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1 : 1 rahnama٢٠٠٢ 2 yahoo com 3 ro.asadi@gmail.com : ( ) -. ( ). T-TEST : 1.٢.٣

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3 . " " [ ] -.( McEwan,٢٠٠٥: ٩٧٠) " " / ( 2010:1). [ ].(501 :1386 ). (Bickerstaff & Others,٢٠٠٢ ). ( ) - " " :٦٢ ( )..(O'Faircheallaigh, ). [ ] (31: 1380 ).(Checkoway,٢٠١٠:٢)..(710 :1387 ). (3 :1385 ).( ) - " :..(24 :1379 ) " (19: ). Flouris & ).(Dostaler,٢٠٠٧ :٢.(502 :1386 ) :.4 " " "... " " " ".(13-12 :1377 )".

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9 ( ) ( ) :.1-6 " (47 :1382 )".. ( ) (21 :1381 ) : " " () " ". ) ( ) " ".1. ( ( )" ".2 ( ). ( )..3. :.4. (2.5) 2). ( ) 4.( ( ) : ) ( ) " ".1. (.2.

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14 : (1380)..9-1, 195..(1387 )...(1386) :...(1381). -. :. :..(1370 )., -, (1387).. :...(1377) «( )».(1387) (1385)...(1388).. :.. :.(1379).».(1385) «. :...(1382) : ١٤. Bickerstaff, K. & Others.(٢٠٠٢). Transport Planning and Participation: the rhetoric and realities of Public involvement. Journal of Transport Geography, volume ١٠, ٦١-٧٣ ١٥. Branch.K.M. (٢٠١٠). Participative Management and Employee and Stakeholder Involvement. Academic Leadership Journal. ١٦. Checkoway.B.(٢٠١٠). What is youth participation?.children and Youth Services Review. ١٧. Flouris, T & Dostaler, I. (٢٠٠٧). Strategic Management as a Key to Educating the New Aviation Professional. International Journal of Professional, Volume١,Issue ١, PP ١-١٣ ١٨. McEwan. CheryI,(٢٠٠٥). New spaces of citizenship? Rethinking gendered participation and empowerment in South Africa. Political Geography ٢٤, ٩٦٩-٩٩١ ١٩. O'Faircheallaigh. Ciaran. (٢٠١٠). Public participation and environmental impact assessment: Purposes, implications and lessons for public policy making.environmental Impact Assessment Review ٣٠, ١٩-٢٧ ٢٠. Olsen, J.E & Haslett.T. (٢٠٠٢). Strategic Management in Action. Systemic Practice and Action Research, Vol ١٥, No ٦, pp ٤٤٩-٤٦٤. ٢١. Steinthorsson.S.R & Soderholm. A. (٢٠٠٢). Strategic management as multi- contextual sensemaking in intermediate organizations. Scandinavian Journal of Management,١٨,٢٣٣-٢٤٨