The Analytical Essay 1 DOMENIC MACAULAY
Introduktion 2 Lidt om mig selv Lidt om mine elever Hvorfor skrev jeg Creative Writing
Planen for i dag 3 Hvad er et essay i faget engelsk? Metoden P-Q-C Praktisk øvelse Analytisk essaystruktur Analytiske begreber man skal kende Opgaveformuleringer i det analytiske essay (UM)
The analytical essay og The personal essay The analytical essay Baseret på teksten og skal indeholde citater fra denne Ikke et referat Har en fast struktur Introduction, body, conclusion Man bevæger sig fra det generelle til det specifike Ikke personlige holdninger uden dokumentation i teksten 4 The personal essay Behøver ikke indeholde citater fra teksten Har ingen fast struktur Man bevæger sig fra det konkrete til det abstrakte Ambitiøst essay som reflekterer over et emne på en personlig men ikke privat måde
Metoden P-Q-C (the body of the essay) P-Q-C = Point Quotation Conclusion Start med at udvælge et citat - Interesting, puzzling, controversial or misleading POINT: Find en pointe med citatet QUOTATION: Afskriv citatet CONCLUSION: Skriv en konklusion som understreger pointen 5
Brug P-Q-C gennem hele essayet 6 The Basic Structure of Your Essay How to Start 1. An opening introductory paragraph 2. The main body of the text is a series of paragraphs made up of P-Q-C statements, Because your essay starts with an introductory paragraph, you would think that it would be easiest to begin writing that first. But this is not the best way to begin work on your essay. e.g., a. Point-Quotation-Conclusion b. Point-Quotation-Conclusion c. Point-Quotation-Conclusion Before beginning to write your essay examine the text carefully and choose a few passages that have struck you as puzzling, controversial, interesting or maybe misleading. d. etc. 3. A concluding paragraph You will have to read the entire text a couple of times to find these key passages and as you become more practised at analysing texts, you will find it easier to choose the appropriate passages. The main body of your essay should centre around these passages.
Eksempel: find et citat The National Front The National Front is the Party dedicated to the promotion of British Racial Nationalism. We reject multi-racialism absolutely and we recognize that the great achievements and unique character of the British people can, to a great extent, be attributed to its racial composition. The National Front is committed to the ending of all non- White immigration and to the phased and financially assisted repatriation of all non-whites, together with their dependents and descendants. White people would have no automatic right of entry but discretionary entry would be allowed according to the circumstances of each case, with a preference for those of recent British descent. Europeans who have already settled here will not be subject to repatriation but those who are resident here by virtue of Common Market membership will no longer have an automatic right of residence. The anti-british Race Relations Act will be repealed and its Pro-Black, positive discrimination policies ended 7 Først læser man teksten Så udvælger jeg et citat Hvordan skal jeg finde et væsentligt quotation? - Nøgleord: Puzzling Controversial Misleading Interesting
Eksempel: Find en pointe med citatet 8 Hvad vil jeg sige om citatet? Skal jeg skrive en observerende sætning eller en påstand? (Jeg har valgt en påstand) Hvad har jeg lagt mærke til? Er det på sætningsniveau eller på ordniveau? Hvad er min pointe? Ordet repatriation er interessant, eller måske endda misleading. Denotationen: hjemsendelse er skjult i indpakningen repatriation. Mit point er en påstand og jeg har fat i et enkeltord. Point: The National Front is quite clear about its goals, but instead of stating it in straight forward language, it chooses words that soften its radical policies.
Eksempel: Find en konklusion Så skal der konkluderes. I konklusionen kan man ofte begynde sætningen med notice the word eller omskrive det til noget lignende. 9 Her er der benyttet en omskrivning: (conclusion) The Keyword is repatriation, which means sending back to the country of origin. By using a rather unusual word, instead of using simple language, the National Front is trying to soften the effect of the statement.
Eksempel: afrunding 10 Point: Quotation : Conclusion: The National Front is quite clear about its goals, but instead of stating its policy in straightforward language, it chooses words that soften its radical policies... the phased and financially assisted repatriation of all non-whites, together with their dependents and descendants. The key word is "repatriation", which means "sending back to the country of origin". By using a rather unusual word, instead of just using simple language, the National Front is trying to soften the effect of the statement.
Nu er det jeres tur 11 Praktisk øvelse (ca 40 min. Optimistisk) Øvelsen tager væsentligt længere tid med elever. Tekst: The Sampler (se handout ) Læs teksten (5 min) Skim teksten med det formål, at nedskrive 2 centrale citater, der udvælges udfra nøgleord som: puzzling, interesting, controversial or misleading (10-15 min) Skriv et point til hvert citat (5-10 min) Skriv en conclusion til hvert citat (5-10) Sæt det sammen til de to P-Q-C-paragraphs
Linking sentences En linking sentence er en sætning, der forbinder P-Q-C afsnittene 12 Problemet er nu, hvordan man forbinder de to P-Q-C paragraphs.
Nøgleord for bedre analytisk tænkning Der er en række ord, der er gode til at skabe sammenhæng og analytisk tænkning. (Sætningerne, der indeholder et af disse småord indbefatter to ideer, dvs. sådanne sætninger er per definition analytiske. Når man har to ideer, er man nød til at tænke, og forholde sig til den ene side og den anden side. John Loves Hannah John loves Hannah, but he does not want to marry her Although John loves Hannah he does not want to marry her 13 So But Because Despite Although Unless If For instance For example Specifically Therefore In conclusion Eventually Given these facts Despite the fact that (The Atlantic Monthly, www.theatlantic.com, The Writing Revolution, Peg Tyre, Oct. 2012).
The structure of the essay as a whole = P-Q-C structure Når Body-delen er færdigkonstrueret og skrevet sammen skulle den gerne bestå af en række P-Q-C afsnit samt nogle linking sentences. 14 Så kan man gå i gang med introduktionen.
Overordnet struktur af et analytisk essay 15 An opening introductory paragraph The main body of the text is a series of paragraphs made up of P-Q-C statements A concluding paragraph
Body-delen 16 A series of P-Q-C paragraphs with linking sentences: Point Quotation Conclusion Linking sentence Point Quotation Conclusion Linking sentence osv
Introduktionen 17 Introduktionen: skrives altså efter Body-delen er færdig, og består af en præsentation af ens idéer. Disse idéer er blevet til under arbejdet med citatudvælgelsen og kreationen af points og conclusions. Igennem arbejdet med ens P-Q-C s har man forholdt sig analytisk til teksten, og er nået frem til nogle pointer og konklusioner, som gerne skulle lede en på sporet af nogle ideer, som man så kan bruge i sin introduktion. Konkret øvelse til introduction. S 76, b.
Linkers for the intro & the conclusion Linkers create cohesion in your writing and should be used in different places in the essay: 18 In your introduction you could use these types of linkers: Certainly, despite the fact, in general, similarly, in the same way, likewise and sometimes. In your conclusion you could use these types of linkers: even though, despite, though, in conclusion, as, all in all, all together, as a result, basically, finally, in brief, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize.
Konklusionen Konklusionen skrives efter, at man har skrevet introduktionen. Her understreger man sine pointer (ideer) fra introduktionen, og det er tilladt at vise sine egne holdninger eller at forholde sig til den overordnede problemstilling, som man har behandlet i sit essay. Man kan fx drage paralleller til relaterede emner i den virkelige verden, eller til andre tekster. 19 Konkret øvelse til konklusionen. S 76, c.
Analytiske begreber man skal kende & learning by doing/think like a writer Fiction 7 terms you need to know 20 Non-fiction 5 terms you need to know Plot: the skeleton of a story: the bare events of a story. Theme: subject or topic that the text is about at a deeper level. Setting: the place, time and social circumstances in which a narrative takes place. Characters: made up persons that the author has created. Point of view: an angle from which a story is told. Language: The ways a writer uses language can be examined if we look at the following terms: Implicature, telling, showing, denotation, connotation and figurative language. (p. 26-39) Dialogue: Is a conversation between two or more people. Message: what the sender wants the receiver to do or think. Sender: the person or persons behind a piece of writing. Receiver: the person(s), reader(s) or group(s) the sender is addressing. Bias: partial perspective at the expense of alternatives. Rhetorical Techniques: 5 central techniques a writer can use are: 1)Oppositions/contrasts, 2)repetition, 3) the appeal form ethos (being honest), 4) the appeal form pathos (emotion or feeling) and 5) the appeal form logos (facts and information). (p. 58)
Opgaveformuleringer 21 Answer A or B A Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and interpret Simon Van Booy s short story Save as many as You Ruin. Part of your essay must focus on the mood and on the use of contrast in the short story. Text: Save as Many as You Ruin, a short story by Simon Van Booy, 2007.. B Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and comment on Eula Biss essay Time and Distance Overcome. Part of your essay must focus on the composition of the text and on the writer s intention. Text: Time and Distance Overcome, an essay by Eula, 2008.
Opgaveformuleringer 22 A Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and interpret Mary-Louise Buxton s short story Mount Pleasant. A Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and interpret Robin Black s short story Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Part of your essay must focus on narrative technique and on the narrator s language. Part of your essay must focus on the structure and the use of symbols in the short story. Text: Mount Pleasant, a short story by Mary-Louise Buxton, 2005. Text: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived, a short story by Robin Black, 2010. B Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and comment on President Barack Obama s speech Back to School. B Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and comment on Russell Brand s commentary Big Brother isn t watching you. Part of your essay must focus on the way on President Barack Obama addresses the audience and on the values he advocates. Text: Prepared Remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to School Event, a speech delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. Part of your essay must focus on the style and the writer s attitude to the 2011 UK riots. Text: Big Brother isn t watching you, a commentary by Russell Brand from The guardian website, 2011.
Tak for i dag 23 Domenic Macaulay Creative Writing From text analysis to producing texts Systime