Waste Accounts for Denmark Ole Gravgård Pedersen

Transkript

1 Waste Accounts for Denmark 1999 Ole Gravgård Pedersen March 2004

2 Contents 1 Introduction Danish statistics on solid waste Method for calculation of material flows and waste generation Drawing up of product balances in weight Supplementary information on resources and recycling Calculation of physical input-output tables and material balances Physical input-output tables and material balances for selected product groups General introduction to the tables Paper and cardboard Glass Plastic Food products Iron and metal products Rubber Wood products Lubricating oil Miscellaneous products Waste account by type of waste and economic activities Method Some results Waste flows within an overall material balance for the Danish economy The Danish waste sector Concluding remarks Appendix 1. Danish Waste Statistics by Fractions Appendix 2. Products by material type References

3 1 Introduction 1 The purpose of this report is to show how accounts for solid waste as satellites to the national accounts can be established based on the existing Danish statistics on solid waste. Furthermore, it is aimed to show how far the material balance principle can be used for an industrial allocation of certain types of solid waste in the light of missing direct information. Waste statistics and waste accounts Model for waste generation based on material balances Waste fractions Complete accounts Physical input-output tables, DMI and waste 1999 So far, the Danish waste statistics provide only coarse information concerning which industries generate the solid waste. The existing waste statistics are mostly concerned with describing the characteristics of the solid waste that is generated and the treatment of the solid waste e.g. whether it is reused, burned, etc. More detailed statistics on the industrial sources for solid waste are in the process of being prepared, but probably some time will pass before the statistics are in place. The existing statistics are described in more detail in chapter 2. Contrary to statistics on solid waste it is the purpose of the waste accounts to introduce a specific link to the national accounts. This means that a breakdown of the waste generation according to national accounting industries is introduced. Since no direct statistics on the waste generation by national accounting industries exist, the production of accounts for waste must rely on estimations based on the waste statistics as well as on supplementary information. Thus, chapters 3 and 4 describe how estimations of the waste generation by industries can be based on the material balance principle. The method is to compare the material flows into an industry with the material flows out from the industry. The difference between inflows and outflows can be used as an indicator for the waste generation when accumulation within the industry is taken into account. Chapter 4 presents the results of calculations for 1999 based on the material balance estimation model. The model has been used for the following nine waste fractions: Paper, glass, plastic, food waste, iron and metal products, rubber, wood products, lubricating oil, and miscellaneous products. For each fraction, complete physical input-output tables at an 8-industry classification as well as overall material balances at a 26-industry classification are presented. Chapter 5 presents a complete breakdown of the waste statistics at 26 industries and 18 fractions of waste. Chapter 6 introduces a very preliminary and rough physical input output table for Denmark 1999 for all materials. The generation of solid waste is shown explicitly within this frame as well as the generation of carbon and sulphur emitted through air emissions. Furthermore, this chapter introduces the concept of DMI, Direct Material Flow, in relation to the physical input-output table and the account for solid waste generation. The purpose is to bridge the gap between very broad methods used for economy-wide material flow account (MFA) and the more detailed "traditional" statistical information on waste flows is used as the reference year in this report since this was the latest year for which the detailed national accounts were available, when this project started. 1 This report is the result of work carried out based on a financial grant from the Commission of the European Communities, GD Environment and GD Eurostat (Grant agreement No ). Any opinions expressed in this report reflect the author s views, and the Commision is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.. 3

4 2 Danish statistics on solid waste ISAG system for waste Yearly waste statistics The Danish waste statistics are based on the so-called ISAG system. ISAG is the short form of the Danish words for Information System for Waste and Recycling (Informationssystem for affald og genanvendelse). ISAG, which is managed by the Environmental Protection Agency, relies on registrations and information from Danish waste treatment plants. Every year the Environmental protection agency publishes the publication Affaldsstatistik (Waste Statistics) based on ISAG. The publication includes an overview of amounts of waste and the composition of waste. Furthermore, it is shown how much of the waste is reused, incinerated and deposited. The information is allocated by sources and types of waste. (Miljøstyrelsen, 2003, p. 5). The ISAG system was first used in the second half of the year 1993, which means that the report for 2002 is the tenth. Thus, the ISAG database makes it possible to establish time series from 1993 to However, the most detailed breakdowns of the amounts of waste are only available for 2001 and It is also important to notice that the time series are not fully consistent. This is due to the fact that changes in the legislation concerning waste has caused the composition of the respondents to change, i.e. amounts considered as waste due to the new legislation are now included in the reports to ISAG but were not previously reported. ISAG is built on information from the Danish waste management industry, which is to register and report a series of information on the total amount of waste that is weighed when being transported on its way in or out of the waste treatment plants. The information on the previous year is to be reported by the end of January. In addition to the reported information, the Danish EPA supplements the reported data with information from different industry associations and other sources. It is the general opinion that this method, based on the actual weighed amounts, provides adequate statistics and ensure a high data quality. The ISAG database seeks to provide an overview of the Danish waste flow, starting with the sectors that are actually generating the waste and ending with the final treatment of the waste e.g. incineration and deposition. Therefore, the database contains several dimensions allowing the user to analyze the waste flow from different perspectives. Sectors Types of waste Fractions Treatment Regions The waste generation is broken down by six different sectors. That is, the households, institutions, the manufacturing industry, construction, sewage treatment plants and others. The manufacturing industry is from 2001 and is broken down by 11 industries. However, this further breakdown has not been available to this project, but it will without doubt be very useful in the future in relation to waste accounts. The waste is further broken down by nine general types of waste. That is, Domestic waste, Bulky waste, Treatment residues, Garden waste, Industry and commercial waste, Health-care waste, Packing waste, Hazardous waste, and Not reported. The waste is also broken down by different waste fractions. In the latest version of ISAG, fraction I presents 37 types of waste. Fraction II makes it possible to make an even more detailed breakdown of the total amount of waste namely on 84 types of waste. Finally, the total amount of waste is broken down by seven types of final treatment. That is, reuse and recycling, incineration, deposition, special treatment, incineration free of duty, deposition free of duty and temporarily storing. There is also a regional dimension in ISAG which makes it possible to break the waste flows down by Danish municipalities. 4

5 Additional data To get the full picture of the Danish waste flow the Danish EPA publishes in addition to ISAG statistics on the following types of waste: Waste generation of slag; soil from sugar beet manufacturing; sludge; and net exports of scrap iron and metal from scrap dealers. Data from ISAG are used for the Danish reports on waste to the EU and the OECD. Another important use of the ISAG database is as planning tool in the municipalities and counties. Table 1 shows the solid waste production 1999 by fractions and by main sectors. Appendix 1 reproduces a summary of the Danish Waste Statistics for the period

6 Table 1. The production of solid waste in Denmark, 1999 Households Institutions Manufacturing, etc. Construction Sewage plants Not specified Total Tonnes Animal and vegetable fat Organic halogen-containing compounds Organic compounds free of halogen Inorganic compounds Other hazardous waste Waste of oil Waste of oil and chemicals Suitable for incineration Not suitable for incineration Paper and cardboard etc Glass Plastic Waste of food/other organic Branches, leaves, grass etc Iron and metal products Tyres Concrete Tiles Other waste from construction etc Asphalt Wood Soil and stone Other re-useable Health-care waste Remnants from sifting Sand and substances from carving Slag Fly ash Other waste from smokegas Asbestos Inputs for cleaning of smokegasses CFC-containing refrigerators and freezers CFC means for cooling Sludge Slag, fly ash etc. (coal) Soil from sugar beet manufacturing Sludge from waste water treatment plants Total excl. of Iron and metal from scrap dealers Net exports of metal scrap from Danish scrap dealers Total incl. of net exports of metal scrap from dealers Source: Danish Waste Statistics, ISAG. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency 6

7 3 Method for calculation of material flows and waste generation 2 Method for industrial breakdown Material balance principle The method used in this report for an industrial breakdown of parts of the waste statistics is based on the construction of material balances for industries and households for selected groups of products. Physical input-output tables for the Danish economy are constructed for relevant product groups in order to illustrate the flows within the economy, and to explain the emergence of material surpluses, which lie behind the waste generation. The material balance principle is based on the fact that materials and energy do not disappear regardless of the physical processes in which they are a constituent part. Thus, if there is a physical flow into a system (production process, enterprise, industry, economy, geographical area, etc.), a counterpart must be found either in the form of an accumulation of materials/energy in the system or a flow out of the system. It is a fundamental principle of accounting that there should be a balance of input (Danish resources, production and imports) and output (accumulation, exports and residuals/waste) for the economy as a whole. For the individual industries (and households), it must also be the case that the flow of materials into an industry (or households) must be precisely matched by a corresponding accumulation and/or flow from the industry (or households). Product balances The starting point used here for construction of material balances for the industries and households are the product balances (supply and use tables) of the Danish national accounts. Product balances are made up in monetary terms (1000 DKK) on a yearly basis for approx products. Each product balance describes the supply (domestic output + imports) and the use (intermediate consumption and final demand) of the product at a detailed level (e.g. 130 industries). Since the use for final demand includes the stock changes and capital formation, the accumulation of products in the economy is, in principle, covered by product balances. By combining the monetary product balances with information on corresponding physical quantities, a picture of the physical flows (in kilogrammes) of the products can be drawn. 3.1 Drawing up of product balances in weight From DKK to kg Production Imports and exports Conversion from other volume measures to kg The first step is a conversion of the product balances (supply and use tables) of the national accounts from DKK to kg. For each of the product balances, both the supply side and the use side are thus drawn up in kg. The compilation of domestic production in kg broken down by industry is primarily based on Statistics Denmark's production statistics. As far as imports and exports are concerned, information on imported and exported quantities from the foreign trade statistics is used. In the case of a number of items in the product balances there is no information in the product statistics on weight, and this is, therefore, estimated in another way. In those cases, where alternative quantitative information has been provided, for example, cubic metres, a conversion is made from the density to kg. In other cases, the quantities are estimated on the basis of value and corresponding unit volume price. As price and quantitative information is available for exports in almost all product balances in 2 This chapter is partly based on chapter 4 in Gravgård Pedersen (1999) 7

8 the foreign trade statistics, the unit volume prices are typically calculated on the basis of the proportionality between the basic price and the weight of the exported item. The use side On the use side, it is as a rule only on exported commodities that there is direct statistical quantitative information. Thus, for the bulk of the use items the quantities are determined by allocating the difference between total supply and the directlyknown use (exports) on the basis of the value of the relevant use drawn up at basic prices. By these means, the overall use also balances with the overall supply as far as the quantities are concerned. Table 2 shows, as an example, the monetary and physical product balance for newsprint. In this case all newsprint is imported. For products with Danish production as well, the product balances include information on which industries produce the product. Example of product balance Table 2. Product balance for newsprint Denmark 1999 Basic price Weight Mill. DKK Tonnes Supply Domestic production 0 0 Imports Total supply Use Publishing of newspapers Publishing activities,, excl. newspapers Printing activities etc Changes in stock Exports Total use Uncertainty Special Volume Item When allocating use on the basis of (basic) values it is assumed that a kg of the relevant goods item has the same price irrespective of the category of use. This is, of course, not always the case, especially since most of the product balances cover heterogeneous groups of commodities where there is no such uniformity. Whereas the overall weight of use is thus known with reasonable certainty, there is greater uncertainty concerning the breakdown of use on the different categories. For some products inconsistencies in the available statistics on the weight of products are apparent. Thus, in some cases the supply of a product is insufficient to cover the exports of the same product. In these cases a negative special volume item (SV) has been introduced in the physical product balances. Thus, in the physical input-output tables presented in the next chapter, this item summarises apparent inconsistencies in the data used. 3.2 Supplementary information on resources and recycling Products The product balances of the national accounts provide information on products which enter the economic circuit and accordingly the supplies of commodities which take place between industries and between industries and final demand (private consumption, gross capital formation, exports, etc.). A number of products have their origin in nature, such as crops, crude oil, natural gas, stone, sand and fish. The product balances thus cover a number of exhaustible and renewable resources, but the balances cover only the flows between industries and between industries and final demand. Thus, the product balances of the national accounts describe the flows of materials after they have entered the economy. 8

9 Natural resources Recycling Additional information is therefore needed on the flows of natural resources from the natural environment to the economy. The resources in question are: fossil energy (oil and natural gas from the North Sea), stone, gravel, clay, etc., and also nature s direct contribution to biomass growth in connection with the production of the primary industries, i.e. agriculture, forestry and fishing. The volume (expressed in kg) of these inputs is, as far as energy and construction minerals is concerned determined via Statistics Denmark s energy statistics and raw material statistics. For biomass the principles from material flow accounting, MFA, (cf. Eurostat, 2001) are adopted. Thus, the number for biomass inputs corresponds to the number given in Eurostat (2002). The number used in the present report for domestic extraction of construction minerals are significantly higher that the number used in Eurostat (2002). The product balances do not provide an exhaustive description of the recycling of residuals (such as paper, glass, iron) in the industries. 3 The extent of recycling in the industries is instead estimated from reports of, inter alia, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, as a rule, recycling is only included in the present accounts to the extent that»inter-industry«recycling is involved, viz. production of recycling materials in one industry and the use in one or more industries different from the producer. For example, a large proportion of recycling in building and construction is not included, since it takes place internally in the industry. It is thus not the total recycling quantities, which are represented in the following accounts. 3.3 Calculation of physical input-output tables and material balances Based on the data described above it is possible to calculate physical input-output tables for groups of products 4. Industry x industry table The physical input-output tables are constructed from the product balances as industry x industry tables with the aid of various assumptions on the industries market shares and production methods (industry-technology assumption). In a physical input-output table the flows of materials between industries on one side and between industries and final demand (e.g. private consumption and exports) on the other are shown explicitly. Also, the flows of materials from abroad (imports) and natural resources extracted are shown in the tables. Using physical input-output tables as a frame for the accounting of physical flows ensures that the accounting is consistent, and that the material balances of industries and households are apparent. Selected products groups The next chapter presents physical accounts for main types of solid waste allocated to the 26 industries and households that generate it. For this report physical input-output tables and material balances have been constructed for the following groups: Paper, etc. Glass Plastic Food (animal and vegetable products) Iron and metal products Rubber Wood products 3 The product balances are deficient in the case of the flows which are not connected with economic transactions and do not have a value. However, a significant proportion of recycling is included in the product balances e.g. imports and exports of waste products. 4 Physical input-output tables are described in Gravgård Pedersen (1999) and SEEA 2003, chp. 3 9

10 Lubricating oil Miscellaneous products These groups have been chosen because they are, to a large extent, well defined and correspond to important waste fractions in the Danish waste statistics. Therefore, it is possible directly to relate the material balances for these groups to the waste statistics and waste accounts. Furthermore, a preliminary physical input-output table based on all products balances from the national accounts has been constructed. 10

11 4 Physical input-output tables and material balances for selected product groups Based on the method described in chapter 3 the flows of selected product groups are calculated and illustrated in physical input-output tables. 8 industries in the physical IO-tables Material balances at a 26 industry level The classification of industries in the product balances follows the detailed Danish National Accounts classification, which operates with 130 industries. Thus, the physical input-output tables were constructed for 130 industries. The tables are, however, only presented at an 8 industry level, since the uncertainties at a more detailed level are quite high. Summaries of the material balances, which can be drawn from the physical inputoutput tables at a 26 industry level, are also presented. The purpose of the construction of the material balances presented in this chapter is to use these as basis for the waste accounts. Therefore, the presentation of the material balances is supplemented by a presentation of the corresponding waste fraction in the waste statistics as recorded by the ISAG system. Only a brief explanatory text for the following tables is offered below. However, in the first sub-section below, some of the general features and principles of the physical input-output tables and material balance tables are described in some detail. Appendix 2 lists in detail which product balances have been included in the selected product groups and corresponding physical input-output tables and material balances. 4.1 General introduction to the tables Physical input-output tables The introduction to the tables will be based on Table 3, which shows the table for paper and cardboard, etc. Focus will be on the general interpretation of the table, while more specific comments on the paper flows are given in section 4.2. Table 3 is constructed from approximately 70 product balances for various types of paper and cardboard. Also pulp for the Danish production of paper is included. In general, a number (a cell) in the table is read as the amount of products flowing from the category listed as the row name to the category listed in the heading of the table. All numbers refer to 1000 tonnes of products. The table is divided into five sections. First row section: Danish output of products The first section from the top of the table shows the output of paper and cardboards from Danish industries (listed as the row name) used as inputs to the 8 industries or for final demand (listed in the heading). In fact, only the Manufacturing industry has an output of paper and cardboard, but all 8 industries are shown in the rows of the first section in order to keep the symmetry of the table. Along the row for the manufacturing industry the flows into the industries and to the final demand categories can be read. Thus, tonnes are delivered from the Danish Manufacturing industry to Agriculture, fishing and quarrying, tonnes are delivered to the Manufacturing industry it self. Since the Manufacturing industry at the 8-industry classification level includes many manufacturing industries at the 130- industry classification level, which is used for the product balances, the tonnes includes flows between industries at this more detailed level, for example flows of paper from the Paper industry to the Printing industry. A total of tonnes are 11

12 delivered from the Danish Manufacturing industry to industries as intermediate input. Furthermore, tonnes of paper are delivered to Households, tonnes are put on stocks, and tonnes are exported. The Danish Manufacturing industry produced and delivered tonnes of paper and cardboards, etc. in This number is found as the row sum (total output) for the Manufacturing industry. Second row section: Imports Third row section: Additional inputs Fourth row section: Total inputs Fifth row section: Material balance The second section shows the imports of paper and cardboards from foreign industries. Only the Manufacturing industry abroad delivers paper and cardboards, but again the 8 (foreign) industries are shown in the rows for reasons of symmetry of the table tonnes of paper and cardboard are imported from the foreign Manufacturing industry to the Danish Manufacturing industry tonnes are imported to Wholesale and retail trade, etc. industry tonnes of paper are imported directly for Private consumption, while tonnes are re-exported. In total tonnes of paper and cardboards are imported (cf. sum of row b.). Among the products included in the imports are also certain raw materials for paper production, e.g. pulp for paper production. The third section (row c.) shows additional inputs of materials. In the case of paper and cardboard it represents recycling of paper. Thus, in addition to the inputs of domestically produced paper and imported paper, tonnes of waste paper are inputs to the Manufacturing industry. Parts of the waste paper are ultimately exported, i.e. included in the export of tonnes shown in the table. The fourth section (row d.) shows the total amount of inputs of paper and cardboards, etc. to the industries and final demand categories tonnes are inputs to Agriculture, fishing and quarrying tonnes are inputs to the Manufacturing industries tonnes are the total inputs to the Danish industries taken together tonnes are inputs to Private consumption (households) tonnes are stock building, tonnes are exports. For each of the industries the row sum (found in the last column) is subtracted from the column sum (found in row d.). This is done in the fifth row section of the table, and the result is placed in the last row of the table. This subtraction is also done for the Private consumption category and the Government consumption category. Row d. is copied from the fourth section, while row e. corresponds to a transposition of the column sum (total output). By this subtraction a picture of the material surplus (inputs of products minus outputs of products) is obtained. Mixed materials (output) In some cases the products, which the physical input-output tables are based upon, are mixed material products. This is the case, for example, for many of the household appliances, which are included the physical input-output table for iron and metal products (table 15). The products are included if iron and metal is judged to make up the greater part of the weight. However, in most cases other materials like plastic and wood will also be part of the product. This means that the material composition might be somewhat diverse, even though the main part can be assumed to be iron and metal. Mixed materials also mean that there will be a tendency for the physical input-output tables to overestimate the material surplus of the industries because some of the material inputs might be used for production of products which the input-output table in question does not take account of. An example is wood used for production of products characterised as metal products (e.g. a wooden handle on a shovel). However, since the selected product groups are quite well defined with respect to the material composition, this problem is probably of minor importance. Mixed materials (input) It should also be observed that the production of products relies on inputs of raw materials. Thus, in the case of paper, pulp is included in the table. In other cases, an adjustment item is included as other inputs in row c. of the table. For wood products 12

13 for example, the weight of timber etc. used for the production of wood products is included as other inputs in row c. Material surplus = waste flows Accumulation in the economy Since the material surplus of the industries, households and government consumption cannot disappear the surplus can be interpreted as an indicator of the amount of waste produced by the category. However, this implies in general that certain conditions are fulfilled. First of all, it presupposes that net accumulation of products in the economy is taken into consideration. Since the physical input-output tables include the gross capital formation and the stock changes, most of the gross accumulation is at least taken care of. However, since the capital formation concept relies on the national accounts definition, certain types of accumulation might fall outside this concept. First of all, this is relevant for durable products acquired by the households. Also small tools etc. used as inputs to the industries might be accumulated even though it is accounted for as intermediate inputs in the table. If gross accumulation is accounted for properly and the accumulation takes place without a discharge of materials (scrapping of old equipment) the material surplus calculated by the physical input-output tables will reflect the amount of waste generated correctly. If scrapping of previously accumulated equipment takes place the accounts will underestimate the amount of waste generated, and it is necessary to supplement the accounts with direct information on this waste. Average life length of products less than one year SV-item and uncertainties 26 industry material balance table Waste flows For product groups, where it can be assumed that the average life length of the products is less than one year, it is reasonable to assume that no substantial accumulation or scrapping of products accumulated in previous periods take place. In Table 3 and the other physical input-output tables presented in this report, a column with the heading SV, special volume item, appears. In the case of table 3, this SV-item shows an amount of tonnes. This item represents, as mentioned in section 3.1, inconsistencies in the underlying statistics. In general, it can be interpreted as missing supply of certain products, e.g. situations where the amount of Danish production and imports are less than the amount of exports of the same product. If it is assumed that the statistics underestimate the supply of products by the SVamounts, it means that the material surplus (=waste generation) is underestimated by the same amount, i.e tonnes in the case of paper and cardboards. Table 4 shows the same information as the material balance section of table 3. However, in table 4 the industry classification level is 26 industries instead of the 8 level classification used in the physical input-output table. With the caveats mentioned above, the column for material surplus can be interpreted as showing the waste flows from the 26 industries, households and government consumption. 4.2 Paper and cardboard Table 3 shows the physical input-output table for paper and cardboard, etc. As mentioned, the table is based on approximately 70 product balances for various types of paper and cardboard (including pulp). Total input flows are tonnes, while total output flows in the form of products are tonnes. This leaves a material surplus of tonnes. In the case of paper, it is not likely that any substantial part of this material surplus is included in other products or that any substantial net-accumulation takes place. 13

14 Toilet paper is excluded from the flows, since most of this is carried away through the sewer system, and not as solid waste. Material surpluses Problems with fliers and free news papers and packing Material surplus Physical allocation Table 4 shows the material balance for paper for each of the 26 industries, households, and government consumption. Households have the largest material surplus ( tonnes). Within industries, Business activities etc. and Mfr. of wood products, printing and publishing is the largest contributor to the material surplus with tonnes and tonnes, respectively. At first it seems surprising that these two industry groups have such substantial material surpluses. However, the explanation is that the material flow model only takes account of the material flows that are connected to economic activities. This means that a lot of printed advertising material like circulars, handouts, fliers and brochures and free newspaper, which are produced or bought by the industries and handed out to, e.g. households for free, are accounted for as material surplus at the industries, but in reality ends up in the households. The same comment applies to packing materials accounted for in the industries using the materials for packing of products, which are delivered to other industries, exports or households. Furthermore, according to Miljøstyrelsen (2002a, p. 36), there was a net import of approximately tonnes of filled paper packing materials (2000). This amount is not accounted for in the physical input-output table. It can be said that the material model accounts for the material surplus at the units responsible for the use of the materials in the sense that they use it as part of their economic activities. It should be observed that this also means that the allocation of the material surpluses in this case does not necessarily correspond to the physical allocation of the material surpluses, i.e. the units which dispose of the wastes. The ISAG waste statistics indicate an amount of paper waste of tonnes 5, which corresponds to less than 50 per cent of the material surplus estimated by the material flow model. When assessing this, it is worth to note that the ISAG number for paper waste only includes paper collected for recycling. Thus, a substantial amount of paper might be included in the ISAG waste fraction Suitable for incineration. Furthermore, it is most likely that a small part of the material surplus of paper never ends up as solid waste, but is incinerated directly by industries and households. Table 5. ISAG Waste Statistics Paper and cardboards, etc tonnes Households 179 Institutions 222 Manufacturing 191 Construction 0,3 Total 593 Source: ISAG Danish Waste Statistics 5 This number seems quite low compared to the number given by the statistics on recycling of paper (Miljøstyrelsen, 2002 b) which present a number of tonnes for paper. The latter was used for the material balance calculation in tables 3 and 4. 14

15 Table 3. Physical input-output table for paper and cardboard. Denmark 1999 Intermediate input to industries Final demand 1000 Tonnes Total PC GC GFCF S X SV Total 1 Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services Total output a. Input of Danish production Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services b. Input of imports c. Other inputs (recycled paper) d. Total input (a. + b. + c.) Material balance Total PC GC Total PC Private Consumption d. Total input GC Public Consumption e. Total output GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation f. Material surplus (a. - b.) S Stocks X Exports SV Special Volume Item 15

16 Table 4. Material balance for paper and cardboards. Denmark 1999 Total input Total output Material surplus 1000 tons Agriculture, horticulture and forestry Fishing Mining and quarrying Mfr. of food, beverages and tobacco Mfr. of textiles, wearing apparel, leather Mfr. of wood products, printing and publ Mfr. of chemicals, plastic products etc Mfr. of other non-metallic mineral products Mfr. of basic metals and fabr. metal prod Mfr. of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale and repair of motor vehicles etc Ws. and commis. trade, exc. of m. vehicles Re. trade and repair work exc. of m. vehicles Hotels and restaurants Transport Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation and insurance etc Real estate and renting activities Business activities etc Public administration etc Education Health care activities Social work activities Other community, social and personal act Total industries Households Government consumption Total Industries and households

17 4.3 Glass Tables 6 and 7 show an input of tonnes glass while the output was of tonnes. This leaves a material surplus of tonnes. 50 products balances The tables are based on close to 50 product balances for various types of glass and glass products. Included in the input is an amount of other material inputs of tonnes, which consists of glass scrap ( tonnes) and tonnes of other materials, which are needed for the production of glass. The latter amount is calculated as the residual which balances the material input and output for the industry manufacturing of glass and ceramic goods (leaving a 5 per cent material surplus). Glass Packing Glass for construction ISAG waste statistics Included are all kinds of glass and glass products. For the part which consists of glass packing it must noted that amounts are accounted for by the industry which buys the products. As can be seen from table 7, this means that the industry 1509 Manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco has a material surplus of tonnes. In reality, these amounts end up in households, restaurants and, to some degree, also abroad when products are exported. Similarly, an amount of filled glass packing flows into the country, when products are imported from abroad to Denmark. According to Miljøstyrelsen (2002a), it is, for example, given that tonnes of wine and spirits bottles are imported to Denmark in relation to border trade, and that a net import of tonnes of filled glass packing takes place. These amounts are not included here. Another fact that should be observed is that parts of the material surplus from especially 4500 Construction are in fact materials that are accumulated in buildings, and that should be accounted for as gross fixed capital formation. On the other hand, some of the construction activities mean that old glass is scrapped. The error, which is made by accounting all used glass as material surplus, is thus dependent on how large the net accumulation of glass is. However, it must be assumed that some net accumulation takes place, and that the material surplus for glass overestimates the waste generated. In the ISAG waste statistics, the fraction for glass shows an amount of waste of tonnes, which is quite much lower than the material surplus calculated by the physical input-output table, even if a reduction for net accumulation of glass is included. However, glass is also included in some of the composite fractions (e.g. fractions and 23.00) in the ISAG waste statistics. Table 8. ISAG Waste Statistics Glass 1000 tonnes Households 88 Institutions 18 Manufacturing 16 Construction 1 Total 122 Source: ISAG Danish Waste Statistics 17

18 Table 6. Physical input-output table for glass. Denmark 1999 Intermediate input to industries Final demand 1000 Tonnes Total PC GC GFCF S X SV Total 1 Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services Total output a. Input of Danish production Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services b. Input of imports c. Other inputs (recycling and raw materials) d. Total input (a. + b. + c.) Material balance Total PC GC Total PC Private Consumption d. Total input GC Public Consumption e. Total output GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation f. Material surplus (a. - b.) S Stocks X Exports SV Special Volume Item 18

19 Table 7. Material balance for glass. Denmark 1999 Total input Total output Material surplus 1000 tonnes Agriculture, horticulture and forestry Fishing Mining and quarrying Mfr. of food, beverages and tobacco Mfr. of textiles, wearing apparel, leather Mfr. of wood products, printing and publ Mfr. of chemicals, plastic products etc Mfr. of other non-metallic mineral products Mfr. of basic metals and fabr. metal prod Mfr. of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Sale and repair of motor vehicles etc Ws. and commis. trade, exc. of m. vehicles Re. trade and repair work exc. of m. vehicles Hotels and restaurants Transport Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation and insurance etc Real estate and renting activities Business activities etc Public administration etc Education Health care activities Social work activities Other community, social and personal act. 0-0 Total industries Households Government consumption 0-0 Total industries and households

20 4.4 Plastic Tables 9 and 10 show an input of tonnes of plastic and an output of tonnes of plastic. Thus, the material surplus of plastic is tonnes. The net import of plastic was tonnes. Included are other material inputs of tonnes (recycling). 80 product balances The tables are based on approximately 80 product balances. The largest surpluses are found for the industries 2709 Manufacturing of basic metal and fabricated metal products ( tonnes), 5100 wholesale trade and commis. trade ( tonnes) and 1509 Manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco ( tonnes). Insufficient allocation of surpluses Plastic packing However, not all of these surpluses will end up as waste in the same year as the surplus is recorded by the model. The industry 2709 Manufacturing of basic metal and fabricated metal products produces a lot of machinery and equipment, including plastic components. Thus, substantial parts of the material surplus of plastic recorded by this industry end up at consumers and other industries. The same applies to the industry 3600 Manufacture of furniture, etc. However, to the extent that old machinery and equipment of the same kind are scrapped when new is bought, the numbers for material surplus of waste will reflect the amount of plastic included in the solid waste generated. But it must be observed that the scrapping takes place at other industries and households than accounted for in the physical input-output table. For the 5100 wholesale trade industry and the 1509 manufacturing of food beverages and tobacco the surplus corresponds to a large extent to plastic packing materials, which in the end are shipped, together with products to private households and domestic and foreign industries and consumers. To put the total material surplus of tonnes for Wholesale and commis. trade and the Manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco into context, it can be mentioned that according to Miljøstyrelsen (2002a, p. 17) domestic use of plastic packing was tons (2000). Quite a substantial part of this use must be assumed to take place in the two mentioned industries. The material model shows a surplus for Households of tonnes. This can be compared to the ISAG waste statistics accounts for fraction 52.00, cf. table 11, which shows an amount of tonnes for households. Undoubtedly, this fraction in the ISAG waste statistics underestimates the total amount of plastic waste from households, since a substantial part is included in other fractions (e.g. fraction Waste for incineration) All together, the waste statistics show an amount of plastic of 38 million tonnes. This amount only includes plastic collected for the purpose of recycling. Table 11. ISAG Waste Statistics Plastic 1000 tonnes Households 1 Institutions 6 Manufacturing 31 Total 38 Source: ISAG Danish Waste Statistics 20

21 Table 9. Physical input-output table for plastic. Denmark 1999 Intermediate input to industries Final demand 1000 Tonnes Total PC GC GFCF S X SV Total 1 Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services Total output a. Input of Danish production Agriculture, fishing and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels, restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation, business activities Public and personal services b. Input of imports c. Other inputs (recycling) d. Total input (a. + b. + c.) Material balance Total PC GC Total PC Private Consumption d. Total input GC Public Consumption e. Total output GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation f. Material surplus (a. - b.) S Stocks X Exports SV Special Volume Item 21