Ressourcer i en cirkulær økonomi muligheder og udfordringer Anders Damgaard, seniorforsker, DTU Miljø Mandag den 5. Marts 2018 DTU Miljø
Agenda Hvorfor fokus på cirkulær økonomi og ressourcer Muligheder for ressourcer i en cirkulær økonomi Udfordringer og risiko i en cirkulær økonomi 2 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Ressourcer i brug Ref: EEA (2015) European briefings: Resource efficiency 3 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Ressourcer i cirkulær økonomi Ref: Ellen MacArthur Foundation 4 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 3 April 2018
Muligheder for ressourcer i en cirkulær økonomi Kaskade i tid Kaskade i værdi Kaskade i funktionalitet Ref: Odegard, Ingrid; Croezen, Harry; Bergsma, G. (2012). Cascading of Biomass 13 Solutions for a Sustainable Bio-based Economy. Report. Delft, August 2012. 97 pages 5 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Kaskade i tid: vigtigt for hvor godt vi kan cirkulere vores ressourcer for produkter med kort levetid Ref: Østfoldforskning. (2017) Comparison of recycling and incineration of PET bottles 6 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 3 April 2018
Udfordringer for en cirkulær økonomi Genanvendelse og markedet: Kaskade i værdi 7 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Markeds andel Markeds andele for typisk husholdningsplast 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Polymer type 1 20 32 31 52 52 26 60 23 16 16 67 13 54 47 32 33 27 PET LDPE/LLDPE HDPE PS PP Others Food packaging Non-food packaging Other applications (Kombination of PlasticsEurope og EPRO, 2015; Kaysen og Petersen, 2010; TIE, 2012; Baytech Plastics, 2015; Eurostat, 2015) Andre applikationer inkluderer: Legetøj, pharma, elektronik, byggeri, biler, andet 8 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Sorterings kriterier af plast polymerer Polymerer er ikke-blandbare skal sorteres før genanvendelse PET PE PP PS Others Tidligere brug og produkt kategori er vigtigt for kemisk indhold (efterleve lovgivning) og produktionsmetode Produkt design er vigtigt for potentiel polymer kryds-kontaminering Separate polymerer (ingen risiko) Flere polymerer Kan Separes (nogen risiko, afhænger af sortering på MRF) Flere polymerer kan ikke separeres (vil introducere kontaminering) Farve er vigtig da sorte objekter ikke altid kan genkendes og derfor frasorteres til forbrænding. PS PP (Eriksen and Astrup, 2018) 9 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Igangværende forskning Resultater polymer og tidligere brug Table 1: Composition of rigid source separated plastic from København PET PE PP PS Others Total Food packaging 25 5 20 2 0 52 Bottles for beverages 6 2 0 0 0 8 Bottles for food 2 2 0 0 0 4 Trays and tubs for fruit and vegetable 2 0 1 0 0 3 Trays and tubs for dairy 0 0 4 0 0 5 Trays and tubs for meat 4 0 7 0 0 11 Trays and tubs for other/unidentified food 9 0 9 1 0 19 Other rigid food packaging 1 1 0 0 0 2 Non-food packaging 6 19 3 1 0 30 Bottles for hygiene and cleaning 4 14 2 0 0 19 Bottles with hazardous labelling 0 4 0 0 0 4 Other rigid non-food packaging 2 1 1 1 0 6 Non-packaging 0 2 11 0 5 18 Toys 0 0 0 0 0 1 Flower pots 0 0 2 0 0 3 Others 0 2 8 0 4 15 Sum 31 27 34 3 5 100 (Eriksen and Astrup, 2018) Majority of rigid plastic is high quality food packaging More than 90% of the rigid plastic is produced in PET, PE and PP, targeted for recycling Tubs and trays for meat and other food, bottles for beverages, hygiene and cleaning are dominating (57%) 10 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
20 0 0 B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous OI-Non-food Toys Flow and cleaning content packaging po Resulter Flasker 0 B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous OI-Non-food Toys Flower Others A for drikkevarer og mad 8% B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous OI-Non-food and cleaning Toys contentflower packaging Others All productspots non-packaging Table 1: Composition of rigid source separated plastic from København and cleaning content packaging pots non-packaging 100 Single polymer Multi polymer - separable PET PE PP PS Others Total Single polymer Multi polymer - separable Multi polymer - non-s Food packaging 25 Single 5 polymer 20 2 Multi polymer 0 - separable 52 Multi polymer - non-separable 80 Bottles for beverages 6 2 0 0 0 8 Bottles for food 2 2 0 0 0 4 - Mainly clear PET Trays and tubs for fruit and vegetable 2 0 1 0 0 3 60 - Noticeable share of Trays and tubs for dairy 0 0 4 0 0 5 PE Trays and tubs for meat 4 0 7 0 0 11 Trays and tubs for other/unidentified food 9 0 9 1 0 19 40 Other rigid food packaging 1 1 0 0 0 2 Non-food packaging 6 19 3 1 0 30 Bottles for hygiene and cleaning 4 14 2 0 0 19 Bottles with hazardous labelling 0 4 0 0 0 4 Other rigid non-food packaging 2 1 1 1 0 6 Non-packaging 0 2 11 0 5 18 Toys 0 0 0 0 0 1 Flower pots 0 0 2 0 0 3 Others 0 2 8 0 4 15 Sum 31 27 34 3 5 100 11 Distribution of pr Igangværende forskning PET DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 40 PE Distribution of 40 20 Distributio (Eriksen and Astrup, 2018) 20 Distribution of product design [%] - Lid and/or label is different polymer than the bottle [%] 20 0 100 80 B-Beverage 0% black 19% B
12 Distribution of pr Igangværende forskning 20 and cleaning content Resultater Bakker 0 B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous OI-Non-food Toys og beholdere for kød Table 1: Composition of rigid source separated plastic from København DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 40 and cleaning content 100 packaging PET PE PP PS Others Total Food packaging 25 5 20 2 0 52 Bottles for beverages 6 2 0 080 0 8 Bottles for food 2 2 0 0 0 4 Trays and tubs for fruit and vegetable 2 0 1 0 0 3 60 Trays and tubs for dairy 0 0 4 0 0 5 Trays and tubs for meat 4 0 7 0 0 11 Trays and tubs for other/unidentified food 9 0 9 140 0 19 Other rigid food packaging 1 1 0 0 0 2 Distribution of product design [%] Non-food packaging 6 19 3 1 0 30 20 Bottles for hygiene and cleaning 4 14 2 0 0 19 Bottles with hazardous labelling 0 4 0 0 0 4 Other rigid non-food packaging 2 1 1 10 0 6 Non-packaging 0 2 11 0 B-Beverage 5 18 B-Food TT-Friut and TT-Dairy TT-Meat TT-U Toys 0 0 0 0 0 1 vegetables o Flower pots 0 0 2 0 0 3 Share of total composition 28 % Others 0 2 8 0 4 15 black Sum 31 27 34 3 519% 100 4% 6% 1% 3% 1 PET PP 100 PP [%] Distribution of 40 20 Distributio 20 0 0 B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous Share of total OI-Non-food compositiontoys Flow packaging Flower Others po A 8% 4% 3% 5% 11% 1 B-Hygiene B-Hazerdous OI-Non-food and cleaning Toys contentflower packaging Others All productspots non-packaging pots non-packaging Single polymer Multi polymer - separable Single polymer Multi polymer - separable Multi polymer - non-s Single polymer Multi polymer - separable Multi polymer - non-separable - PET: cold cuts (Eriksen and Astrup, 2018) - PP: Meat and fish trays - All contain multilayer foil
Market share Igangværende forskning Foreløbige resultater af kemisk analyse Substitutions ratio illustrerer hvor stor en del af markedet det genanvendte materiale kan erstatte, og derved lukke materiale kredsløbet. FP: Mad emballage 100% Industri affald 90% 80% a) HHW sample from homogeneous waste stream of PET bottles Husholdnings affald Brug i FP Ikke mulig Mulig Ikke mulig Mulig 70% PET 0.33 1 0.33 1 a 60% HDPE 0.49-0.51-0.49-0.51-50% LDPE 0.40-0.45-0.40-0.44-40% 67 PP 0.61-0.66 30% 1 0.57-0.62-20% PS 0.55-0.65 1 - b - b 10% b) No PS samples from HHW were assessed 0% SR food_packaging >> SR non-food_packaging 32 PET Other applications 1 Non-food packaging Food packaging Few samples suitable for food packaging. Only 1 HHW sample (homogeneous stream) 13 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 3 April, 2018 Ref: Marie Erikssen, DTU Environment
Udfordringer for en cirkulær økonomi: Uønskede strømme 14 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Materialestrømme i samfundet Forbrug af: Energi Kemikaler Andre materialer Uønskede påvirkninger Påvirkning Emissioner Forbruger Pivnenko, K. (2016. Waste material recycling: Assessment of contaminants limiting recycling. PhD Thesis (amended figure) 15 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Materialstrømme og kemikalie strømme i samfundet IBTS: Ikke bevidst tilsat Pivnenko, K. (2016. Waste material recycling: Assessment of contaminants 16 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet limiting recycling. PhD Thesis 3 April 2018
Eksempler på kemikalier i en papir cyklus 17 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Kemikalier i produkter: Phtalater Ref: Pivnenko et al. (2015): Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste 18 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Kemikalier der ender i cyklus 19 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Ref: Pivnenko et al (2016) Material Cycles and Chemicals: 03.04.2018 Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling
Udfasning af kemikalier SC1: Optimeret indsamling, SC2: Optimeret oparbejdning: SC3: Udfasning 20 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Ref: Pivnenko et al (2016) Material Cycles and Chemicals: 03.04.2018 Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling
Konklusion Der er mange muligheder for den cirkulære økonomi i Danmark, og vi er langt fra det endelige potentiale Vi skal dog være opmærksom på: Hvordan vi beslutter hvilke materialer vi recirkulerer At vi ikke forpurrer muligheden for gentagne cyklus At vi ikke introducerer problematiske kemikalier for en cirkulær økonomi Og hvis disse kemikalier er i brug, sørge for at de ikke opkoncentreres på grund af flere cyklus Huske at cirkulær økonomi ikke er den eneste indikator 21 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 03.04.2018
Tak for opmærksomheden Kontakt information Anders Damgaard adam@env.dtu.dk 22 DTU Miljø, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet 3 April, 2018