GHCN Global Historical Climatology Network Peterson and Vose, 1997

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1 COBE-SST NCDCNational Climate Data Center NCDC GHCN Global Historical Climatology NetworkPeterson and Vose, 1997 Rayner et al., CL COBE Centennial in-situ Observation Based Estimates of variability of SST and marine meteorological variables IPCC, 2001; Han, 2003; Ishii et al., 2005 al., 1996 COBE-SST 12 Jones 5 Jones et. al.,

2 GHCN Jones et. al., COBE-SST COBE-SST ICOADS COBE-SST International Comprehensive Ocean -Atmosphere Data Set ICOADS Ishii et al., COBE-SST

3 1 HadISST1.1Rayner et al., 2003 NCDC ERSST.v2 Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature 5 Smith et al., 2004 OI SST.v2Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature Reynolds et al., COBE-SST COBE-SST HadISST1.1 ERSST.v COBE-SST COBE-SST

4 COBE-SST COBE-SST Jones et. al., COBE-SST

5 COBE-SST CRU UKMO the climate anomaly method NCDC the first difference GHCN CLIMAT methodfdmpeterson et al., 1998 GISS the reference station methodrsm CRU UKMO HadISST NCDC Jones and Moberg, 2003 HadISST OI SST GISS RSSTSmith et al., 1996OI SST CAMJones et. al., 2001 Hansen and Lebedeff, 1987 CRUClimate Research Unit URLhttp:// UKMO URLhttp:// NCDC URLhttp://

6 GISSGoddard Institute for Space Studies URLhttp://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ 4 CRU CRU CRU CRUClimate Research Unit NCDC 1940 CRUGISS 0.97UKMO CRU 0.58 UKMO 0.56 NCDC 0.53 GISS

7 NCDC1880 GISS1880 UKMO1860 CRU1856 6

8 Jones, P.D. and A. Moberg, 2003: Hemispheric and large-scale surface,, 2005: air temperature variations: An COBE-SST, extensive revision and an update to 16, J. Climate, 16, , Peterson, T. C., and R. S. Vose, 1997: An Hansen, J. E., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global overview of the Global Historical trends of measured air temperature. J. Climatology Network temperature Geophys. Res., 92, 13,345-13,372. Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe and M. Sato, 1999: GISS analysis of surface database. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, Peterson, T. C., T. R. Karl, P. F. Jamason, R. temperature change. J. Geophys. Knight, and D. R. Easterling, 1998: Res. 104, The first difference method: IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Maximizing station density for the Scientific Basis. Contribution of calculation of long-term global Working Group I to the Third temperature change. J. Geophys. Assessment Report of Res., 103, 25,967-25,974. theintergovernmental Panel on Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Climate Change [Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C. Folland, L.V. Alexander, D.P. Rowell, E.C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Globally complete analyses of sea I. Johnson (eds.)]. Cambridge surface temperature, sea ice and University Press, UK, 881pp. night marine air temperature,, 2003: J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi /2002JD :COBE., Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith,, , Ishii, M., A. Shouji, S. Sugimoto, and T. Matsumoto, 2005: Objective analyses of SST and marine meteorological variables for the 20 th century using D. C. Stokes and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livesay ICOADS and the Kobe collection. Int. and D. C. Stokes, 1996: J. Climatol., 25, Reconstruction of historical sea Jones, P.D., T.J. Osborn, K.R. Briffa, C.K. Folland, B. Horton, L.V. Alexander, D.E. Parker, and N.A. Rayner, 2001: Adjusting for sampling density in grid-box land and ocean surface temperature time series. J. Geophys. Res., 106, surface temperature using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, Smith, T. M. and R. W. Reynolds, 2004: Improved Extended Reconstruction of SST ( ). J. Climate, 17,