. Exercises for Pronouns. Jeg Iceser, m Icese. Du Iceser min Bog, I red, we red. Thou redest my book. / Icese vore Boger. Hn Iceser Din Bog. You red our books. He reds thy book. Hun Iceser Dine Boger. De Icese Eders Beger* ishe reds thy books. They red your books. Hr Du min Kniv? Hr hun min Kurv? Hve Hst thou my knife? Hs she my bsket? Hve de mine Pge? Vi hve ikke Eders Ppir. y my money? We hve not your pper. / hve ikke deres Indsigt. De ville ikke hlive" You hve not ir knowledge. They will not sty: Hun hder sig. De hde sig. De hde dem. IShe bs. They b. They b m. De klcede sig p. De klcede dem p. Hn se They dress. They dress m. He sw sine Born. Hn se hns his (own) childr. He sw his (norperson's)

35 25 Born. Htm tog sine Pge. Hun tog childr. IShe took her money. She took hdes Pge. Jeg slog dem. her (nor person's)money. 1 bet m. De sloge mig. Hn rosie hde. Hun roste hm. They bet me. He prised her. JShe prised him. Du elsker hde. Hun elsker Dig. Hiin Mud. Thou lovest her. JShe loves e. Tht mn, hiint HuuSy hine Mcd, hine Huse. D Drg, tht house, those m, those houses. Tht boy, det Brev^ de Drge, de Breve. Dne Pige, tht letter,those boys, those letters. I'his girl, dette Hjem., disse Piger, disse Hjem. Hvilk Bog? this home, se girls țhese homes. Wht book? D som Du teed. Hvilket Lnd? Det som The one which you know. Wht country? Tht liggernordlig. Mnesker^ hms Hb er jordisk. towrds North. People, whose hope is on erth. Boger, htis Indhold er nytiigt Ṃn siger. Ing Books whose contts re useiul. They sy. ISouody er lykkelig. Enhver er gld. AUe bede. is hppy. Every one is hppy. All pry. Exercises for Verbs. Du drikker, de drikke. Hun beder, vi bede. Thou drinkest, y drink. 8he prys, we pry. Jeg tcker, m tcke. Min Broder skricer. Hdes 1 tliiuk, we think. My orottier writes, lier Sester Iceser.Hn spurgie^ hun lyttede, de knurrede. sister reds. He sked, she listedțhey grumbled. Jeg hr spiisttil Middg. Vi hve drukket The. 1 iive tk my dinner. We hve tk our te. Du hvde Iwst Brevet. J hvde sovet. Thou hdst red tlie letter. You hd slept. Hn skl fcegte. Hun skl synge. He is going to tight. 6he will sm^.

36 26 De skulle kcbtupe. Jeg skulde sejle- They my fight, struggle. i should sil. Vi skulde ksie. We should (be obliged to) throw. G! spiis! tckl Go! et! (think) reflect! Exercises for Prticles. Hn kommer gjerne. Hun rejser snrt. De He comes willingly. She will soon go wy. They IcBse godt. Allei^egne og ingsteds. Opd red well. Everywhere nd nowhere. Upwrds og nedd. Hjemme og hjemd. Jeg nd downwrds. At home nd homewrds. / kn ikke komme. Hr Du vceret her Icge? cn not come. Hve you be here long? Mleriet er hg Der. Hun fldt under The picture is behind door. She tell under Vogn. G bort fr Vinduet. Kom til mig. crrige. Go wy from window. Come to me. Bo g ligger p Bordet- Min Hustru og mit Brn. The book lies upon tble. My wife nd my child. Hn er ltid for silde. Ent m Du ell er jeg He is lwys too lte. Eir you or I my cll hesoge dem. Hverk min P eller min Pung er on m. Neir my p nor my purse re til t opdge. DersomDu seer hde, d hils to be discovered. If you see her, pry remember cligt fr mig, dskjdt hun nu er stor Dme, me kindly to her, though she now is gret Ldy.

37 27 Vocbulry (Ordsmling). D hele Verd J or d. Gud, Skber, Skbels, det Skbning, Verd, Elemterne og Skbte, (n), Luft (c), lid (c), Jord (c), Vnd (n), Hirl, Him melhvselving, "* Sol, Mn, Stjernerne(c), et Stjernebillede, Plnet, Komet, Solstrlerne (c), Solopgng (c), Solnedgng (c), Lys (n), Morke (n), Dg (c), Nt (c), Vrme (c), Hede (c), Kulde (c), Lynild (c), God. Air. Fire. The Universe nd Erth. Cretor, cretion, creture, Erth. Wter, world, elemts. hev, firmmt, sun. moon, strs, constelltion. plnet. comet. bems or rys sun. sunrise, sunset, light, drkness, dy. night, wrmth, het, cold, lightning. of (c) t= common gder, (n) neuter gder.

38 28 Lynstrle(c), Tord (c), Tordskrld (n), Vejrliget, et Uvejr, Regn (c), et Regnskyl,Skylregn(c), Regndrbe, Regnbyge, Regnbue, Sky, Snee (c), Hgl (c), Tge (c), Dug (c), Riimfrost (c), Frost (c), T0 (c), lis (c), lisslg(n), listp, Vind, Blsest, Hvirvelvind, Storm, Orkn, et Jordskselv, 0st, (c), Vest (c), Syd (0), Nord (c), Torke (c), Vsede (c), St0v (n), Snd (n), Gruus (u), Mudder (n), Ste, 0rk, flsh of lightning. thunder. thunderclp. wer. thunderstorm,storm. rin. hevy shower. of rin. drop snow. shower. rinbow. cloud. bil. fog. dew. hor-frost. frost. thw. ice. glzed frost. icicle. n wind. whirlwind. storm or gle. n Est. West. hurricne. South. erth-quke. North. drought, dryness. humidity. dust. snd. grvel. mud. stone. desert.