CONCEPTURAL MODELS. Five Frameworks & OB

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Monika Hansen
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1 CONCEPTURAL MODELS Five Frameworks & OB 1

2 Five Frameworks & OB Framework Various approaches to human behaviour is discussed as Frameworks Because most of these approaches fall short of being comprehensive theories of human behaviour Taken together, however, they provide background information important in developing a specific conceptual model of OB. Freudian Psychoanalytic; Existentialistic; Cognitive; Behavioristic;Social Learning & Specific Model of OB. 2

3 Freudian Psychoanalytic Through the clinical techniques, Freud noted The patient s behaviour could not always be consciously explained. The major motivating force in humans is unconscious in nature The personality structure can be explained within the unconscious framework by three interrelated (often conflicting) psychoanalytic concepts: ID, EGO & SUPEREGO 3

4 Freudian in Perspective Freud s Model Characterized by the conflicting personality constructs (Id, Ego & Superego) & unconscious motivation Psychological adjustment occurs only when the ego properly develops to resolve the conflicts stemming from the id & superego Ego concepts implies that humans are rational But the id, superego & unconscious motivation give the impression that humans are very irrational 4

5 FREUDIAN IMPACT Had great influence on treatment techniques for the mentally ill Contributed to the understanding of human behaviour in general Made impact on OB: Creative Behaviour certain ages of the creative process is unconscious Dissatisfied behaviour of employees day dreaming, forgetting, apathy, rationalization, absenteeism, tardiness, sabotage & alcoholism or drug abuse analyzed in psychoanalytic terms. OC techniques, group/team development rely to some degree on this thought 5

6 EXISTENTIALISTIC FRAMEWORK Rollo May views people as suffering from Unconstructive OR Neurotic anxiety - as the shrinking of consciousness, the blocking off of awareness; when prolonged leads to a feeling of depersonalization & apathy" which is "the state, to a greater or lesser degree, of those who have lost, or never achieved, the experience of their own identity in the world. This feeling of "depersonalization and apathy" is similar to Durkheim s Anomie. existentialists see a breakdown of traditional norms & the ties that individuals traditionally had with society. 6

7 EXISTENTIALISTIC FRAMEWORK Emphasises self-awareness & action different from that of the psychoanalytic approach. Seeking self-awareness, direction, and control. Existence in a depersonalized environment is a given. What they make of this existence is entirely up to them, i.e., they try to attain their potential. This approach maintains that people have free will to chart their existence and being and reach their true potential as loving, living human beings. 7

8 COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK Tolman felt Behavior was purposive: directed toward a goal. In his laboratory experiments, he found that animals learned to expect that certain events will follow one another. For example, animals learned to behave as if they expected food when a certain cue appeared. Thus, learning consisted of the expectancy that a particular event will lead to a particular consequence. S S connections The cognitive concept of expectancy implies that the organism is thinking about or is conscious of or aware of the goal. Behaviour therefore is best explained by these cognitions. 8

9 BEHAVIORESTIC FRAMEWORK Skinner - through his operant conditioning Explained the consequences of a response (emitted) than could eliciting stimuli. Emphasized the importance of the response-stimulus (R- S) relationship. The organism has to operate on the environment in order to receive the desirable consequence. The preceding stimulus does not cause the behavior in operant conditioning; it serves as a cue to emit the behavior. For Skinner, behavior is a function of its consequences. It is important to understand that This approach is environmentally based. implies cognitive processes such as thinking, expectancies, and perception do not play a role in behavior. However, as in the case of the cognitive approach, some psychologists feel that there is room for cognitive variables in the behavioristic approach. 9

10 SOCIAL LEARNING FRAMEWORK A Behavioral approach - Recognizes - behavior as the appropriate unit of analysis. Albert Bandura is probably the most representative of this approach. Behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants. The person and the environmental situation do not function as independent units but, in conjunction with the behavior itself, reciprocally interact to determine behavior. Bandura explains that, "it is largely through their actions that people produce the environmental conditions that affect their behavior in a reciprocal fashion. The experiences generated by behavior also partly determine what a person becomes and can do, which, in turn, affects subsequent behavior. " 10

11 Reciprocal determinism in social learning. PERSON BEHAVIOR ENVIRONMENT (Source: Adapted from Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1977) 11

12 STIMULUS Organizational environment ORGANISM Organizational participants BEHAVIOUR Organizational B behavior CONSEQUENCE Organizational & behavioral Structure Classical Org. theory Neo Classical theories Modern Theories Processes Decision Control & Communication Cognitive processes Perception Personality Motivation Learning Dynamics Groups Dynamics Communication Conflict Stress Power Politics Leadership Applications Selection Appraisal Organizational Development Self-Management Career Dev. 12

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