:yfglo k zf;g P]g,

Transkript

1 :yfglo k zf;g nfndf]x/ / k sfzg ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g!= Gofo k zf;g @= sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xl cgo ;fdflhs ck/fw / #= :yfglo k zf;g -klxnf] $= :yfglo k zf;g -bf]; f] %= jfs\ tyf k sfzg ^= s]xl g]kfn P]g &= Gofo k zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] *= s]xl g]kfn P]g (= Gofo k :yfglo k zf;g -t]; f] :yfglo k zf;g -rf}yf] :yfglo k zf;g -kffrf}f @)^@.!@.^ k dfl0fs/0f / k sfzg ldlt!#= s]xl g]kfn P]gsf] Joj:yf s]xl g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u0ftgq ;'b[9ls/0f tyf s]xl g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ;fnsf] P]g :yfglo k zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gnfo{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ ag]sf] P]g k :tfjgf M :yfglo k zf;g ;DaGwL sfg"gnfo{ ljs]lgb t k zf;g Joj:yf cg' k ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ tyf zflgt / Joj:yf sfod /fvg jfg5glo epsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]gb jl/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 /fli6«o k~rfotsf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltn] of] P]g agfoas;]sf]5 5. bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. 1

2 kl/r5]b! k f/ldes!= ;+lifkt gfd, lj:tf/ / k f/de M -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd æ:yfglo k zf;g /x]sf] 5. -@_ of] P]g g]kfne/ nfu" x'g]5. -#_ of] P]g t' Gt k f/de kl/efiff M ljifo jf k ;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf, -s_ === === === === === === === === -s!_ æif]qlo k zf;sæ eggfn] bkmf $s= sf] adf]lhd lgo'qm If]qLo k zf;s ;D g' k5{. -v_ æk d'v lhnnf clwsf/læ eggfn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'qm k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l ;D g' kb{5. -u_ æ;efæ eggfn] krrl; jf krrl; egbf a9l JolQmx s'g} ;fj{hlgs :yndf s'g} vf; p2]zo k"/f ug{ ;+ul7t jf c;+ul7t kdf hddf epsf] ;d"x ;Demg' k5{. ❷ ljsf;if]q, c~rn / lhnnf ljefhg #= ljsf;if]q, c~rn tyf lhnnf ljefhg M -!_ g]kfnnfo{ cg';"rldf pnn]v ep adf]lhd ljsf; If]q, c~rn tyf lhnnfx df ljefhg ul/psf]5. -@_ k To]s ljsf; If]q, c~rn tyf lhnnfsf] ;Ldfgf / ;b/d'sfd g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sfzg u/l tf]lslbp adf]lhd x'g]5. -#_ o; cl3 sfod e}/x]sf] lhnnfsf] l;dfgf / ;b/d'sfd g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sfzg u/l cgoyf Joj:yf gu/];dd ;fljs} adf]lhd sfod /xg]5. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. s]xl g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f yk. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 2

3 $= ==== === === === === === kl/r5]b # ❷ If]qLo / lhnnf k zf;g $s= If]qLo k zf;g M -!_ k To]s ljsf;if]qdf b]xfo adf]lhd Pp6f If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no /xg]5 M -s_ If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no, k"jf{~rn ljsf;if]q, wgs'6f. -v_ If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no, dwodf~rn ljsf;if]q, x]6f}+8f. -u_ If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no, klzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q, kf]v/f. -3_ If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no, dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q, ;'v]{t. -ª_ If]qLo k zf;g sfof{no ;'b"/klzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q, lbkfon. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd If]qLo k zf;g sfof{nosf] k d'v k zf;slo clwsf/lsf] kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtl ;]jfsf] /fhkqflít ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] Pshgf If]qLo k zf;s lgo'lqm ug]{5. $v= If]qLo k zf;ssf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gllt / lgb]{zg cg' k ;dgjoftds tl/sfn] cfˆgf] If]qleq ;fdfgo k zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] If]qLo k zf;ssf] pq/bflotj x'g]5. -@_ If]qLo k zf;ssf] cgo sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ cfˆgf]] If]qleq zflgt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf sfod /fvg], /fvg nufpg], -v_ cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf] lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nox sf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf /]vb]v / ;dgjo ug]{, -u_ cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf] If]qLo tyf lhnnf sfof{nox sf] sfdnfo{ ;]jfd'vl / ldtjool agfpg tyf l9nf;':tl, nfk/jfxl, e i6frf/ cflb x'g glbg cfjzos sf/afxl ug]{, u/fpg], ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f vf/]h. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. 3

4 -3_ cgo sfg"gdf Joj:yf epsf]df ;f]xl adf]lhd x'g] u/l ;f] afx]s cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf] ;/sf/l tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, /]vb]v tyf dd{t, ;Def/ ug]{, u/fpg], -ª_ cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf] zflgt ;'/Iff ;DaGwL j:t'l:yltsf] oyfy{ hfgsf/l lgoldt kdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfo{ pknaw u/fpg], -r_ ;DalGwt k d'v lhnnf clwsf/laf6 cfˆgf]] If]qleq hf]l8psf] ljb]zl d'n'ssf] l;dfgfsf] cfjlws lg/lif0f ug{ nufo{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dif k ltj]bg k]z ug]{ / ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf x'g] cfk/flws lqmofsnfkx sf] lgogq0fdf :yfglo k zf;gsf] k efjsfl/tf a9fpg cfjzos Joj:yf ldnfpg], -5_ cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l lhnnfx alr sfod /x]sf] l;dfgf, af6f], s'nf], k}gl, vfg]kfgl cflb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cfk;l dte]b jf ljjfb ptkgg epdf ;DalGwt kifx /fvl lg/fs/0fsf] nflu cfjzos Joj:yf ug]{, -h_ b}jlk sf]k, dxfdf/l, ef]sd/l h:tf ljifd kl/l:ylt lgogq0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjzos Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg], - _ cfˆgf]] If]qleqsf sf/fuf/x sf] lgoldt lg/lif0f u/l ;';~rfngsf] cfjzos Joj:yf ldnfpg] / s}blx sf] s}b dfkmlsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{, -`_ ljsf; If]qleq /fli6«otf clej[l4 u/l g]kfnl hgtfalr d]nldnfk / cfk;l ;b\efjåf/f Pstf sfod ug{ cfjzos kg]{ sfo{x ug]{, -6_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf lbpsf cfb]z tyf lgb]{zg cg';f/ cgo sfd sf/afxl ug]{, u/fpg] tyf To;sf] cg'udg ug]{. $u= If]qLo ;'/Iff ;ldlt M -!_ k To]s If]qdf zflgt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u k' ofpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Ps If]qLo ;'/Iff ;ldlt /xg]5 M -s_ If]qLo k zf;s cwoif -v_ g]kfnl ;]gfsf] :yfglo k d'v ;b:o rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. 4

5 -u_ If]qLo k x/l sfof{nosf] k d'v ;b:o -3_ ;z:q k x/l sfof{nosf] :yfglo k d'v ;b:o -ª_ /fli6«o cg';gwfg ljefusf] ;DalGwt ljsf;if]q x]g]{ sfof{nosf] k d'v ;b:o ;lrj -@_ If]qLo ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] a}7sdf If]qLo k zf;sn] cfjzostf cg';f/ If]qleqsf cgo sfof{nosf kbflwsf/lnfo{ cfdgq0f ug{ ;Sg]5. -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] a}7s cfjzostf cg';f/ cwoifn] af]nfpg ;Sg]5. $3= If]qLo k zf;ssf] lgogq0fdf /xl sfd ug{' kg]{m cfˆgf] If]qdf zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ sfdsf] nflu If]qLo k x/l sfof{non] If]qLo k zf;ssf] k ToIf lgogq0f / lgb]{zgdf /xl sfd ug{' kg]{5. %= lhnnf k zf;gm -!_ lhnnfsf] ;fdfgo k zf;g ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu k To]s lhnnfdf Pp6f lhnnf k zf;g sfof{no /xg]5. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] sfof{nosf] k d'v k zf;slo clwsf/lsf] kdf sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/l k To]s lhnnfdf Pshgf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] lgo'lqm ug]{5. k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] k rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gllt, lgb]{zg tyf If]qLo k zf;ssf] /]vb]vdf /xl g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k ltlglwsf] kdf sfd ug]{5. -@_ cbfnt / /Iff ;DaGwL sfof{nox === === === afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l tf]lslbpsf] lhnnf :t/sf sfof{nox lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nosf] zfvfsf kdf /xg]5g\. -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nosf] zfvfsf] kdf /x]sf] lhnnf :t/sf sfof{no jf ;f]xl sfof{nosf clws[tn] k of]u ug{ kfpg] u/l k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd tf]lspsf] clwsf/ jf s'g} Goflos jf cw{ Goflos clwsf/sf] k of]usf xsdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] s'g} lgogq0f /xg] 5}g. -$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nosf] zfvfsf] kdf /x]sf lhnnf :t/sf sfof{nox dfly /]vb]v, lgogq0f / lgb{]zg lbg] ;DaGwdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf cgo clwsf/lsf] clwsf/ / st{jo o; P]g cgtu{t ag]sf] lgodåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f ;+zf]lwt. t]>f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. 5

6 -%_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ lhnnfdf zflgt, Joj:yf / ;'/Iff sfod /fvg], -v_ lhnnfleq g]kfn ;/sf/, lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf jf ufpf ljsf; ;ldltn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljsf; sfo{x df ;xof]u k' ofpg], -u_ lhnnfleq /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;a} ;DklQsf] /]vb]v, ;Def/ tyf dd{t ug{], u/fpg], -3_ === === === === === === === === === === === === === -ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;dodf ;dodf lbpsf cfb]z jf lgb{]zg cg';f/ cgo sfd sf/jfxl ug{]. -^_ === === === === === ^= zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug{] M -!_ === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] s'g} lx+;ftds sfd sf/jfo{ x'g] jf x'nbëf x'g] cfz+sf epsf] sfo{nfo{ /f]sg b]xfo adf]lhd ug{' kb{5 M -s_ s'g} ;ef h'n'; jf el8n] lx+;ftds jf Wj+;fTds k j[lq lno{ To;sf] s'g} sfd sf/jfo{af6 zflgt e+u x'g] ;+efjgf b]lvpdf k x/låf/f /f]sg nufpg] / k x/ln] lgogq0f ug{ g;s]sf]df ;DalGwt 7fpFdf t' Gt} cfkm}+ uo{ jf cfkm" dftxtsf clws[tnfo{ k7fo{ ;s];dd ;D fo zflgt sfod u/fpg] / g;s]df k x/lsf] d2tn] nf7l rfh{, c>'uoff;, kmf]x/f / xjfo{ kmfo/ ;d]t cfjzostf / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ hf] ug{' kg{] an k of]u u/l zflgt sfod ug{] u/fpg], -v_ v08 -s_ cg';f/ zflgt sfod ug{ g;lsg] b]lvpdf / uf]nl rnfpg' kg{] cfjzostf k/]df ;f] ug{'egbf cufl8 el8nfo{ x6\b}gf} eg] uf]nl rnfog]5 egl :ki6;fu ;f] el8n] a' g] u/l r]tfjgl lbg] / Tolt ubf{ klg el8 x6]g / uf]nl rnfpg' kg{] g} eof] eg] 3'F8f d'lg kf/l uf]nl rnfpgsf] lgldq cfb]z n]vl ;xl u/l lbg], bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlspsf]. 6

7 -u_ === === === === -3_ === ===lhnnfdf zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ ;don] EofP;Dd lnlvt / geofpdf dfq df}lvs cfb]z cfjzostf cg';f/ k x/l clws[tnfo{ lbg] / df}lvs cfb]z lbpsf]df ;do kfpgf;fy a9ldf rf}al; 306fleq ;f] cfb]znfo{ lnlvt kdf ;dy{g ug{], -ª_ lhnnfdf zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug{] sfdsf] nflu lhnnf k x/l sfof{non] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] k ToIfM lgogq0f / lgb{]zgdf /xl sfd ug{' kg{]5. -!s_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf ep u/]sf sfd sf/jfxlsf] hfgsf/l k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] If]qLo k zf;s tyf u[x dgqfnonfo{ t' Gt lbg' kg]{5 / ;f] ;DaGwdf If]qLo k zf;sn] lbpsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug{' k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] st{jo x'g]5. ❷ -@_ cfˆgf]] clwsf/ If]qleqsf] s'g} 7fpFdf udel/ czflgt epsf] 5 jf x'g] ;Defjgf 5 / ;f] 7fpFdf e}/x]sf] zflgt /f]sg jf czflgt x'g glbg cgo k x/lsf] d2taf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g egg] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lnfo{ nfu]df o; ;DaGwL sf/0f tyf cfwf/ v'nfo{ lghn] :yfglo jf glhssf] ;z:q k x/l jf cj:yf cg';f/ g]kfnl ;]gfsf] d2t dfug ;Sg]5. To;/L ;z:q k x/l jf g]kfnl ;]gfsf] d2t dfu]sf]df If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnonfo{ rf}al; 306fleq ;a}egbf l56f] ;fwgåf/f To;sf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5. -@s_ cfˆgf]] clwsf/ If]qleqsf] l;dfgf hf]l8psf b'o{ jf b'o{egbf a9l lhnnfx df udel/ czflgt epsf] 5 jf x'g] ;Defjgf 5 / ;f] 7fpFdf e}/x]sf] czflgt /f]sg jf czflgt x'g glbg cgo k x/lsf] d2taf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g egg] If]qLo k zf;snfo{ nfu]df lghn] :yfglo jf glhssf] ;z:q k x/l jf cj:yf cg';f/ g]kfnl ;]gfsf] d2t dfug ;Sg]5. To;/L ;z:q k x/l jf g]kfnl ;]gfsf] d2t dfu]sf]df ;DalGwt k d'v lhnnf bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlspsf]. klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlspsf]. klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 7

8 clwsf/lnfo{ / u[x dgqfnonfo{ rf}al; 306fleq ;j}egbf l56f] ;fwgåf/f To;sf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5. -#_ s;}n] s'g} sfd ug{ nfubf jf sxl+ s]xl j:t' /xfbf jf s;}n] /fvbf x'nbëf eo{ zflgt ;'/Iff e+u x'g] jf s;}nfo{ afwf lj/f]w kg{] jf hg:jf:yonfo{ v/fa c;/ kg{] ;Defjgf epdf === === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cfb]z Ps k6sdf b'o{ dxlgfegbf a9l cjlwsf] x'g] 5}g. -s_ s;}nfo{ s'g} sfd ug{ lbgaf6 lgif]w ug]{, -v_ s'g} j:t' jf ;DklQsf] dflns jf Joj:yfks jf k d'vnfo{ ;f] j:t' jf ;DklQ ;f] 7fpFaf6 x6fpg cfb]z lbg] jf ;f] 7fpFdf s'g} sfd ug{ lgif]w ug{]. -#s_ s'g} 7fpFdf x'nbëf jf czflgt epdf jf x'g ;Sg] kof{kt cfwf/ epdf ;f] kl/l:yltnfo{ b[li6ut u/l k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] If]q / ;do tf]sl ;f] If]q / ;dodf x'nbëf jf czflgt ug]{ p2]zon] Ps} 7fpFdf kffrhgfegbf a9l dflg; hddf x'g gkfpg] u/l cfb]z hf/l ug{ ;Sg]5. To:tf] cfb]z pnn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] kffr ;o k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf Ps dlxgf;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5. -$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd === === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] s;}nfo{ s'g} cfb]z lb+bf ;f] lbg' kg{] sf/0f n]vl ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' kb{5. ;DalGwt JolQm km]nf gk/]df sfd g/f]lsg] u/l k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ;"rgf 6fF; ug{' kb{5. To:tf] cfb]z pnn+3g ug{] JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg] clws[tn] k6s} lkr5] a9ldf krf; k}+off;dd hl/afgf ug{ ;Sg]5. -%_ lhnnfleq huuf hdlg, s'nf], kfgl, ;ffw ;Ldfgfaf/] zflgt eë x'g hfg] h:tf] u8f epsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 egg] yfxf x'g cfpdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] ;DalGwt kifx nfo{ oyfzl3 cfˆgf]] sfof{nodf l sfo{ aofg lng] / cfjzostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt ;DklQ /f]ssf u/l tlg dlxgfb]lv h;sf] lhddf 5 p;}sf] jf gu/kflnsf jf klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlspsf]. s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ 4f/f yk. klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 8

9 ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt jf s'g} dfyj/ JolQmsf] lhddfdf ;'Dkg nufo{ lrq ga' g] kifnfo{ cbfntaf6 xs a]xs 5'6\ofP/ cfpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5. -^_ pkbkmf -#_, -#s_, -$_ / -%_ cgtu{t k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] u/]sf] cfb]z jf ;hfo pk/ lrq ga' g] JolQmn] k}+tl; lbgleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5. ❷ -&_ k To]s lhnnfdf zflgt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf ug{] sfddf ;xof]u k' ofpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Ps ;'/Iff ;ldlt /xg]5 M -s_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l cwoif -v_ g]kfnl ;]gfsf] :yfglo k d'v ;b:o -u_ lhnnf k x/l sfof{nosf] k d'v ;b:o -3_ ;z:q k x/l sfof{nosf] :yfglo k d'v ;b:o -ª_ /fli6«o cg';gwfg ljefusf] lhnnfl:yt sfof{nosf] k d'v ;b:o -r_ ;xfos k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l ;b:o ;lrj -*_ ====================== -(_ lhnnf ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] cfjzostf cg';f/ lhnnfl:yt cgo sfof{nosf kbflwsf/lnfo{ cfdgq0f ug ;Sg]5. -!)_ pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] a}7s cfjzostf cg';f/ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] af]nfpg ;Sg]5. ^s= sˆo"{ nufpg ;Sg] M -!_ s'g} 7fpFdf cfgbf]ng jf x'nbëf eo{ zflgt eë x'g hfg] b]lvpdf kl/l:yltsf] ljrf/ u/l cfjzos epdf === === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] To:tf] :yfgsf] s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f ;+zf]lwt. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ 4f/f yk. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. 9

10 ;Ldfgf tf]sl ;f] 7fpFdf s;}n] cfjthfjt ug{, e]nf x'g / tf]s]sf] c s'g} sfd ug{ gkfpg] u/l sˆo"{ nufpg cfb]z hf/l ug{ ;Sg]5. To;/L sˆo"{sf] cfb]z lb+bf k d'v lh+nnf clwsf/ln] ;f] cfb]z, sˆo{" nfug] If]q / ;f] jl/kl/sf If]qsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] hfgsf/lsf] nflu k rf/ ug{' kb{5. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfb]z hf/l epkl5 lgif]w ul/psf] :yfg / ;doleq k d'v lhnnf clwsf/laf6 uf]ko ;+s]t lnpsf] Ohfht k fkt JolQm afx]s c s;}n] cfjthfjt ug{ x'fb}g. -#_ sˆo"{sf] cfb]z pnn+3g ug{] JolQmnfO{ k x/ln] lu/ˆtf/ ug{]5 / To;/L lu/ˆtf/ ul/psf JolQmnfO{ t' Gt k x/ln] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l ;dif k]z ug{' kg{]5. To;/L lu/ˆtf/ ul/psf JolQmnfO{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] pko'qm ;D ]sf] ;+lift sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ Ps dxlgf;dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ k}off;dd hl/afgf jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 / pqm ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug]5. -$_ sˆo"{sf] cfb]z lb+bf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] sˆo{ "sf] l:yltnfo{ lgogq0fdf /fvg sˆo"{ tf]8\g] JolQm jf hdftnfo{ uf]nl rnfpg k x/lnfo{ cfb]z ;d]t lbg ;Sg]5. To:tf] l:yltdf k x/ln] uf]nl rnfpg' cfjzos k/]df uf]nl rnfpg'egbf cufl8 sˆo{" tf]8\g] JolQm jf hdftnfo{ k x/ln] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ nf7l rfh{, c>'uof;, kmf]x/f jf xjfo{ kmfo/ ug{' kg{] 5 / Tolt ubf{ klg sˆo"{ tf]8\g] JolQm jf hdft x6]g eg] To:tf] JolQm jf hdftnfo{ x6\b}gf} eg] uf]nl rnfog]5 egl :ki6;fu a'l g] u/l r]tfjgl lbg' kg{]5. To;/L r]tfjgl lb+bf klg sˆo"{ tf]8\g] JolQm jf hdft x6]g eg] k x/ln] uf]nl rnfpg ;Sg] 5. t/ o; pkbkmfdf n]lvpsf] s'g} s'/fn] klg k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lnfo{ lx+;ftds k j[lq b]vfo{ sˆo"{ tf]8\g] JolQm jf hdftnfo{ b]vg]lalqs} uf]nl xfgg] cfb]z lbg afwf k' ofpsf] dflgg] 5}g. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. 10

11 -%_ === === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] cfb]z hf/l u/l nufopsf] sˆo{"sf] cjlwnfo{ ;f]xl clwsf/ln] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ 36fpFb} nul l:ylt ;fdfgo epkl5 sˆo"{ k"0f{tof x6fog] 5. -^_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] sˆo"{sf] cfb]z lbpkl5 To;sf] hfgsf/l ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnonfo{ t' Gt lbg' kg{]5. ^v= bëfu :t If]q 3f]lift ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ s'g} If]qdf h'n';, el8 jf ;+ul7t ;d"xn] xftxltof/ ;d]t lno{ jf glno{ n'6lk6 ug{], 3/ jf k;ndf cfuf] nufpg], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tf]8kmf]8 ug{] h:tf lx+;ftds jf ljwj+;ftds sfo{ ug{] l:ylt b]lvpdf / o;sf] /f]syfd ;fdfgo k x/l sf/jfxlåf/f x'g ;Sb}g egg] nfu]df ====================k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] pqm If]qnfO{ bëfu :t 3f]lift ug{ ;Sg]5. o;/l bëfu :t If]q 3f]lift u/]kl5 ;f] If]qsf] zflgt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'g} jf ;a} sf/jfxl ug{ ;Sg]5 M -s_ To:tf] If]qdf z+sf:kb JolQmx nfo{ kqmfp k"hl{ lagf kqmfp ug{] / ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff adf]lhd gh/agbdf /fvg], -v_ To:tf] If]qdf n'6kl6 ug{] tyf 3/ jf k;ndf cfuf] nufpg], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tf]8kmf]8 ug{] jf cgo lsl;dsf lx+;ftds jf ljwj+;ftds sfo{ ug{] JolQmnfO{ b]vg] lalqs} uf]nl k xf/ ug{]. -u_ To:tf] If]qdf s'g} k sf/sf] e]nf, h'n';, ;ef, a}7s jf k bz{g jf kf]i6/, krf{ h:tf k rf/ ;fdu L 6fF:g jf n]vg lgif]w ug{], -3_ To:tf] If]qdf ctofjzos j:t'x sf] cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], To:tf j:t'x sf] kl/jxg, ;+ro, ljqml ljt/0fdf lgogq0f ug{], -ª_ To:tf] If]qdf lzif0f ;+:yf nufot cgo s'g} ;+:yf, dgf]/ghg s]gb / sfof{no agb u/fpg], ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. 11

12 -r_ To:tf] If]qdf cfjzos ;]jf ;~rfng adf]lhd s'g} cfjzos ;]jfdf x8\tfn ug{ lgif]w ug{], -5_ To:tf] If]qdf kffrhgf jf ;f]egbf a9l JolQmx hddf x'g lgif]w ug{], -h_ To:tf] If]qdf sˆo{" nufpg], - _ To:tf] If]qdf pk/f]qm sfo{x sf] nflu cfjzos b]v]df g]kfnl ;]gfsf] ;xof]u lng]. -@_ bëfu :t If]qdf cj}w xftxltof/ Pj+ v/vhfgf /fv]sf] 5 egg] z+sf nfu]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] cfb]zn] To:tf] If]qdf /x]sf] h'g;'s} JolQmsf] 3/, k;n, sdkfp08 jf uf]bfd cflbdf k"j{ ;"rgf glbosg} 36Ldf k x/l ;xfos lg/lifs;ddsf bhf{sf k x/l sd{rf/ln] vfgtnf;l ug{ ;Sg]5. -#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bëfu :t If]q 3f]lift ubf{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] Ps k6sdf a9ldf Ps dlxgf;ddsf] cjlwsf nflu dfq 3f]lift ug{ ;Sg]5. pqm cjlw a9fpg' k/]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dgqfnosf] :jls[lt lno{ ;f] cjlwnfo{ yk tlg dlxgf;dd a9fpg ;Sg]5. -$_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] bëfu :t If]q 3f]lift u/]sf] hfgsf/l ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnonfo{ t' Gt lbg' kg{]5. -%_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -ª_ jf -5_ pnn+3g ug{] jf pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd vfgtnf;l ln+bf afwf lj/f]w ug{] JolQmnfO{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] pko'qm ;D ]sf] ;+lifkt sfo{ljlw ckgfo{ tlg dlxgf;dd s}b jf tlg xhf/ k}off;dd hl/afgf jf b'a} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 / pqm ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug] 5. ^u= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf ;8sdf ca/f]w ug{ jf s'g} 3/ jf ;jf/l ;fwg tf]8kmf]8 ug{ gx'g] M -!_ s;}n] klg b]xfosf] sfd ug{ u/fpg x'fb}gm ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. s]xl g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ åf/f yk. 12

13 -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sfzg u/l tf]lslbpsf] ;fj{hlgs ;8sdf rssfhfd u/l jf cgo s'g} k sf/n] To:tf] ;8s ;'rf kdf ;~rfng ug{ afwf Jojwfg v8f ug{, -v_ ;/sf/l, ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut ;jf/l ;fwg, 3/ jf ;DklQ tf]8kmf]8, cfuhgl jf n'6kf6 u/l Iflt k' ofpg jf To:tf] ;jf/l ;fwg jf 3/ huufdf hjh{:tl k j]z ug{ jf To:tf] ;jf/l ;fwg, 3/ jf ;DklQ sahfdf lng, / -u_ ;/sf/l tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / lzif0f ;+:yfdf tfnfagbl h:tf s'g} sfo{ u/l ca/f]w k' ofpg. -@_ s;}n] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} sfd u/]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s;"/sf] k s[lt x]/l bz xhf/ k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo ug{ / lghn] u/]sf] xfgl gf]s;fglsf] lauf] lghaf6 c;'n u/l lghnfo{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5. -#_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] o; bkmf adf]lhd sf/afxl ubf{ ;+lifkt sfo{lalw adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfpg]5. -$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] u/]sf] ;hfo pk/ lrq ga' g] JolQmn] k}+tl; lbgleq ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5. &= k x/l L sd{rf/l ;DaGwL clwsf/ / st{jo M -!_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, O{nfsf k x/l sfof{no / k x/l rf}sl ;d]t 7Ls cj:yfdf /x] g/x]sf], k x/l sd{rf/l / clws[t hjfgx n] sfg"g adf]lhd sfd sf/jfxl u/] gu/]sf] egg] s'/fsf] cfjzos hffra' u/l ;f] ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ kg{]5 M -s_ lhnnf k x/l sfof{no, Onfsf k x/l sfof{no / k x/l rf}sl ;d]tdf 36Ldf sd;]sd jif{sf] Ps k6s clgjfo{ kdf lg/lif0f ug{' kg{]5. To;sf] k ltj]bg ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnodf k7fpg' kg{]5. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 13

14 -v_ k x/l clws[tx sf] g]sljbl / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k ltj]bg k To]s jif{ kf}if d;fgt / cfiff9 d;fgtdf jif{sf] b'o{ k6s ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnodf k7fpg' kg{]5. -u_ lhnnfsf] k x/l ;DaGwL s'g} sfdsf] agbf]j:t ug{' kg{] b]lvg cfpdf cfˆgf]] /fo ;d]t k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnodf n]vl k7fpg' kg{]5. -3_ k x/l sd{rf/ln] cfˆgf]] st{jo kfng ubf{ sfg"g ljk/lt sfo{ u/]sf] cfwf/df s;}n] ph'/ u/]df cfjzos 5fgljg u/l cfˆgf]] l;kmfl/; Pj+ /fo ;lxt cfjzos sf/jfo{sf] nflu ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnodf k ltj]bg k :t't ug{' kg{]5. *= d'2f dfldnf / k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL clwsf/ M -!_ b]xfosf d'2fx df z' sf/jfxl / lsgf/f ug{] clwsf/ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] x'g]5 M -s_ kffr;o k}off;dd lauf] epsf] ;fwf/0f rf]/l d'2f, -v_ aunldf/f d'2f, -u_ == === === === === -3_ gk'u gfktf}n k of]u u/l 7u]sf] d'2f, -ª_ rnl cfpsf] b]jl b]jtfsf] :yfgdf afx]s :qlhflt rf}kfof df/]sf] ;DaGwL d'2f, -@_ pkbkmf -!_ cgtu{tsf k6s] ghlgg] d'2fdf a9ldf kffr;o k}off;dd hl/jfgf u/l l5g]sf] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] lg0f{o clgtd x'g]5 / lghsf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfug]5}g. kffr;o k}off egbf a9l hl/jfgf u/l l5g]sf] jf k6s] hlgg] d'2fdf lghsf] lg0f{o pk/ k}+tl; lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug]5. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xl cgo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo åf/f vf/]h. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. Gofo k zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ åf/f vf/]h. 14

15 -#_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] cfkm'sxff k/]sf] ph'/lx sf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} :ql jf gfjfnssf] wg ;'/lift ;fy /fvg nufpg cfjzos b]v]df gu/kflnsf jf ufpf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;xof]u lno{ ;f] wg lhnnfsf s'g} ugodfgo JolQm jf ;/sf/l sfof{nosf] lhddfdf ;'/lift /fvg nufpg ;Sg]5. -$_ === === === === === -%_ === === === === === -^_ === === === k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] of] P]g jf k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd d'2f dfldnfx sf] sf/jfxl / lsgf/f ubf{ h'g P]g cgtu{t d'2f dfldnfsf] sf/jfxl / lsgf/f ug{] xf] ;f] P]g ;d]t pnn]v u/l k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq sf/jfxl / lsgf/f ug{' kb{5. (= k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] cgo sfd, st{jo / clwsf/ M -!_ cddn vfo{ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf a;]/ nfk/afxl ;fy af]nl lx+8\g] jf hyfefjl ug{] JolQmnfO{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] kqmg nufo{ cddnn] g5f8];dd y'gg ;Sg]5 / cddnn] 5f8]kl5 lghnfo{ df}lvs gl;xt lbg / km]l/ klg ;f]xl s;"/ u/]df lghnfo{ k6s} lkr5] a9ldf ❷ Ps xhf/ k}off;dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ j]jfl/;l dfn;fdfg s'g} 7fpFdf kfopdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] d'n'sl P]g, snof0f wgsf] dxn adf]lhd ug{' u/fpg' kb{5. -#_ ;/sf/l jf cfˆgf 3/fo;L sfddf s'g} ;/sf/l sd{rf/ln] s;}nfo{ klg lagf kfl/>lds s/sfkn] sfd ug{ nufpdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] lgh pk/ k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxl rnfpg jf lghfdtl ;]jf lgodfjnl cg';f/ ljefulo sf/afxlsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljefulo k d'v ;dif n]vl k7fpg ;Sg]5. -$_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] af3, lrt'jf jf cgo lx+; s hgjf/n] cfˆgf lhnnfleqsf s'g} 7fpFdf b'mv lbpsf] s'/f gu/kflnsf jf ufpf ljsf; ;ldltn] k ltj]bg t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 15

16 u/]df ;f] hgfj/nfo{ dfg{ nufo{ 5fnf Pj+ z/l/sf cgo efu ;DalGwt jg sfof{nodf a' folbg jf ❷ jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dgqfnon] lgb{]zg lbp adf]lhd ug{' kb{5. -%_ s;}n] s'g} dfn;fdfg laqml ubf{ cg'lrt gfkmf vfo{ gfhfoh kmfobf p7fpdf To:tf] ljqm]tfnfo{ v/lb laqml epsf] dfn;fdfgsf] kl/df0f / df]nsf] ljrf/ u/l k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] Ps xhf/ k}off;dd hl/jfgf jf tlg dxlgf;dd s}b ug{ jf b'a} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5. k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] lbpsf] ;hfodf lrq ga' g] JolQmn] k}+tl; lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5. -^_ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] cfˆgf]] lhnnfleqsf] ;fj{hlgs wf/f, s'jf, kf]v/l, kfw]/f], kf6l kf}jf, ;Qn wd{zfnf, dlgb/, u'kmf, k'n cflbsf] nut lno{ /fvg'k5{ / etsl lau L, gf]s;fg x'g nfu]df To;sf] wgl, jfl/; gu/kflnsf jf ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt jf u'7l ;+:yfgåf/f d/dt ug{ nufpg' kb{5. -^s_ ;/sf/l huuf jf ;fj{hlgs huufdf cfˆgf]] xs sfod ge} s;}n] 3/ agfpg' x'fb}g. s;}n] To:tf] huufdf 3/ agfpdf jf agfpg k otg u/]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ 3/ agfpg /f]ssf ug{] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5. To:tf] cfb]z lbfbf 3/ agfo{ ;s]sf] jf agfo{/x]sf] ep Ps dlxgfleq 3/ etsfo{ n}hfg ;d]t cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5. ;f] Dofbleq 3/ etsfo{ gnfu]df To:tf] 3/ agfpg]nfo{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] kffrxhf/ k}off;dd hl/afgf u/l To:tf] 3/ etsfpg ;Sg]5 / To;/L 3/ etsfpfbf nfu]sf] vr{ ;d]t ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{ ;Sg]5. :ki6ls/0fm -!_ o; pkbkmfsf] k of]hgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs huuf eggfn] k/fk"j{b]lv lx+l8cfpsf] af6f], ;8s, uf}r/, kfgl3f6, lrxfg, d;fg3f6, s'jf, ;fj{hlgs kf]v/l, kf]v/lsf] l8n, vfg] kfglsf] d"n, ufo{ j:t' lgsfng] lgsf;, xf6d]nf nfug] 7fpF, ;fj{hlgs dgf]/ghg / v]ns"b ug]{ 7fpF, To:t} ;fj{hlgs kdf rng eo{ cfpsf] jf ;+lw;k{g kg{] ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. s]xl g]kfn P]g -;+zf]wg_ åf/f yk. 16

17 huuf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] sdf}6 gug{' egl af ofopsf] jf /f]ssf /flvpsf] huufnfo{ hgfpfb5. -@_ o; pkbkmfsf] k of]hgsf] nflu 3/ eggfn] v/, km'; jf l6gsf] 5fgf epsf] jf gepsf] 5fk f] / srrl agf}6nfo{ ;d]t hgfpfb5. -&_ s'g} JolQm ax'nfpsf] 5 / To;nfO{ lgogq0fdf g/fvl To;} 5f8f /fv]df ;DalGwt JolQm jf ;dfhnfo{ vt/f x'g5 egg] nfu]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] d'n'sl P]g Onfh ug{]sf] dxnsf] ^ gda/ adf]lhd ug{' u/fpg' kb{5. -*_ s;}nfo{ s;};fusf] gftfsf] k df0fkq rflxof] egl k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l ;dif lgj]bg lbg cfpdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] hffrl a' L 7Ls 7x/]df kffr k}off b:t'/ lno{ cfjzos k df0fkq lbg ;Sg]5. -(_ pkbkmf -!_ / -&_ n] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u u/l k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxlsf] cfb]z pk/ lrq ga' g] JolQmn] To:tf] cfb]z epsf] k}+tl; lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5. -!)_ k/dk/fb]lv rlncfpsf] wfld{s k"hf cfhf rnfpg' kg{] cj:yfdf afx]s a'4 hogtl, s[i0f hgdfi6dl, dxflzj/fql, /fdgjdl / PsfbzLsf] kj{sf] lbg jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l kz'k+ifl jw ug{ dgfo{ u/l tf]lslbpsf] wfld{s :yndf s;}n] kz'kg5lsf] jw u/]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] lghnfo{ kffr;o k}off;dd hl/afgf ug{ ;Sg]5 / k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] To:tf] hl/afgfsf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfug]5}g. -!!_ gu/kflnsf If]qleq s;}n] ufo{ j:t'nfo{ ;8sdf 5f8f 5f]8g x'fb}g / o;/l s;}n] ufo{ j:t'nfo{ ;8sdf 5f8f 5f]8]df / To:tf] 5f8f ufo{ j:t'nfo{ ;DalGwt gu/kflnsfn] kqml gy'g]sf] cj:yfdf k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] To:tf] ufo{ j:t'nfo{ kqml lghn] pko'qm ;+ ]sf] t/lsf ckgfo{ lnnfd laqml ug{' kg{]5 / lnnfd laqmlaf6 cfpsf] Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. bf]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. 17

18 /sd lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sf]ifdf bflvnf ug{' kg{]5. lnnfd laqml x'fbf s;}n] g;sf/]df k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] To:tf] ufo{ j:t'nfo{ ufo{ j:t'sf] wgl afx]s c s;}nfo{ lagf df]n x:tfgt/0f ug{ ;Sg]5. :ki6ls/0fm o; pkbkmfsf] k of]hgsf] nflu -!_ æufo{ j:t'æ eggfn] uf], e}+;l, /ffuf, 3f]8f, e]8f / afv f ;d]tnfo{ hgfpg]5. -@_ æ5f8f ufo{ j:t'æ eggfn] ufo{ j:t'sf] wgln] uf]7fnf jf c s'g} JolQm gnufo{ ;8s af6f]df 5f]l8/fv]sf] ufo{ j:t' ;D g' k5{. -!@_ pkbkmf -!!_ pnn+3g ug{] ufo{ j:t'sf] wglnfo{ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] cfb]zn] b'o{ ;o k}off;dd hl/afgf x'g]5 / pqm ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfug]5. t/ 5f8f ufo{ j:t'sf] wgln] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntaf6 ;kmfo{ kfp klg pkbkmf -!!_ adf]lhd 5f8f ufo{ j:t'sf] lnnfd jf x:tfgt/0f eo;s]sf] s'/fdf ;f] cbfntsf] km};nfn] s'g} k lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] dflgg] 5}g.!)= === === === === === === ===!)s= ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] clen]v M -!_ ;e{] gfkl gs;faf6 jf nfndf]x/, v8\u lgzfgf, tfd kq, lznfkq jf To:t} cflwsfl/s lnvtaf6 b]lvpsf ;fj{hlgs huuf, kf6l, kf}jf, ;Qn, kfs{, kf]v/l, s'jf, uf}r/, lgsf; OToflbsf nut k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsf] sfof{non] t}of/ u/l To;sf] clen]v /fvl To;sf] Ps Ps k ltlnlk dfnkf]t sfof{no / lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nonfo{ lbg' kg{]5. -@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plnnlvt ;fj{hlgs huuf, kf6l, kf}jf, ;Qn, kfs{, kf]v/l, s'jf, uf}r/, lgsf; OToflb g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jls[lt glno{ s;}n] cfjfb ug{ jf cfjfb ug{] cg'dlt lbg' x'fb}g. cfjfb u/]df jf ug{ cg'dlt lbpdf ;f] ug{ jf ug{] cg'dlt lbg] JolQmnfO{ lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf jf tlg dlxgf;dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5. bf]>f] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. s]xl g]kfn P]g -;+zf]wg_ åf/f vf/]h. s]xl g]kfn P]g -;+zf]wg_ åf/f yk. 18

19 -#_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs huuf, kf6l, kf}jf, ;Qn, kfs{, kf]v/l, s'jf, uf}r/, lgsf; OToflb s;}n] btf{ u/fpsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] btf{ ab/ x'g]5. ;f] adf]lhd btf{ ab/ u/fpg s'g} xbdofb x'g] 5}g. kl/r5]b $ ljljw!!= clwsf/ k Tofof]hgM -!_ cbfnt afx]s cgo s'g} clwsf/l jf ;+:yfnfo{ of] P]g jf cgo s'g} k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd k fkt eo/x]sf] clwsf/x dwo] ;a} jf s]xl g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k sflzt u/l ;DalGwt lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt jf cgo s'g} clwsf/ln] k of]u ug{ kfpg] u/l k bfg ug{ ;Sg]5. -@_ ======== -#_ ========= -#s_ of] P]g jf cgo k rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"nfo{ k fkt clwsf/dwo] ;a} jf s]xl clwsf/ If]qLo k zf;sn] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l jf cfˆgf]] dftxtsf s'g} clws[tnfo{ k Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/l clwsf/ k Tofof]hg u/]sf] ;"rgf u[x dgqfnonfo{ t' Gt lbg' kg]{5. -$_ of] P]g jf cgo k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"nfo{ k fkt epsf] clwsf/x dwo] ;a} jf s]xl clwsf/x k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] cfˆgf]] dftxtsf] s'g} clws[tnfo{ k Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/l clwsf/ k Tofof]hg u/]sf] ;"rgf ❷ If]qLo k zf;s / u[x dgqfnonfo{ t' Gt lbg' kb{5. t/ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] d'2f x]g{] clwsf/ k Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] 5}g.!@= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o; P]gsf] p2]zo sfof{lgjt ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg]5. t]; f] ;+zf]wgåf/f l lspsf]. rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f yk. ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. Gofo k zf;g åf/f ;+zf]lwt. 19

20 !#= d'2f ;g{] M k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ttsfnlg c~rnfwlz ;dif bfo/ e} l5gg affsl /x]sf d'2fx dwo] k'g/fj]bg txsf d'2fx ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf / cgo d'2fx ;DalGwt k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lsxff ;g{]5g\.!$= arfpm of] P]g jf o; P]g cgtu{tsf] lgoddf n]lvpsf] s'/fdf ;f]xl adf]lhd / c df k rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5.!%= vf/]h M b]xfosf g]kfn sfg"gx vf/]h ul/psf] 5 M -s_ :yfglo k zf;g -v_ dw]z uf]zjf/f -u_ sf7df8f}f pktosf~rn sldzg/ d]lhi6]«6sf] -3_ uf}+8f uf]zjf/f ;DaGwL k zf;g -;fdflhs Joj:yf_ -ª_ dw]z uf]zjf/f -kxf8tkm{ ;d]t_ nfu" ug{] :yfglo k zf;g lgliqmo epkl5 To;sf] kl/0ffdm :yfglo k zf;g lgliqmo epkl5 csf{] clek fo gb]lvpdf ;f] lgliqmotfn] M -s_ lgliqmo x'fbfsf] avt rntl gepsf] jf sfod g/x]sf] s'g} s'/f klg hufpg] 5}g, -v_ ;f] cwofb]z adf]lhd rfn" epsf] s'/f jf ;f] adf]lhd /Lt k' ofo{ cl3 g} ul/psf] s'g} sfd jf ef]ul;s]sf] s'g} ;hfonfo{ c;/ kfg]{ 5}g. -u_ ;f] cwofb]z adf]lhd kfpsf, xfl;n u/]sf] jf ef]u]sf] s'g} xs, ;'ljwf, st{jo jf bflotjdf c;/ kfg{] 5}g, -3_ ;f] cwofb]z lj 4 u/]sf] s'g} ck/fwdf ul/psf] s'g} b08 ;hfo jf hkmtnfo{ c;/ kfg{] 5}g, / -ª_ dfly n]lvpsf] s'g} To:tf] xs, ;'ljwf, st{jo, bflotj, b08 ;hfo jf hkmt ;DaGwdf epsf] s'g} sfg"gl sf/jfxl jf pkfodf c;/ kfg{] 5}g / pqm cwofb]z sfod /x] ;/x To:tf] s'g} sfg"gl sf/jfxl jf pkfonfo{ z' ug{, hf/l /fvg jf nfu" ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf] b08 ;hfo klg ug{ ;lsg]5. b J6Jo M!= :yfglo k zf;g -t]; f] ;+zf]wg_ sf] bkmf!% lgdg adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M 20

21 kfgt/ M of] P]g / cgo k rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf k of]u epsf] ælhnnf sfof{noæ egg] zabx sf] ; f ælhnnf k zf;g sfof{noæ egg] zabx /fvl kfgt/ ul/psf] s]xl g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ adf]lhd kfgt/ epsf zabx M æ>l % sf] ;/sf/æ egg] zabsf] ; f æg]kfn ;/sf/æ. #= u0ftgq ;'b[9ls/0f tyf s]xl g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ 4f/f æ>l % sf] k zl:tæ / æclw/fhoæ egg] zjbx? lemlspsf 5g\. 21

22 ❷ cg';"rl -bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_ ljsf;if]q, c~rn / lhnnfx sf] gfd qm=;+= ljsf;if]q c~rn lhnnf!= k"jf{~rn ljsf;if]q!= d]rl!= kffry/ #= Onfd $= sf]zl!= t]x y'd #= wgs'6f $= ef]hk'/ %= df]/ª ^= dwodf~rn ljsf;if]q #= hgsk'/!= /fd]5fk #= l;gw'nl $= wg'iff %= dxf]q/l ^= ;nf{xl ❷ rf}yf] ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt. 22

23 $= ;u/dfyf!= cf]vn9'ëf #= vf]6fª $= pbok'/ %= ;Kt/L ^= l;/fxf %= jfudtl!= /;'jf #= sfe ]knf~rf]s $= eqmk'/ %= nlntk'/ ^= sf7df8f}+ &= g'jfsf]6 *= wflbª ^= gf/fo0fl!= /f}tx6 #= af/f $= k;f{ %= lrtjg #= klzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q &= u08sl!= tgx'f #= dgfª $= ndh'ë %= sf:sl ^= :ofëhf 23

24 *= n'ldagl!= kfnkf #= c3f{vffrl $= gjnk/f;l %= kgb]xl ^= slknj:t' (= wf}nflu/l!= DofUbL #= d':tfª $= afun'ª $= dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q!)= /fktl!= /f]nkf #= Ko"7fg $= ;Nofg %= bfª!!= s0ff{nl!= h'nnf #= sflnsf]6 $= d'u' %= e]/l!= b}n]v #= ;'v]{t $= affs] %= alb{of 24

25 %= ;'b"/klzrdf~rn ljsf;if]q!#= ;]tl!= a fª #= c5fd $= 8f]6L %= s}nfnl!$= dxfsfnl!= a}t8l #= 88]nw'/f $= s~rgk'/ 25