DANMARKS NATIONALBANK PRODUCTIVITY IN DANISH FIRMS Mark Strøm Kristoffersen, Sune Malthe-Thagaard og Morten Spange 13. januar 218 Views and conclusions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Danmarks Nationalbank.
Key messages Low productivity growth after 1995 primarily reflecting weak growth in services an international phenomenon OECD finds an increasing productivity divergence between the global frontier and laggard (non-frontier) firms Strong productivity growth in manufacturing not only for the highly productive firms Weak growth in services even in the most productive firms Large differences in productivity across firms both across and within industries 2
Weaker productivity growth in Denmark after 1995 Per cent, year-on-year 6 4 2-2 7 72 74 76 78 8 82 84 86 88 9 92 94 96 98 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 Anm.: I figuren vises væksten i realt BVT pr. beskæftiget. Skraverede områder angiver perioder med lavkonjunktur, jf. Pedersen mfl. (215). 3
Weak productivity growth is an international phenomenon Average yearly growth, per cent 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. Denmark France Italy Germany Netherlands Sweden Spain 1975-94 1995-216 United Kingdom United States Anm.: Søjlerne angiver gennemsnitlig årlig vækst i BNP pr. beskæftiget. 4
Low productivity growth in services after 1995 Average yearly growth, per cent 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. -.5-1. -1.5 Entire economy Manufacturing Finance and insurance Business services Trade and transport etc. 197-1994 1995-216 Anm.: Søjlerne angiver gennemsnitlig årlig vækst i real BVT pr. beskæftiget. 5
Firm-level data for 2-15 Firm-level data from Statictics Denmark s accounts statistics for the non-agricultural private sector. Firms with imputed accounting data are excluded. Labour productivity is measured as real value added per employee. GVA deflators from the national accounts are used on the 69-industry level. Industries with fewer than 2 firms in at least one year and service industries with very high capital intensity are excluded. 6
Strong productivity growth in manufacturing also for the median firm Growth since 2, per cent 8 7 6 5 77 56 4 3 2 1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 Median firm Top firm Anm.: En topvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 95 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. En medianvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 5 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. De enkelte brancher er sammenvejet med deres andel af den gennemsnitlige værditilvækst i perioden 2-15 ifølge Nationalregnskabet. 7
Low growth in services for both the median firm and the top firm Growth since 2, per cent 2 15 16 1 9 5-5 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 Median firm Top firm Anm.: En topvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 95 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. En medianvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 5 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. De enkelte brancher er sammenvejet med deres andel af den gennemsnitlige værditilvækst i perioden 2-15 ifølge Nationalregnskabet. 8
Job mobility is high in Denmark Newly hired, in per cent of total employment 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Greece Slovakia Czech Republic Malta Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Hungary United Kingdom Slovenia Belgium Ireland Lithuania Germany Portugal Austria Cyprus Estonia France Latvia Spain Denmark Finland Sweden Anm.: Gennemsnit af kvartalsvise observationer over perioden 28-16. Nyansatte er defineret som medarbejdere, der er ansat inden for de seneste tre måneder. Kilde: Eurostat og egne beregninger. 9
Higher survival rate for high-productive firms Share, per cent 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 High-productivity in 2 Middle-productivity in 2 Low-productivity in 2 Anm.: I figuren vises andelen af overlevende virksomheder i industrien fordelt på virksomhedernes produktivitetsniveau i 2. Højproduktive virksomheder havde i 2 en produktivitet over 75. percentil i deres branche, mellemproduktive virksomheder havde en produktivitet mellem 25. og 75. percentil, mens lavproduktive virksomheder havde en produktivitet under 25. percentil. Overlevende virksomheder dækker virksomheder med et uændret CVR-nummer i forhold til 2. Ikke-overlevende virksomheder dækker både ophørte virksomheder og virksomheder, der er blevet opkøbt eller på anden vis har skiftet CVR-nummer.. 1
Large differences in productivity within industries Value added per fulltime employed, median, 1, kr. 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Manufacture of food, tobacco Manufacture of machinery Legal, accounting etc. Cleaning etc. Median firm Top firm Anm.: En topvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 95 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. En medianvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 5 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. Data for 215. 11
Key messages Low productivity growth after 1995 primarily reflecting weak growth in services an international phenomenon OECD finds an increasing productivity divergence between the global frontier and laggard (non-frontier) firms Strong productivity growth in manufacturing not only for the highly productive firms Weak growth in services even in the most productive firms Large differences in productivity across firms both across and within industries 12
Appendix
Motivation: increased divergence in productivity across firms in the OECD 14
Productivity growth in services, selected subindustries Growth 2-15, per cent annualised 4 3 2 1-1 -2 Wholesale Retail sale Legal, accounting etc. Cleaning etc. Median firm Top firm Anm.: En topvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 95 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. En medianvirksomhed er mere produktiv end 5 pct. af virksomhederne i sin branche og mindre produktiv end de resterende 5 pct. 15
Large firms in general more productive than small firms Value added per fulltime employed, median, 1, kr. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Manufacture of food, tobacco Manufacture of machinery Legal, accounting etc. Cleaning etc. Small Large Anm.: Små virksomheder har op til 5 fuldtidsbeskæftigede, mens øvrige virksomheder er kategoriseret som store. Data for 215. 16
Old firms in general more productive than young firms Value added per fulltime employed, median, 1, kr. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Manufacture of food, tobacco Manufacture of machinery Legal, accounting etc. Cleaning etc. Young Old Anm.: Yngre virksomheder er mindre end 1 år gamle, mens øvrige virksomheder er karakteriseret som ældre. Data for 215. 17
Exporting firms in general more productive than non-exporting firms Value added per fulltime employed, median, 1, kr. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Manufacture of food, tobacco Manufacture of machinery Legal, accounting etc. Cleaning etc. Non-exporting Exporting Anm.: Data for 215. 18