BRUGERADFÆRD EN OVERSET FAKTOR. Per Heiselberg Institut for Byggeri og Anlæg

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1 BRUGERADFÆRD EN OVERSET FAKTOR Per Heiselberg Institut for Byggeri og Anlæg DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AALBORG UNIVERSITY

2 ENERGIFORBRUG I NYE BYGNINGER DET REELLE ENERGIFORBRUG VISER SIG OFTE AT VÆRE (VÆSENTLIGT) HØJERE END FORVENTET fordi bygningens konstruktion og tekniske systemer ikke opfylder forventningerne til deres ydeevne? fordi vores forudsætninger om brugernes ønsker til indeklimaet og deres adfærd ikke stemmer overens med virkeligheden? fordi brugerne ikke forstår bygningen og de tekniske systemers funktion? fordi. MEN VI VED IKKE MED SIKKERHED hvor meget hver enkelt faktor betyder hvilke forskelle der er mellem bygningstyper om andre faktorer spiller ind

3 EKSEMPEL PÅ ENERGIFORBRUG Kilde: Søren Pedersen, Passivhus.dk

4 EKSEMPEL PÅ ENERGIFORBRUG Energy Consumption of Cooling System Electricity Consumption of Cooling System 空 调 能 耗 指 标 (kwh/m 2 ) (kwh/m2) Average 平 均 值 2.3kWh/m 住 户 编 号 Apartment No. Significant discrepancy between each apartment The statistics energy consumption of cooling system in different apartments of one residential building in Beijing,2006 Ref,; Da Yan, Tsinghua University

5 ENS HUSE FORSKELLIGT FORBRUG MWh pr. 100m Antal huse kw h Antal husstande Kilde: Kirsten Gram Hansen, SBi, AAU

6 DIFFERENT FAMILIES DIFFERENT PRACTICES Type Heat (kwh/year) Family 1 warm, cosy and easy Family 2 Fresh air and enjoy life Family 3 Interested, but not easy Family 4 wishes to save and know how 4900 Family 5 Just normal routines and attention 4000 Ref.: Kirsten Gram Hansen, SBi, Aalborg University

7 EXPLANATIONS OF DIFFERENCES IN ELECTRICITY USE VALID EXPLANATIONS: Number of appliances The use of appliances BUT NOT Energy efficient appliances Energy efficient lighting Ref: Kirsten Gram Hansen, Aalborg University

8 EXPLANATIONS OF DIFFERENCES IN HEATING USE VALID EXPLANATIONS: Number of baths/week Indoor temperature level Window airing frequency BUT NOT Not at home Environmental conciousness The nabour does not heat No clear relations to age or sex Ref: Kirsten Gram Hansen, Aalborg University

9 MORE CHALLENGES RELATED TO USER PRACTICES IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO REACH GOALS THROUGH MORE Envelope insulation, Building airtightness, Ventilation heat recovery, WHICH ARE ROBUST TECHNOLOGIES WITHOUT USER INTERACTION NEW MEASURES NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED Demand controlled ventilation Shading for solar energy control Shading for daylighting control Lighting control Window opening ALL TECHNOLOGIES: Where performance is very sensitive to control Which involve different degree of user interaction Whose function and performance are difficult for users to understand

10 IMPACT OF IMPROVED CONTROL AND OPERATION Sleeping, year 1 1% 6% 14% Sleeping, year 2 13% 1% 2% 18% 20% 59% 66% Living year 1 2% Living year 2 1% 2% 10% 32% 13% 32% 26% 58% 24% Reference: VELUX og Esbensen

11 IMPACT OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL AUTOMATIC CONTROL IS A NEW TECHNOLOGY IN RESIDENCES AND SHOULD BE BETTER ADAPTED TO FULLFILMENT OF USER NEEDS Users override solar shading control to enjoy view or improve privacy (increase risk of overheating and large energy use) Automatic window airing are disconnected during night due to noise or secutrity (no night cooling) Window airing is continued in the winter season to get fresh air THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF USERS IS FULLFILLMENT OF THEIR NEEDS (INDOOR ENVIRONMENT) AND THEY WILL ALWAYS ADJUST CONTROLS ACCORDINGLY. THIS OFTEN LEADS TO HIGHER ENERGY USE. 11

12 ENERGIBESPARELSER I DET EKSISTERENDE BYGGERI DE REELLE ENERGIBESPARELSER VED ENERGIEFFEKTIVISERING VISER SIG OFTE AT VÆRE (VÆSENTLIGT) LAVERE END FORVENTET fordi de tekniske løsningers ydeevne ikke opfylder forventningerne? fordi brugernes forventninger til indeklimaet forøges? fordi brugerne ændrer adfærd? fordi brugerne ikke forstår de nye tekniske systemers funktion? fordi. MEN VI VED IKKE MED SIKKERHED hvor meget hver enkelt faktor betyder hvilke forskelle der er mellem bygningstyper om andre faktorer spiller ind 12

13 REAL ENERGY USE COMPARED TO EXPECTED EXPERIENCES FROM THE NETHERLANDS ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATES AND ACTUAL ENERGY USE Data: National E-label data base (2010) + actual yearly energy use (2006, 2007, 2009) cases Ref.: Henk Visscher, TU Delft

14 IN ORDER TO INCLUDE USER ASPECTS. WE NEED TO: Investigate user practices related to energy use and indoor environment what do they do? To be able to differentiate between different types of users To demonstrate and quantify the variability in user practices To establish empirical models of different user practices WE NEED TO: Investigate user practices related to energy use and indoor environment why do they do as they do? To be able to understand what users want to achieve by their practices? To be able understand how user practices might be changed?

15 IN ORDER TO INCLUDE USER ASPECTS. WE NEED TO: Make this knowledge usable: In the development of new building technologies and solutions, whose functions can be understood and controlled by the users - assisting them in being more energy efficient, while fulfilling their wishes to the indoor environment In the development of new services, which can raise user awareness of energy use and indoor environment and motivate users to apply more energy-efficient practices

16 Per Heiselberg Aalborg University Thanks for your attention