Sugar content [g/l] Acid content [g/l] Productivity [1-9] Fruit size [mm]

Transkript

1 Surkirsebær

2 Experience and perspectives of German cherry growing - actual situation, trial results of varieties and rootstocks evaluation, training systems of sour cherries Peter Hilsendegen State instructional and experimental station, Department of fruit growing, SLVA-Oppenheim, Wormserstr. 111, D Oppenheim, Tyskland Tlf , philsendegen.slva-op@agrarinfo.rlp.de Conclusion With an yearly production about 35 tons sour cherries have a significant bit of the German fruit production. Most of them are for the cannery. Main cultivars are selections of `Schattenmorelle and `Heimanns Rubin-types mostly in combination with the different types of the rootstock P. avium and P. mahaleb (P. cerasus). At the moment the production and growing areas decrease because of the economic efficiency: Not in all years the profit is enough to cover the costs. More than 5 % of the orchards are elder than 15 years. Only a part of the orchards are created and able for mechanical harvest. So there is an interest to conserve the market position with adapted cultivars and orchard systems for economical efficiency sour cherry growing. Main problem in the traditional cherry areas are Prune necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV). Earlier trials showed yield reduction about 5 % (`Schattenmorelle ) to 7 % (`Heimanns Rubin types) on affected trees. More and more importance became Monilia laxa in the last years. Varieties with higher tolerance on diseases are interest. Higher tolerance on PNRV, Monilia, Pseudomonas and Blumeriella was found in `Schwäb. Weinweichsel, `Debreceni bötermö, `Csengödi - but other performances of these varieties are not the best. Purpose cannery was characterised be dark fruits with a fruit diameter more than 21 mm. It was reached be the follow varieties: `Aarslev , `Beutelsp. Rexelle 3144/5, `Fanal, `Gerema, `Heim. Rubin HR3, `Heim. Rubin HR4, `Heim. Rubin M2, `Junkaija Sanaija, `Kantorjanosi, `Karneol, `Klon 27/2, `Korund, `Leopolds Kirsche, `Morina, `MPI Klon 9, `MPI Klon 26, `MPI-Klon 29 (Morella), `MPI Klon 3, `MPI Klon 41, `Pandy x Ch. Morello, `Pi-Sa 78, `Röhrigs Weichsel, `Safir, `Schattenm. 226/296, `Schattenmorelle 263/2, `Schattenm. Vowi, `Topas, `Ung. Traubige. Acid content is the deciding performance for juice purpose. Varieties with more than 22 [g/l] were `Aarslev , `Aarslev , `Cigány 7, `Cigány 59, `Fanal, `Heim. Rubin HR3, `Heim. Rubin HR4, `Leitzkauer, `Merkuri, `MPI Klon 26, `MPI-Klon 29 (Morella), `Oblacinska, `Schattenmorelle, `Stevnsbaer `Birgitte, `Topas, `Wielcin K, Varieties with a sugar content more than 15 [g/l] can purpose in distillery: `Aarslev , `Beutelsp. Rexelle 3144/5, `Cigány 3, `Cigány 59, `Cigány 7, `Gerema, `Heim. Rubin HR4, `Leitzkauer, `Merkuri, `MPI Klon 2, `MPI-Klon 23 (Nabella), `Oblacinska, `Röhrigs Weichsel, `Schattenm. S2, `Schattenm. 226/296, `Schattenmorelle, `Stevnsbaer `Birgitte, `Ung. Traubige, `Wielcin K. Universal varieties can be used for all purposes: `Aarslev , `Debreceni Bötermö, `Geresa, `Heim. Rubin HR4, `Junkaija Sanaija, `Leopolds Kirsche, `Morina, `MPI Klon 9, `Röhrigs Weichsel.

3 Cherry growing in wine area is able to reduce the costs of production by using the technical equipment of wine growing. Trees can be harvest with an continuously moving grape harvest machine able for all purposes. The first experience of the last years looks very successful. New varieties and a modified production system are the base for high productivity and low production costs. This should be the best supposition for the growers in view of imports of low wage countries.

4 Table: Performance of different sour cherry varieties Variety Productivity [1-9] (MAX kg/cm²=9) Fruit size [mm] Sugar content [g/l] Acid content [g/l] Dry stem abscision [1-9] Fruit removal force [N] Tolerance on Monilia Toleranz PNRV Tolerance Pseudomonas Tolerance on Blumeriella Fruit wight [g/fruit] Stone wight [g/stone] Flesh colour [1-7] Skin colour [1-9] Degustation [1-9] 3/48 1 2, 13,9 9, 4 4, ,7, Aarslev ,2 17,2 24,9 7 3, ,9, Aarslev ,6 16,9 28,8 3 3, ,6, Aarslev ,7 17, 23,7 4 2, ,1, Aarslev ,7 14,3 25,4 4 2, ,, Amara 2 22,2 13,3. 2 3, ,6, Beutelsp. Rex. 3144/5 5 21,7 15,1. 6 2, ,2, Cacanski Rubin 2 22,2 17,3 18,6 6 4, ,1, Cigány ,2 21,. 7 2, ,2, Cigány ,1 19,1 29,4 6 2, ,1, Cigány ,6 17,8 27,8 6 1, ,4, Csengödi 1 19,9 16,7 14,6 3 4, ,7, Debreceni Bötermö 1 23,5 15,3 21,3 5 4, ,2, Erdi Bötermö 2 22,7 16,2 12,1 9 3, ,7, Erdi Jubileum 1 21, 17,5 19,4 5 5, ,1, Erdi nagygyümölcsü 22,3 13,2. 2 8,5 6,1, Fanal 5 22,6 14,5 24, 7 2, ,9, Favorit 1 23,6 15,5 16,6 1 6, ,, Gerema 7 21,8 15,2 12,9 7 2, ,2, Geresa 2 22,3 24,9 2,7 8 3, ,2, Heim. Rubin M1 2,6 17,1 25, 4 2,5 5,2, Heim. Rubin HR3 4 21,7 14,5 23,7 6 2, ,4, Heim. Rubin HR4 6 21,7 15,8 25,5 6 2, ,4, Heim. Rubin M2 5 22, 14,8. 6 2, ,5, Junkaija Sanaija 3 22,2 17,1 22,2 8 2, ,2, Kantorjanosi 3 22,4 17,5 19,5 8 3, ,3, Karneol 3 25,4 14,5 19,2 8 3, ,9, Klon 27/2 5 22,4 14,6 21,1 5 2, ,8, Klon 29 2,7 15,5 18,5 4 2,1 5,6, Klon ,8 14,9. 4 3, ,8, Korund 3 24,9 16,4 15,4 6 5, ,7, Lawi 18,3 21,9 17, 7 1,7 4,, Leitzkauer 4 17,5 22,1 23,4 5 2, ,9, Leopolds Kirsche 3 21,6 15,8 2,7 8 2, ,2, M ,2 2,6 29,3 6 1, ,1, Malliga emleke 1 22,5 14,9 17, 8 3, ,5, Merkuri 5 19,2 2, 31,3 5 1, ,2, Meteor 3 21,3 13,1 15,8 2 3, ,7,

5 Variety Productivity [1-9] (MAX kg/cm²=9) Fruit size [mm] Sugar content [g/l] Acid content [g/l] Dry stem abscision [1-9] Fruit removal force [N] Tolerance on Monilia Toleranz PNRV Tolerance Pseudomonas Tolerance on Blumeriella Fruit wight [g/fruit] Stone wight [g/stone] Flesh colour [1-7] Skin colour [1-9] Degustation [1-9] Meteor korai 1 21,2 16, 15,9 5 4, ,2, Morina 3 23, 18,4 23, 7 2, ,9, MPI Klon 1 21,9 13,8 14,1 2 3,2 6,3, MPI Klon ,8 13,7 21, 5 2, ,6, MPI Klon ,2 16,1 19,1 4 2, ,3, MPI Klon ,9 14,5 26, 5 2, ,7, MPI Klon ,6 14,1 22,5 4 4, ,3, MPI Klon ,9 14,1 16,7 5 2, ,9, MPI Klon ,1 14,8 2,6 3 2, ,5, MPI Klon ,3 16,1 21,6 9 2, ,2, MPI-Klon 23 (Nabella) 6 21,8 15,6 22,3 3 2, ,4, MPI-Klon 29 (Morella) 5 22,7 13,8 22,1 2 3, ,3, Oblacinska 4 18,8 19, 31,8 8 1, ,9, Pándy ,8 16,9 17,9 7 3, ,4, Pandy x Ch. Morello 2 23, 16,5 18,2 7 3, ,6, Paraszt 3 2,5 17,5 25,6 6 2, ,8, Pi-Sa 11/132 19, 14, 22, 5 5, 4, Pi-Sa 11/134 2, 19,. 3 5, 5, Pi-Sa 12/1 2, 15, 25,4 5 5, 5, Pi-Sa 13/122 22, 14,. 7 5, 6, Pi-Sa 16/151 18, 17, 16, 3 4, 3, Pi-Sa 19/13 19, 18,. 5 5, 4, Pi-Sa 5/55 22, 16,. 5 7, 6, Pi-Sa ,2 15,9 17,3 5 2, ,8, Recta 2 16,5 22,4 23,9 6 1, ,7, Röhrigs Weichsel 6 22,1 15,7 21,8 8 1, ,2, Rubellit.. 27, S 263/2 9 21,2 13,4 16, 2 2, ,, S2 5 2,2 15,4. 2 2, ,2, S24-7/18 19, 18, 24, 3 2, 4, S24-7/19 21, 18,. 5 3, 6, Safir 4 25,3 14,4 15,2 3 2, ,9, Schatt. S2 Klon A 19, 17, 22, 7 2, 4, Schatt. S2 Klon C 3 2, 16, 26, 7 2, , Schattenm. 226/ ,5 15,1. 3 2, ,7, Schattenm. 226/8 22,8 14,5 25,7 2 2,8 7,, Schattenm. S1 22,9 13,2. 3 2,3 7,, Schattenm. S2 22, 14,1. 3 2,2 6,4, Schattenm. Vowi 9 22,5 14,4 18, 2 2, ,,

6 Variety Productivity [1-9] (MAX kg/cm²=9) Fruit size [mm] Sugar content [g/l] Acid content [g/l] Dry stem abscision [1-9] Fruit removal force [N] Tolerance on Monilia Toleranz PNRV Tolerance Pseudomonas Tolerance on Blumeriella Fruit wight [g/fruit] Stone wight [g/stone] Flesh colour [1-7] Skin colour [1-9] Degustation [1-9] Schattenmorelle 7 2,5 15,4 24, 3 2, ,4, Schinkö 18,9 15,7 26, 3 2, 4,5, Schwäb. Weinweichsel 2 2,3 17,6 2,1 5 1, ,, Sokulosa 3 16,6 2,1 27,1 6 1, ,9, Stevnsbaer `Birgitte' 4 17, 2, 28,4 6 1, ,9, Sumadinka 1 23, 16,5 16,7 5 2, ,, Topas 4 23,7 14,5 32,3 5 4, ,8, Tschernokorka 1 22, 13,2 21,7 4 4, ,8, Ujfehértói fürtös 2 23,5 17, 17,4 7 2, ,2, Ung. Traubige 4 22,5 17,7 18,9 6 2, ,4, Wielcin K 6 18,4 21, 34,2 5 1, ,9,

7 Development in Sour Cherry Growing in Hungary (Udviklingen I dyrkning af surkirsebær I Ungarn) Dr Károly Hrotkó Department of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Szent István University (Saint Stephen University), H-1518 Budapest, Pf. 53, hrotko@omega.kee.hu The years of the second half in the last decade brought a great succes for the Hungarian sour cherry growers. However, the production is now slightly decreasing, the market positions seems firm using the export oportuninties to Germany. Despite of increased market competition for the last years the prospects for the Hungarian growers are fairly good. Besides the low labour cost the further development can be based on the research results achieved in the last decades. Due to this research results the sortiment and rootstock use is completely altered and new training systems are in introduction. Succesful breeding projects were carried out and some of them are still running. In the frame of these projects landraces, local cultivars were collected, evaluated and best of them (Ujfehértói fürtös, Debreceni bőtermő, Kántorjánosi) are selected for propagation and production. On the other hand numerous crosses were made and from among the hybrids six new cultivars were selected at Érd Research Institute, five of them are self fertile. As the result of this breeding work the new, self fertile and high fruit quality cultivars are represented in the propagated sortiment now around 95% (Table 1). Table 1: Main cultivars in the new orchards in Hungary Cultivar Meteor korai Érdi bőtermő Érdi jubileum Debreceni bőtermő Újfehértói fürtös Kántorjánosi Origin Breeding, Érd Research Institute Landrace selection, Újfehértó Res. Inst. Ripening Fruit size g g 5 g g g g Fruit color dark claret dark red dark red bright red dark red dark red Juice color red juice red juice red juice red juice red juice red juice Growth vigorous medium vigorous vigorous vigorous vigorous Pollination self fertile self fertile self fertile self fertile self fertile self fertile Productivity medium high good high high high As rootstock mahaleb seedling is used which fits well to our environmental conditions. Mahaleb rootstock selection started by the late 5-s with collection and selection of native mahaleb cherry. Investigations on flower biology showed that one variety is self fertile, the others are self-incompatible. Based upon the blossom time the varieties Cema (C 5) and Cemany (C 2753) pollinate each other well and produce first quality seed. Seedlings are vigorous and uniform in the seedbed and as liners. The self fertile seed tree Korponay produces less vigorous seedlings. Based upon the results of nursery and orchard trials some vegetatively propagated clones with definitely basitonial and flat branching were selected also. The inbreeding project of mahaleb targets selection of self fertile seed trees producing less vigorous and uniform seedlings.

8 In the orchards of large scale farms growers prefer mechanical harvest, their trees are trained to vase (6-7 x 4-5 m planting distance), modified central leader (6-8 x 5-6 m) or Y-shape (two strong scaffolds, 6-7 x 4-5 m). Since not more than 3% of the total crop is harvested machanically, interest of growers for training systems which are better for hand picking (modified Brunner-spindle: 7 trees/ha and slender spindle: 1-12 trees/ha) is raising. These high density orchards need regular summer pruning and produce higher fruit quality.

9 Er der stadig økonomi i dyrkning af surkirsebær? Udviklingen gennem 15 år. Sammenligning mellem Kelleriis og Stevnsbær Konsulent Holger Daugaard Frugt og Grønt Rådgivningen, Rugårdsvej 197, 521 Odense NV, Danmark Tlf , HOD@lr.dk Er der stadig økonomi i surkirsebærproduktion? Holger Daugaard konsulent Frugt og Grønt Rådgivningen, Danmark Driftsanalyser for frugt- og bærproduktion Grundlag Arealer og sortiment Aldersfordeling Udbytter Priser og afsætning Omkostninger Dækningsbidrag Hvorfor deltage i driftsanalyser? 1. Sammenligningsgrundlag internt i bedriften: sorter, afgrøder mellem bedrifter mellem år 2. Dokumentation Bank - budgettering Danmarks Statistik Erstatningssager kalkuler Myndigheder

10 Hvad indebærer deltagelse? 1. Løbende gennem året: - timeregistrering - evt. sprøjtejournal 2. Én gang årligt: - ajourført arealoversigt - udgifter til plantning/rydning - årets kemikalie- og gødningsforbrug - udbytter og priser Hvad får man? - gratis deltagelse - udskrift af egne resultater - driftanalyser Surkirsebærproduktion i Danmark ha Areal og afregningspris , 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,, kg/kg Areal Pris Sorter af surkirsebær 21 Kelleriis 21% Andre sorter 2% Stevnsbær 77%

11 Aldersfordeling Aldersfordeling år 1-14 år 5-9 år -4 år Tons pr ha Udbytter i surkirsebær Tons pr ha Udbytter i surkirsebær , 5 års gennemsnit Gns. 9,5 tons/ha Udbytter, 5-års gennemsnit Gns. 7,6 tons/ha Gns. 5,6 tons/ha

12 Afregningspriser surkirsebær kr pr kg Arbejdsforbrug for surkirsebær Timer pr ha pr år Omkostninger til kemi & gødning surkirsebær Kemikalier Gødning

13 Omkostninger til maskiner & arbejde surkirsebær Maskiner Maskinpluk Div. Løn Variable omkostninger i alt surkirsebær Pris og produktionspris surkirsebær , 8, kr pr kg 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, Pris Produktion 2, 1,,

14 Kr pr ha bærende areal Dækningsbidrag for surkirsebær Nøgletal for Stevnsbær og Kelleriis Indeks, Stevnsbær = Udbytte Afregn.pris Var. omkst. Stevnsbær Kelelriis Dækningsbidrag pr sort for surkirsebær Stevnsbær Kelleriis

15 Dækningsbidrag pr sort, 3-års gns. surkirsebær Gns. 12 år Stevnsbær Kelleriis Tak for jeres opmærksomhed!