3d/fh n'o 6]n dw' cfrfo{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x

Transkript

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2 g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Oltj[QfGt n]vg 3d/fh n'o 6]n dw' cfrfo{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x 1

3 n]vg 3d/fh n'o 6]n d3' cfrfo{ sdko'6/ l8hfog a]lagf >]i7 klxnf] 5flkPsf] k lt!))) d'b s b k ]; cglnld6]8 -k f_ ln, ;fdfv';l, kmf]gm #%^#(% g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Oltj[QfGt k sfzs sdo'lgs];g cl;:6]g;\ kmfpg8];g (CAF, Netherland) sf] ;xof]udf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x yfkfynl, sf7df8f} + 2

4 ljifo ;"rl /]l8of] ;u/dfyf Pkm=Pd= ($=^ & d]6«f] Pkm=Pd= ($=^ #% /]l8of] n'ldagl (^=* ^! /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f!)^=( &( lxdr'nl /]l8of] /]l8of] 3f]8f3f]8L Pkm=Pd=!$# kof{j/0f rqm /]l8of]!$$ /]l8of] d'lqmgfy!$% ljho ;fd'bflos /]l8of]!$^ ;fokfn /]l8of]!$& /]l8of] e]/l!$* t'n;lk'/ Pkm=Pd=!$( ;f]n' Pkm=Pd=!%) /]l8of] e]/l cfjfh!%!?kgb]xl /]l8of] s0ff{nl!%# ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/s ;+3!%$ 3

5 { xfd f] egg' ;fd'bflos /]l8of] g]kfnl hghljgsf] clegg c+u alg;s]sf] ep klg o;;dagwl clxn];dd s'g} cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h tof/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ljljw ;}4flGts kif ;d]6]/ s]xl k':tsx ;fj{hlgs gepsf xf]ogg\ t/ logn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f eg] 5f]Psf 5}gg\. g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of];dagwl cwoog / cg';gwfg ug{ rfxg] JolQmx sf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu Lx sf] cefj 5. g]kfnl ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] cg'ej ;d]l6psf] b:tfj]hsf] cefjdf Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ef]u]sf ;d:of, r'gf}tl / Jojwfg tyf xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej / pknlawx af/] csf] /]l8of] :6];g cgle1 x' bf k fom Ps} vfnsf ;d:ofx k'g/fj[lq eo/x]sf] Jofjxfl/s cj:yf 5. csf] {lt/ b]zaflx/sf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]k lt rfv /fvg] ljlegg JolQm tyf ;:yfx n] klg ;Gbe{ ;fdu Lx sf] cefjdf g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgaf/] oyfy{ hfgsf/l kfpg ufx f] kl/x]sf] l:ylt 5. gof ;fd'bflos /]l8of] vf]ng nfu]sf / vf]ng] ;f]r agfpsf ;d'bfosf nflu klg eo/x]sf /]l8of]x sf] cg'ejnfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ cfkm\gf] efjl /0fgLlt to ug{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu Lsf] cefj b]lvg5. ;fy} ;/sf/nfo{ klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] ;+ufn]sf] cg'ej, logn] ;d'bfodf k' ofpsf] of]ubfg, ef]u]sf sl7gfo / r'gf}tlx af/] tyok/s lj:t[t hfgsf/l gepsf sf/0f ;xl gllt lgdf{0f ug{ låljwf k/]sf] 5. log} cefjnfo{ Ps xb;dd k"/f ug] { p2]zon] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] n]vsx nfo{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] kl/ro;dagwl ;Gbe{ ;fdu L tof/ ug] { lhdd]jf/l ;'ldkof]. of] lhdd]jf/lcg'?k ;fn h]7 ( ut]b]lv ;~rfng eo/x]sf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnufot xfn k"0f{?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ^ j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] lj:t[t kl/ro of] k':tsdf ;d]6]sf 5f} +. o;afx]s k ljlw k/lif0fdf /x]sf b'o{j6f / k ;f/0ff]gd'v!@ j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] ;fdfgo hfgsf/l ;d]6\g] k of; u/]sf 5f}+. xfdln] of] k':tsdf k ljlw k/lif0fdf /x]sf b'o{j6f / k ;f/0ff]gd'v!@ j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x afx]s k"0f{k ;f/0fdf /x]sf ^ j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, clek ]/0ff, nif, p2]zo, ;+:yfut ;+r/rgf, sfo{qmd, hgzlqm, >f]tf, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g, lg/gt/tf / r'gf}tlsf cfwf/ agfp/ :6];gx sf] k"0f{ kl/ro lbg] hdsf] { u/]sf 5f} +. of] k':tsdf ;d]l6psf tyox xfdln] :ynut e d0f, ;DalGwt :6];gx sf cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hx sf] cwoog / :yfkgfsf ljljw kifdf ;+nug kbflwsf/lx, rf;f] /fvg] JolQmx ; u s'/fsfgl u/]/ ;+sng u/]sf xf} +. xfd f] cwoogsf cfwf/df ;/;tl{ x]bf{, k fom ;a} :6];gx n] sfo{qmd cyjf Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfonfo{ ;xeful u/fpg] ;Sbf] k of; u/]sf] b]lvg5. cu 0fL /]l8of] ;u/dfyfaf6 k efljt epsf ;a} :6];gsf sfo{qmdsf 9k / z}nl k fom ;dfg vfnsf 5g\. t/ ;a} /]l8of] :6];gn] cfkm\gf] 4

6 ;d'bfosf] cfjzostfnfo{ Wofgdf /fvl :yfglo ljifoj:t' / njhdf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ k of; u/]sf sf/0f legg} :jfb lbpsf 5g\. oxl ljljwtfn] ubf{ s]xl :6];gx ;d'bfodfem cfkm\gf] ljlzi6 klxrfg agfpg ;kmn 5g\ / s]xl oxl af6f]sf] cg';/0f ub} {5g\. :6];g ;~rfng ubf{sf ;d:of, r'gf}tl / cg'ej 7fp x]/l cf cfkm\g} vfnsf ep klg lg/gt/tf / :yflotj;dagwl ;a}n] p:t} vfnsf] cg'ej ;+ufn]sf 5g\. ;du df x]bf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x k ;f/0fdf cfpkl5 g]kfnl ;dfhdf ufp tx;dd g} ;"rgf k jfxdf qmflgt cfpsf] 5. cgtdf, of] k':ts tof/ ug{ ] lhdd]jf/l lbpsf]df g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnl tyf ;d"xsf sfo{sf/l lgb] {zs cf]d v8\sfk lt xfdl cfef/l 5f} +. ;fy} tyo ;+sngsf qmddf ;xof]u k' ofpg] ;Dk"0f{ /]l8of] :6];gsf ;~rfns ;ldlt, :6];g Dofg]h/, k"j{ kbflwsf/lx sfo{qmd lgdf{tf / ;+rfns tyf z'e]r5'sx nfo{ ;xof]usf nflu x[bob]lv g} wgojfb 1fkg ub{5f}+. of] k':tsdf sfd ubf{sf qmddf s]xl sdlsdhf]/l epsf x'g ;S5g\. x]/]/ ;'emfj lbgx'g klg c'g/f]w u5f}{. wgojfb. n]vsx M 3d/fh n'o 6]n dw' 5

7 6

8 7

9 {!= P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfgbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j?k ax'bnlo k hftgqsf] k'g:yf{kgf eof]. of] hgcfgbf]ngsf] pknlawsf ;fnsf] k hftflgqs ;+ljwfg hf/l eof]. ;+ljwfgn] ;a} gful/snfo{ n]vg] / af]ng] :jtgqtfsf] k Tofe"lt lbnfof]. ;+ljwfgsf] of] k fjwfgn] k~rfotlsfndf v'dr]/ /x]sf kqklqsfsf] ljsf; qmdzm x'g yfnof]. t/ k ;f/0fdf eg] ;/sf/åf/f lgolgqt /]l8of] g]kfnn] emg8} cfwf bzsb]lv cflwkto / Psflwsf/ hdfo/x]sf] lyof]. ;+ljwfgdf k hftgq cfpsf] ep klg jf:tljs hgtfsf nflu k ;f/0fdf k hftgq cfpg ;s]sf] lypg. k~rfotl Joj:yfdf h:t} /]l8of] g]kfnnfo{ ;Qfsf] k zl:t ufpgd} ;Lldt ul/psf] lyof]. gllt, lgdf{tf / zf;s;dd hgtfsf cfjfh h:tfsf] t:t} k' ofpg] dfwod lypg. l9nf] v'n]sf] -@)$!_ g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] cj:yf klg o:t} lyof]. ljzjd} klxnf]kn6 ;+o'qm /fho cd]l/sfdf KDKA sf] :jtgq k ;f/0f ;'? epsf] &) jif{ eo;s]sf] lyof]. ;+;f/el/s} k j[lqnfo{ x]g] { xf] eg] klg t]; f] ljzj cem Pl;ofdf k ;f/0f dfwodnfo{ /fhon] cfkm\g} lgogq0fdf /fvg] u/]sf] kfog5. blif0f Pl;ofsf] ;a}egbf k'/fgf] / 7"nf] k hftflgqs b]z ef/td} klg k ;f/0f dfwodnfo{ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] lgogq0faf6 aflx/ hfg lbpsf] lypg. c? b]zsf] klg cj:yf o:t} lyof]. g]kfn klg o;af6 c5't lypg. t/ g]kfn clw/fhosf] ;+ljwfg ljzjs} s]xl pts[i6 pbf/ k hftflgqs ;+ljwfgdwo]sf] Ps lyof]. k~rfotl zf;gsf] ;fndf hf/l ul/psf] ;~rf/ gllt k~rfotnfo{ g} dnhn ug] / k~rfotk lt jkmfbf/ kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; ug] { vfnsf] lyof] h'g k hftflgqs Joj:yfdf :jlsfo{ x'g] s'/} lypg. k hftflgqs ;/sf/nfo{ gof pbf/ ;~rf/ gllt agfpg bafa kl//x]sf] lyof]. oxl k[i7e"lddf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] ttsfnlg /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o g/xl/ cfrfo{sf] ;+of]hstjdf /fli6«o ;~rf/ gllt d:of}bf sfo{bn u7g u of]. ;+of]ujz, of] sfo{;ldltdf ;~rf/ If]qsf tkm{af6 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf ttsfnlg dxf;lrj /fh]gb bfxfn ;b:odf dgf]glt x'g'eof]. g]kfndf PkmPd k ljlwsf] /]l8of] leqøfpgsf nflu epsf k of;sf] klxnf] s8l jf v'8\lsnf g} /fh]gb bfxfnsf] dgf]gog x'g ;fnsf] cgtolt/ sfo{bn u7g epsf] lyof]. Tof] a]nfsf s'/f ;Dem b} /fh]gb bfxfn egg'x'g5 æpkmpd k ;f/0f eljiosf] Pp6f ;a}egbf a9l lskmfotl, a9l nf]slk o / cem g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cem a9l pkof]ul x'g ;S5 To;df hfg'k5{ eg]/ xfdl 5nkmn uyof} {.Æ t/ sfo{bnsf w]/} dfg5]sf nflu of] cfzro{sf] ljifo agg k'u]5. cg'bf/ k j[lq af]s]sf / k~rfotl Joj:yfdf klg 7fp d} a;]sf sd{rf/l ju{nfo{ of] s'/fn] em:sfpsf] lyof]. pglx /]l8of] lghl If]qdf lbg] s'/fsf] snkgf;dd ug{ ;Sb}gy]. bfxfn egg'x'g5 æsltkonfo{ xfd f s'/fn] cfzro{df kf/]sf] lyof] / egy], s] eg]sf] xf]nf of], /]l8of] klg lghl If]qnfO{ lbg], of] cln u}/lhdd]bf/ s'/f eof], t/ s'/f ub} { hf bf ;a}egbf a9l sfo{bnsf ;+of]hs g/xl/ cfrfo{ ;sf/ftds b]lvg'eof]. pxf sf nflu of] ljifo gf}nf] lyof] t/ pxf n] t'?gt} cftd;ft ug{ ;Sg'eof]. o;n] ubf{ /fli6«o ;~rf/ glltdf PkmPd /]l8of];dagwl Joj:yf /fvg ;lsof]. 8

10 bz jif{;ddsf nflu pko'qm ;fnb]lv sfd yflnpsf] /fl6«o ;~rf/ gllt d:of}bf k"/f x' ;fn e] fof]. of] ;fnd} hf/l eof]. /fli6«o ;~rf/ df PkmPd k 0ffnLcGtu{t lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug{ lbg]af/] Ps jfso k/]sf] lyof]. Tof] jfso xf] æk ;f/0f P]gcGtu{t /xl lghl If]qsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfo{ klg lglzrt If]qdf lk msj]g;l df]8'n];g -PkmPd_ k ;f/0f k 0ffnL :yfkgf u/l lziffk b / dgf]/ghgftds sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug{ lbog].æ!=! ;+3if{sf r/0fx g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf ttsfnlg sfo{sf/l lgb] {zs cf]d v8\sfsf cg';f/, ;d"x ;~rf/ If]qdf /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ljsnk rflxg5 egg] 7fGbYof] / /fli6«o ;~rf/ gllt cfo;s]kl5 k/lif0f:j?k PkmPd /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf nflu ;/sf/;dif lgj]bg xfnof]. æxfdln] PkmPd /]l8of]af/] ;'g]sf t lyof} + t/ PkmPd /]l8of] s;/l ;~rfng x'g5 egg]af/] xfdlnfo{ 1fg lypg. glltdf epsf] Joj:yf sfof{gjog x' bf]/x]5 ls /x]g5 eg]/ hf r ug{ klg xfdln] /]l8of] ;~rfngsf nflu lgj]bg lbof} +. t/ P]g 5}g eg]/ ;/sf/l kbflwsf/ln] hjfkm lbpkl5 km]l/ P]g agfpg] sfo{df nljª ;'? u of}+. P]g cfof]. km]l/ lgj]bg lbof}+. km]l/ lgodfjnl 5}g eg]/ ;/sf/n] Ohfht lbpg. lgodfjnlsf nflu klg nljª u of}+. lgodfjnl klg cfof]. t}klg ljlegg axfgfdf k ;f/0f Ohfht kfpg ;lspg t/ klg /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { xfd f] c7f]6 emg\ b[9 x' b} uof]. xfdl n8l g} /x\of}+,æ cf]d v8\sf tl lbg ;Dem b} ;fnd} /fli6«o k ;f/0f P]g cfof]. t/ lgodfjnl agg sl/a tlg jif{ nfuof]. :jtgq /]l8of]sf nflu ;+3if{ hf/l g} /x\of]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf nflu /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f Ohfht r'gf}tl, cleofg / k lti7fsf] ljifo;d]t agof]. ;d"xn] ;s];ddsf] bafa ;/sf/nfo{ lbof]. ttsfnlg dxf;lrj d'/f/l l;jfsf]6l egg'x'g5 ænfo;]g;sf nflu n8\g] ;+:yfsf] zlqm / ljzj;glotf ;fy} g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox sf] ;~rf/ dfwoddf kx' rsf sf/0f ;d"xsf s'/f k rf/df cfp. o:tf s'/fn] ;/sf/nfo{ 7"nf] bafa k/]sf] lyof]. c? s'g} ;+:yfn] k ;f/0f Ohfhtsf nflu n8]sf ep xfdln] kfpsf]egbf klg l9nf] kfpg ;Sy]. jf:tjdf ;/sf/l kbflwsf/lx sf nflu of] Pp6f 7"nf] xfpu'hl g} epsf] lyof] / lrghfg x'g] xfd f ;fylx n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] eg]sf] /fif; g} leqøfpg vf]h]sf] xf]og, o;n] /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Psflwsf/ hf b}g eg]/ ljzj:t kfg' {k/]sf] lyof].æ /fli6«o ;~rf/ hf/l epkl5 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] Psflt/ k/lif0fsf nflu PkmPd k ;f/0fsf] Ohfht dfu u of] eg] csf{lt/ hgzlqm ljsf;sf k of; klg hf/l /fvof]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] cfu xdf o'g]:sf]sf] International Programme for Development of Communication (IPDC) n] g]kfndf PkmPd /]l8of] kl/of]hgfsf] ;Defjgf / cfjzostfaf/] cwoog u of]. lziff dgqfno o'g]:sf]sf] g]kfnl:yt sfof{no dflgg5 / lziff dgql k ltlglw. k fljlws lx;fan] of] kl/of]hgf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf nflu o'g]:sf]n] tof/ kf/]sf] lyof]. o'g]:sf]n] ;/sf/sf] ;xdlta]u/ sfo{ gug] { rngcg';f/ of] kl/of]hgfsf] cwoogkl5 ^ dlxgfleq 9

11 s'g} k ltlqmof ghgfpdf :jtm :jls[t epsf] dflgg]5 egb} o'g]:sf]n] ;/sf/;dif a'emfpsf] k ltj]bgdf sf7df8f} +df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfh:tf ;fd'bflos PkmPd /]l8of]sf] ;fgble{stf / cfjzostf epsf] lgrf]8;lxtsf] ;'emfj lbof]. ;d"xsf ttsfnlg sfo{sf/l lgb] {zs cf]d v8\sfsf cg';f/, ^ dlxgf;dd ;/sf/n] o'g]:sf]nfo{ s'g} k ltlqmof lbpg. k mfg;sf nflu ttsfnlg zfxl g]kfnl /fhb"t s]zj/fh emf o'g]:sf]sf ;d]t g]kfn k ltlglw x'g'x'gyof]. pxf n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgf g]kfndf nfu" ug' {kg] { kifdf jsfnt ug' {epkl5 o'g]:sf]n] ;f] kl/of]hgf sfof{gjog ug]{ lg0f{o u of]. of] lt/sf] lyof]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ b]lv g} hgzlqm ljsf;sf nflu /]l8of] sfo{qmd ptkfbg;dagwl tflnd ;~rfng ug{ yfnsf] lyof]. æxfdl hgzlqm tof/ ug] { / k ljlwut Ifdtf a9fpg] b'j} sfddf nfu]sf lyof}+,æ cf]d v8\sf egg'x'g5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgf :jls[t epkl5 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu # ;b:olo sld6l u7g u of]. of] sld6ldf ttsfnlg dxf;lrj d'/f/l l;jfsf]6l, ttsfnlg sfo{sf/l lgb] {zs cf]d v8\sf / sf]iffwoif /3' d}gfnl x'g'x'gyof]. k fljlws?kdf pk]gb cof{nn] ;xof]u ug{ yfng'epsf] lyof]. kl5nnf] r/0fdf d'/f/l l;jfsf]6l kl/of]hgf lgb] {zs / /3' d}gfnl sfo{qmd ;+of]hs /xg'epsf] lyof]. t/ oxl alrdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgfnfo{ nfo;]g; lbg'sf] ; f /]l8of] g]kfncgtu{t PkmPd sf7df8f} + lagfohfht k ;f/0f u/fp/ ;/sf/n] PkmPd k ;f/0fdf ;d]t cfkm\gf] ar{:j /x]sf] b]vfpg] k of; u of]. Toltv]/sf ;~rf/dgql g]skf Pdfn]sf k blk g]kfn lyp. pgn] cfwf bzsb]lv ;+3if{ ub} { cfpsf hgtfsf xftdf PkmPd /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg'sf] ;f6f] cfkm\g} lgogq0fdf /x]sf] /]l8of] sflqs #) ut]b]lv u}/sfg'gl tj/n] PkmPd sf7df8f} + k ;f/0f u/fpg' g} a'l4dfgl ;fndf ttsfnlg /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgfsf pks/0fx o'g]:sf]sf] tkm{af6 eg;f/ 5'6;lxt g]kfn lelqp. r}tsf] dwolt/ o'g]:sf]sf] k fljlws 6f]nL;lxt pks/0f h8fg ug{ OlGhlgo/ dfl6{g Pnf8{ a]nfotaf6 cfpg] epkl5 ;d"xn] pks/0f h8fg / k/lif0f k ;f/0fsf nflu r}t!@ ut] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnodf æ!* r}tb]lv pks/0f h8fg ug' {kg] { epsfn] ;f]sf nflu c:yfol lk msj]g;l kfp Æ egl cg'/f]w;lxt lgj]bg lbof] t/ dgqfnon] klxn]h:t} s'g} hjfkm k7fpg. oltv]/;dddf bh{gegbf a9l k6s dgqfno; u kqfrf/ eo;s]sf] lyof]. ;d"xn] s]xl hjfkm glbg'nfo{ dgqfno ;sf/ftds epsf] cy{ lgsfnb} k/] sfg'gl sf/afxl ;xg];ddsf] dgl:ylt agfo{ r}t!* b]lv k ljlw k/lif0f ug] { lg0f{o u of] r}t!* ;Dd sfnwf/faf6 w'g ahfp/ k ljlw k/lif0f;d]t u of]. o;sf nflu dfl6{g Pnf8{; u} jl/i7 k fljlws ofbj 7fs'/ tyf OlGhlgo/ /f]zg lji6sf] dxœjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x\of]. ttsfnlg /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgfsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnln] of] ljifodf æ:yfglo /]l8of] ;Defjgf / pkof]lutfæ k':tsdf n]vg'epsf] 5 æof] cjlwdf /]l8of] g]kfnn] PkmPd sf7df8f} +sf] k ;f/0f ;do lghl If]qnfO{ a]rof]. ;~rf/ dgqfno /]l8of] g]kfnsf xflsdx PkmPddf lghl If]qsf] ;xeflutf eg]sf] oxl xf] egb} xf:of:kb k rf/ ug{ yfn]. 10

12 { ;~rf/ dfwodsf] ljsf;df k hftgqnfo{ vt/f b]vg] zf;sx nfo{ 7f8f] r'gf}tl lbg] b':;fxl;s ljsnkdfq xfd f;fd' lyof]. /]l8of] k ;f/0f ;'? ubf{ ls t h]n ofqfsf] Oltxf; ls t blif0f Pl;ofs} nflu gof tyf k ]/0ffbfoL Oltxf;. P]g, lgod kn6fof} +, sfg'g Joj;foLx af6 ;Nnfx lnof} +. xfdln] Ohfhtlagf /]l8of] k ;f/0f ;'? ubf{ cbfntn] bf]ifl 7x ofpsf] v08df Ps jif{ s}b jf!) xhf/?k}of hl/jfgf jf b'j} ef]ug'kg] /x]5. xb};ddsf] ;hfo ;xg klg xfdl dgh'/ eof}+. ærf/ lbg;dd sfnwf/faf6æ cj}wflgs t/+u sf7df8f} +sf] cfsfzdf kmfnof} +. dgqfnon] wdsofof], k'hl{ sf6\of], xfdln] hd]/ hjfkm lbof} +. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf cleofgsf] kf r jif{ nfdf] k of;, ;/sf/l lg0f{oxlgtf tyf sf/afxlsf] wdsl ;a} s'/fnfo{ ;fj{hlgs u of}+. ;fydf cbfntdf hfgsf nflu l/6 lgj]bgsf] tof/ltkm{ klg nfuof}+.æ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ut]sf] ut] # a' b] :ki6ls/0f g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] gfddf ;f]w]/ kq k7fof]. ;f] kq o:tf] lyof] æ@)%@ ut] PkmPdsf]!)@ d]ufxh{df /]l8of] k ;f/0f ;'lgpsf] / ;f] k ;f/0f To; ;+:yfaf6 epsf] a'lempsf] x' bf b]xfosf] ljifodf # lbgleq oyfy{ ljj/0f o; dgqfnodf lbg'x'g cfb]zfg';f/ cg'/f]w 5.!_ PkmPd k 0ffnLaf6 k ;f/0f Ohfht k fkt gu/l s] s'g sf/0faf6 s] s:tf] sfo{qmd lsg k ;f/0f ug' {epsf] xf] /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug] { Ohfht sxf af6 s;/l k fkt ug' {epsf] xf] < #_ /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug] { 6«fG;ld6/nufot cgo ;fdfgx sxf af6 s] s] Nofpg'ePsf] 5 / ;f] sf] Ohfht sxf af6 k fkt epsf] xf] <Æ Toltv]/ ;"rgfsf] :jtgq k jfxsf nflu ;+3if{/t clwjqmf ;tlzs[i0f v/]nsf cg';f/, of] :ki6ls/0fsf] pq/df ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] s'g} klg kqsf] pq/ glbp/ df}g dgqfno; u c:yfol lk msj]g;l dfu ul/psf]df s'g} k ltlqmof ghgfpkl5 afwo ep/ k/lif0f ug' {k/]sf] / xfdln] k ;f/0f u/]sf] t/+udf s'g} klg ;Gb]z gepsf sf/0f of] k ;f/0f g} xf]og, To;}n] o;nfo{ u}/sfg'gl egg ldnb}g egg] Joxf]/fsf] k To'Q/ kq n]v]kl5 dgqfno km]l/ klg r'krfk a:of] ]. Ps jif{ TolQs} latof]. of] df}gtfdf ;/sf/sf] gsf/ftds efjgf;d]t sfod} lyof]. g]kfn jftj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf ttsfnlg cwoif cflbtodfg >]i7 Tof] a]nfsf] If0f ;Dem b} egg'x'g5, æsf+u ];n] sdo'lgi6sf] /]l8of] xf], nfo;]g; lbg x' b}g egg], sdo'li6n] sf+u ];sf] /]l8of] egg], xfdl b'j}lt/af6 k]nfgdf k/]sf lyof} +, ttsfnlg ;~rf/ ;lrj ef]h/fh kf]v/]nn] ug' {;Dd ufnl u/] / ltdlx sf ;a} ;fdfg nu]/ gbldf aufolbg5' eg]/ wdsofp.æ!=@ clgtd r/0fsf] ;+3if{M c;f/b]lv :yfglo lgsfosf] r'gfj x'g] ltly ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] lyof]. ;/sf/df l:y/tf lypg. ttsfnlg g]kfnl sf+u ];sf] ax'dt k fkt ;/sf/sf k wfgdgql lul/hfk ;fb sf]o/fnfn] ax'dt x' bfx' b} cfkm\g} kf6l{sf ;f+;bx sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;fndf ;+;b\ g} lj36g u/]b]lv ;/sf/df cl:y/tf ;'? epsf] sflqsdf epsf] dwofjlw r'gfjdf s'g} klg bnn] ax'dt k fkt ug{ g;s]kl5 7"nf] bnsf x}l;otn] g]skf Pdfn]n] cnkdtsf] ;/sf/ agfpsf] lyof]. Pdfn]sf] ( dlxg] 11

13 zf;gsfndf Tolta]nf ;~rf/dgqlsf] s';l{df cfl;g k blk ;fndf nfo;]g;sf nflu nl8/x]sf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ gep/ cfkm\gf] lgogq0fdf /x]sf] /]l8of] g]kfnnfo{ lagfohfht g} PkmPd /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug{ lbp. la?jf /f]kg] Pp6f kmn vfg] cs} { eg]h:t} sf] ebf}df Pdfn]sf] ;/sf/ lug] { lglzrt epkl5 ttsfnlg k wfgdgql dgdf]xg clwsf/ln] ;+;b\ lj36g u/] klg ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] Tof] lg0f{o pn6fof] / g]kfnl sf+u ]; / Pdfn]aLr /fk kfsf] ;xof]udf ;/sf/ agfpg] / etsfpg] xf]8 rng yfnof]. ;f+;b lsga]r / y'g5]ssf sfd ep. Tof] alrdf hlt klg ;~rf/ dgql cfp, tl ;a}nfo{ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] PkmPd /]l8of]sf] dxœj / cfjzostfaf/] ljzjf;df lng] k of; u of]. ;d"xsf ;b:ox n] cfkm\gf] k efj / ljzjf;df /x]sf g]tf tyf dgqlx nfo{ ;s];dd nljª u/]. t/ s'/f a' bf ga' b} cs} { ;/sf/ / dgql cfo;sy]. ^ ^ dlxgfdf ;/sf/ agg] / lug] { cl:y/ /fhgllts s;/tsf alr dgqfnosf sd{rf/l g} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;lhn} ug{ / u/fpg ;Sg] zlqmzfnl cj:yfdf /x]sf b]lvgy]. ;fnsf] cgtolt/ g]skf -Pdfn]_ / /fk kf -rgb_ sf] ;/sf/ agof]. of] ;/sf/df emngfy vgfn ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgql lyp. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o ;a} k sf/sf bafa ;/sf/;dif l;h{gf ul//x]sf] lyof]. o;} qmddf ;d"xn] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ;/sf/n] nfo;]g; lbp klg glbp klg h]7 ( ut] a'4 k"l0f{dfsf] lbgb]lv /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f ;'? ug]{ 3f]if0ff u of]. of] 3f]if0ffkl5 Toltv]/sf] ;/sf/nfo{ emg} 7"nf] bafa / ck7\of/f] k of]. x]daxfb'/ lji6, /3' d}gfnl, cf]d v8\sf / d'/f/l l;jfsf]6l g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xaf6 :jtgq /]l8of] k flktsf] cleofgdf nfluk/]sf gfd x'g\ eg] ;a} ;b:o / z'elrgtsn] of] cleofgdf ;Sbf] ;xof]u ul//x]sf lyp. ;~rf/dfwod of] cleofgsf] 7"nf] ;xof]ul agof]. b}lgsb]lv ;fktflxs kqklqsfn] ;dfrf/ / ;DkfbsLo g} n]v]/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] nfo;]g; kfpg'kg] { jsfnt ul//x]sf lyp. o:t} o'g]:sf], cd]l/sl /fhb"tfjf;nufotsf s"6gllts If]qn] klg ;/sf/nfo{ bafa lbo/x]sf lyp. nfo;]g; lng] qmddf jl/i7 kqsf/ ef/tbq sf]o/fnf, sgsdl0f bllift / uf]s'n kf]v/]nn] ;d]t cf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 ;Sbf] kxn ug' {eof]. g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro'6, lxdfn P;f]l;P;g / jn8{eo" g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut e"ldsf pt;fxk b lyof].!=# 3lGsof] blif0f Pl;ofd} klxnf] :jtgq /]l8of]sf] t/+u sd{rf/ltgqsf] gsf/ftds e"ldsf x' bfx' b} klg g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf ttsfnlg cwoif x]daxfb'/ lji6 Toltv]/sf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dgql emngfy vgfnnfo{ ljzjf;df lng ;kmn x'g'eof]. pxf sf] s'/f dgql vgfnn] vfg'eof]. x]daxfb'/ lji6n] o; ;Gbe{df /]l8of] ;u/dfyf; u s'/f ub}{ egg'epsf] 5 æxfdln] s] eg]sf lyof}+ eg] Psk6s lghl If]qdf of] ;/sf/n] jf dgqln] glltut lg0f{o u/]/ nfo;]g; lbg'eof] eg] tkfo{+n] Oltxf;df gfd /fvg'x'g5 / g]kfndf gof o'usf] ;'?jft x'g5 eg]sf lyof}+. pxf n] cf 6 ug'{eof] / nfo;]g; k bfg ug'{eof] / clxn] ;a}n] b]v]s} 5 ls g]kfn km]l/ kms]{/ klxn]sf] o'udf hfg] lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf 5}g.Æ 12

14 } g]kfndf PkmPd k ljlwsf] kmnfd] 9f]sf vf]ng] dgql emngfy vgfn Tof] a]nfsf] If0f ;Dem b} egg'x'g5 æhlta]nf ;~rf/dgql ag]sf] lyp, Tof] a]nfdf d s] rfxgy] + eg] g]kfn h:tf] d'n'ssf] ljsf; k lqmofnfo{ tlj tf k bfg ug{sf nflu xfd f] ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k 0ffnLnfO{ tlj agfpg cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k lqmofnfo{ cfw'lgstd agfpg' h?/l 5 egg] dnfo{ nflu/x]sf] lyof] / To;sf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] jf PkmPd /]l8of] :yflkt u of] eg] dfq} cfdhgtf / To;dfly klg of] ljljwtfo'qm ;fdflhs ;+/rgf epsf] / kxf8l d'n'ssf] lgldt of] pko'qm x'g5 egg] dnfo{ nflu/x]sf] lyof]. ToxL l;nl;nfdf d}n] dgqfnodf upkl5 w]/} lgj]bgx btf{ ep/ a;]sf] t/ ;/sf/n] rflx s'g} klg lg0f{o ug{ g;ls/x]sf], To; k sf/sf] :jls[lt lbpsf] v08df ljlegg lsl;dsf lk msj]g;l rng yfn5g\ / tl lk msj]g;lx sf] Pscfk;sf] lk ms;gaf6 cg]s k sf/sf b'3{6gfx x'g5g\ egg] dfgl;s / dgf]j}1flgs qf; af]s]/ dgqfno al;/x]sf] / Tof] k ljlwsf] 9f]sf vf]n]/ g]kfnl hgtfnfo{ o;sf] pkef]u u/]/ kmfobf lng] s'/fdf jl~rt u/]sf] d}n] kfp / To;}sf/0fn] xfdln] of] If]qdf cwoog u of} + / cwoogkl5 ;a}egbf klxnf]k6s jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] lbpsf] lgj]bgaf6 sfof{gjogsf] k lqmof ;'? ug] { lg0f{o ul/of].æ ;fn h]7 % ut] ;/sf/n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nfo;]g; g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xnfo{ x:tfgt/0f u of] / To;sf] rf/} lbgdf h]7 ( ut] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ljlwjt\ k/lif0f k ;f/0f ;'? eof] æpkmpd AofG8sf]!)@ yf]knf] $ d]ufxh{df of] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf xf].æ blif0f Pl;ofd} klxnf] :jtgq k ;f/0f ;]jfsf] cfjfh lyof] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf. of] k ;f/0fdf uf]kfn of]ghgn] tof/ kf/]sf] ;u/dfyfsf] ;+s]t w'g / uf]kfn of]ghgs} ;f+ullts s[lt ah]sf lyp. ælbgsf] To:t} b'o{ ah]sf] lyof], k ;f/0f ;'? ldg]6leq} crfgs k fljlws u8a9l cfof], k ;f/0f agb eof]. sfd xfdln] gof yfn]sf lyof}+. xfd f;fd' r'gf}tl cglulgt lyp. kf/ u/]sf r'gf}tl klg sd lypgg\. xfdl of] 36gfn] s]xl x8\a8fof} +, t/ cqflnnpgf} +, lg/f; klg epgf} +. jiff{ + nfdf] w}o{ / ;fx;kl5 blif0f Pl;ofd} klxnf]k6s ;/sf/egbf aflx/ /x]/ /]l8of] t/+u kmfng] Oltxf;sf] ;"rldf Ps gda/d} xfdl btf{ eof} +. cfggb o;}df lyof]. klxnf] ldg]6dfq} /]l8of] ah] klg xfdln] n8\8' Nofof} +, vfof} +, /dfof} + / agb epsf] k ;f/0f rfn" ug{ dgf]an ykof} +Æ, /3' d}gfnlsf] cg'ej xf] of] -:yfglo /]l8of] ;Defjgf / hgd b} nflbpsf!% j6f zt{;lxt ;/sf/n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ k ;f/0f Ohfht lbpsf] lyof]. cglulgt zt{x? -x]g' {;\ cg';"rl_ x]bf{ nfuyof], pglx -dgqfnosf prrkb:y sd{rf/lx _ z'4 sd{rf/ldfq xf]ogg\, clwgfosjfbl cjz]ifaf6 5'6sf/f lng g;s]sf cl3nnf] Joj:yfsf cljlr5gg / Odfgbf/ k ltlglw;d]t x'g\. xfdln] ttsfn} lg0f{o lng' lyof], P]g lgodnfo{ ldr]/ /flvpsf zt{;lxtsf] Ohfhtkq lng] ls glng] < h] h:tf] ep klg Ohfhtn] xfd f] cleofgnfo{ cem j}wflgs agfpg] lgrf]8;lxt Ohfht lnof} + ttsfnlg sfo{qmd lgb] {zs /3' d}gfnlsf] syg 5 -:yfglo /]l8of] ;Defjgf / k[i7m #)_. o;/l g]kfndfq} geo{ blif0f Pl;ofd} :jtgq k ;f/0f ;]jf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f ;'? eof]. g]kfndf lghl If]qdf /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf nflu kmnfd] 9f]sfsf] tfnrf v'nof]. ;"rgf qmflgtsf lx;fan] blif0f 13

15 Pl;ofd} Pp6f gof o'usf] ;'?jft eof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;'?df laxfg &M)) b]lv (M)) ;Dd b'o{ 3G6f k ;f/0f u of]. o;n] k fljlws / sfo{qmd;dagwl hgzlqm klxn]b]lv g} tof/l cj:yfdf /fv]sf] / klxn] g} k ljlw k/lif0f ul/;s]sf sf/0f Ohfht kfpsf] rf}yf] lbgd} k ;f/0f yfng ;Sof]. of] klg g]kfnsf] k ;f/0f Oltxf;df uhhjsf] 36gf dfgg'k5{ lsgls Jofjxfl/s / sfg'gl b'j} tl/sfn] x]bf{ Ohfht kfpkl5 dfq} k ;f/0f pks/0f lemsfpg] j}wflgstf k fkt x'g] epsfn] Ohfht kfpsf] s}of} + dlxgfkl5 dfq} /]l8of]x n] k ;f/0f yfng ;Dej :6];gsf] clek ]/0ff, nio / clek ]/0ff /]l8of] ;u/dfyf lsg ;'? ug' {k of] t < of] k Zg p7\g' :jfefljs} xf]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf vf]n]/ a]:;/l k};f sdfog] ;kgf of] /]l8of] vf]ng]x n] b]v]sf lypgg\. g t /]l8of] vf]n]/ ;dfhdf wfs, /jfkm b]vfpg / cfkm\gf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk ;'/lift kfg' { o;sf ;~rfnsx sf] p2]zo lyof]. cflv/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyf lsg v'nof] t < of] k Zgsf] pq/ vf]hg cf]d v8\sfsf ol zab ;xof]ul agg ;S5g\ æb]zdf s]an ;/sf/ lgolgqt, lgb] {lzt / ;~rflnt /]l8of] g]kfndfq} lyof] h;df g]kfnl hgtfsf cfjfh k ;f/ x' b}gy]. s]an zf;ssf s'/f dfq} hgtfnfo{ ;'gfogyof]. xfdl /]l8of] g]kfnh:t} Pp6f csf] { /]l8of] ykg] kifdf lypgf} + xfdl t Pp6f j}slnks /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ rfxgyof} +, h;n] hgtfsf cfjfhsf] k ltlglwtj ug{ ;sf];\. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ceof; x'g ;sf];\ / w]/} :jtgq /]l8of]x 7"nf] ;+Vofdf b]zsf ljlegg efudf v'ng ;s"g\.æ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] :yfkgf cfkm}+df Pp6f gf}nf] k of]u lyof]. ;'g]sf] lyof] t/ k of]u b]v]sf] lypg. æxfdl cfd;~rf/ dfwoddf g} sfd ug] { epsfn] xfd f] ugtjo k i6 lyof]. cjwf/0ff, b[li6sf]0f / p2]zo k i6 lyof] t/ o;nfo{ Jojxf/df s;/l 9fNg] egg] s'/fdf dfq} xfdln] r'gf}tl dx;'; u/]sf lyof} +,Æ /3' d}gfnl egg'x'g5. g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns agf]6 epsf] b]zdf ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]af6 dfq} ;fdflhs ljsf; / kl/jt{g ug{, cfjfhljxlgx sf cfjfhsf] k ltlglwtj ug{, ;d'bfosf cg'ej, ;d:of / ljrf/ Pscsf{df ;f6f;f6 ug{ tyf cfkm\gf] df}lns efiff, ;+:s[lt, snf, ;+ult, ;flxto / k ltefsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; :yfglo /]l8of]af6 dfq} ;Dej 5 egg] s'/fdf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x k i6 lyof]. ;fy} ljlegg If]qdf /x]sf ;d'bfonfo{ /]l8of] :yfkgf ug{ ;3fpg], pglx nfo{ k ljlw; u kl/lrt u/fpg] / gd'gf ;fj{hlgs /]l8of]sf]?kdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ ljsf; ug] { clek ]/0ffaf6 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] j}slnks /]l8of]sf]?kdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;~rfng ug] { c7f]6 u/]sf] nio / p2]zo /]l8of] ;u/dfyf blif0f Pl;ofs} klxnf] :jtgq k ;f/0f ;]jf epsfn] of] g]kfnsf nflu dfq geo{ blif0f Pl;ofs} gd'gf / pbfx/0flo /]l8of] ag]sf] 5. clxn] klg sf7df8f} +df ljlegg /]l8of] :6];gx sf] 14

16 '' { el8df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] cfkm\g} 5' } klxrfg /x]sf] ;fdflhs d"nof+sg 5. o;/l /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm"nfo{ gfkmf/lxt /]l8of] agfp b} ;fdflhs / ;fj{hlgs ljifodf s]lgb t /fv]/ 5' } klxrfg agfpg ;Sg'df o;sf] nio / o;n] cjndag u/]sf p2]zox sf] /fhdfu{n] g} sfd u/]sf] xf]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf nio / p2]zo o:tf 5g\M niom cfkm"nfo{ b]zs} g]t[tjbfol ;jn / :jfjndal ;fj{hlgs /]l8of] :6];gsf?kdf ljsl;t ub} k hftflgqs d"no, dfgotfsf] k a4{gdf of]ubfg ug' {, cfjfhljxlgx sf] cfjfh agb} ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu gd'gf ;fj{hlgs /]l8of]sf] ceof; ug' { / ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf] g]t[tjbfol e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' { /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nio xf]. p2]zom of] nio kl/k"lt{sf nflu /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] lgdg p2]zox cftd;ft u/]sf] 5M g]kfn clw/fhosf] n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] bfo/fleq /xl hgtfsf]] ;"rgfsf] xs / ljrf/ tyf clejolqm;dagwl df}lns xssf] Jofks pkef]u ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ynf]sf]?kdf ceof; ub}{ l56f], k efjsf/l / ;zqm ;"rgf k jfx ug'{sf ;fy} ;fdflhs ax; / ;+jfbsf] k/dk/f a;fo{ o;nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg'. ljif]zu/l ;' 'ljwfaf6 jl~rt dlxnf, s]6fs]6l ul/a / cnk;+vos ;d' 'bfox sf] ;"rgfsf] cfjzostfnfo{ Wofgdf /fvb} ;fj{hlgs?lrsf sfo{qmd tof/ ug' {. zflgt, jftfj/0f, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgjclwsf/, lziff, ;fj{hlgs :jf:yo, n} +lus ;dtf, afnclwsf/ / ;+/If0f, 5'jf5"tlj?4sf] cleofg, ;'zf;g / e i6frf/, pkef]qmf xs, ul/al / /f]huf/l, ckf+u, >d tyf r]lna]6l a]rlavg / dlxnfdfly x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f, bfohf]sf] s'k yf, cgwljzjf; h:tf ljs[ltnufotsf hnbfanbf /fli6«o / ;fdflhs ljifox df ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu hgdt l;h{gf ug' {. :j:y /fli6«otfsf nflu hgdt l;h{gf ub} { :jkgk lt uj{ ug{ g]kfnl gful/snfo{ k f]t;flxt ug' {. /fhosf] gful/sk lt / gful/ssf] /fhok ltsf] pq/bflotj af]w u/fpg'. :j:y /fhgllts ljsf; / hgpq/bfol ljlwsf] zf;gsf nflu ;Sbf] hgdt tof/ ug' { tyf hgclwsf/sf nflu /fhgllts r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug'{. :yfglo Pj+ /fli6«o k ltefx sf] klxrfg ub} { ltgsf] xf};nf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u ug' { / g]kfnl tyf /fli6«o ;+ultsf] ljsf;sf nflu kxn ub} { gful/sx nfo{ :j:y dgf]/ghg k bfg ug' {. df}lns ;+:s[lt, efiff, ;flxto, snf, ;+ult, g]kfnl pbf]u, Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ e"ldsf v]ng'. ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hflgs rf;f]sf sfo{qmd tof/ ug{ /]l8of]sdl{nfo{ tflnd lbg' / pglx sf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu cj;/ k bfg ug'{. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ tflnd ;~rfng, sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkg ;a} kifdf ;Ifd t'nofp/ ;fj{hlgs k ;f/0fsf] dfgs :t/ lgwf{/0f u/l g]kfnl ;~rf/dfwodsf] ljsf;sf nflu dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ng ;Sg] agfpg'. 15

17 hgtfsf] ;"rgf;ddsf] kx' rdf j[l4 u/l cem :jtgq / lhdd]jf/ k ];sf] kifdf cfjfh p7fp b} ax'njfb / k hftfgqls/0fsf] k lqmofnfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg'. blif0f Pl;ofs} klxnf] ;fj{hlgs k ;f/0f ;]jf epsfn] eljiodf v'ng] ;fd'bflos, ;fj{hlgs tyf lghl /]l8of] k ;f/sx nfo{ ;Lk / k fljlws tyf Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;xof]u k' ofpg'. /]l8of] k ;f/0f;dagwl ; f]t s]gb sf]?kdf cfkm"nfo{ ljsl;t ub} { n}hfg'. #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo+ {qmd / hgzlqm #=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] ;fwf/0f;ef /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;jf]{rr lgsfo xf]. ;d"xsf] sfo{;ldltn] o;sf] gllt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;~rfns ;ldlt rog ug]{ u5{. sfo{;ldltn] lbpsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ ;~rfng ;ldltn] glltut?kdf /]l8of]sf] ;~rfng ub{5. /]l8of]sf] sfo{sf/l k d'v :6];g Dofg]h/ x'g] u5{ eg] p;sf] ;fdfgo ;'k/lj]if0fdf ljlegg ljefux n] b}lgs sfo{ u5{g\. :6];g Dofg]h/sf] lgo'lqm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] sfo{;ldltn] u5{ eg] :yfol k s[ltsf sd{rf/l :6];g Dofg]h/sf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{ ;~rfng ;ldltn] u5{. c:yfol k s[ltsf sd{rf/l :6];g Dofg]h/n] ;f]em} lgo'qm ug{ ;fnsf] df3df g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ cf]d v8\sf, d'/f/l l;jfsf]6l / /3' d}gfnl /x]sf] # ;b:olo ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof]. of] tlg ;b:olo ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;~rfng nfo{ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] j}wflgs?kdf hf/l u of]. h'g lgodfjnldf af]8{df cgo tlgj6f ;+:yf g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro'6, lxdfn P;f]l;P;g / jn8{eo" g]kfnsf] ;d]t ;+:yfut k ltlglwtj /xg] Joj:yf ;fnb]lv rf/j6} ;+:yfsf] ;dembf/lcg';f/ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x PSn}n] /]l8of] ;~rfngsf] cleef/f lnof]. #=@ sfo{qmd :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf] gllt / p2]zo k"/f ug] { 9+un] sfo{qmdx l8hfog u/l k ;f/ ub} { cfpsf] 5. o;n] ;"rgf, dgf]/ghg / lziff u/l d"ntm tlg efudf cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx nfo{ ljefhg u/]sf] 5. cfkm\gf] k ;f/0f ;dosf] #) k ltzt ;"rgf, #) k ltzt lziff / af sl $) k ltzt :j:y dgf]/ghgnfo{ 5'6\ofPsf] 5. sfo{qmdx k ftmsfnb]lv qmd}; u /flt;ddsf nflu ;do / >f]tfsf] dgl:yltcg';f/ Jojl:yt ul/psf 5g\. laxfg ;a]/} %M)) ah] k"jl{o laxfgl /fuaf6 k ;f/0f ;'? x'g5 / cfwofltds x' b} %M$% ;"rgf / ;d;fdlos ljifolt/ k ;f/0fn] k j]z u5{. %M$% b]lv cfwf 306fsf nflu alal;l ljzj ;]jfsf] sfo{qmd jn8{ 6'8] k ;f/ x'g5. ^M!% b]lv laxfg} k sflzt x'g] kqklqsfn] 5fk]sf va/sf] sfo{qmd kqklqsfsf] 16

18 ; ufnf] k ;f/ x'g5 / To;kl5 lbgel/sf nflu cfjzos ;"rgf; u} ;dfrf/ ;'Gg ;lsg5. /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;dfrf/ x' b} ;d;fdlos ljifodf cfwfl/t ljrf/ :tde /]l8of] s'/fsfgl, /]l8of] klqsf Ps}l5g\, cgt/lqmoftds sfo{qmd 8anL, /]l8of] klqsfx / ;dfrf/ x' b} (M)) ah];dd ;d;fdlos / ;"rgfd"ns, lziffd"ns sfo{qmdx k ;fl/t x'g5g\. To;kl5 dgf]/ghgftds sfo{qmd ahg] u5{g\. (M)) ah]b]lv ;f+ullts hfgsf/ld"ns sfo{qmdsf] kfnf] cfp 5. km]l/ a]n'sf ^M)) ah]b]lv /flt (M!% ;Dd ;"rgfd"ns, ;d;fdlos / lziffd"ns sfo{qmdx k ;fl/t x'g5g\. /flt (M!% b]lv ;flxto, ;+ult / hfgsf/ld"ns sfo{qmd ;+ult ;/f]a/sf] kfnf] cfp 5. cgtodf alal;l g]kfnl ;]jfsf]!% ldg]6 nfdf] ;d;fdlos sfo{qmd; u}!!m)) ah] /flt /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f k"/f x'g5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] klxnf]kn6sf] sfo{qmd g} jf:tljs cfjfhx sf] Kofs]h /]l8of] klqsf xfd f] vfn8f] tof/ u/l k ;f/ u/]sf] lyof]. o;n] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx df :j?ksf lx;fan] ljljwtf Nofpg vf]h]sf] 5. To;}n] sfo{qmdx df /]l8of] klqsfb]lv cgtjf{tf{, cgt/lqmof, ;fª\ullts, ;dfrf/, l/kf]6{, lkmr/, >f]tf ;xeflutf kq, kmf]g Ogh:tf :j?kx nfo{ k of]udf NofPsf] 5. ljifosf lx;fan] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;fdflhs / ;d;fdlos ljifosf cfwf/df sfo{qmdx lgdf{0f u/l k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. ;dfrf/, ;d;fdlos, ;'zf;g, e i6frf/, n} +lus ;dtf, hg:jf:yo, jftfj/0f, lziff, afnaflnsf, lbuf] ljsf;, cfwofltds, ;f+ullts, efiff, ;flxto, ;+:s[lt, Ho]i7 gful/s, zflgt / ågå ;dfwfg, kmf]xf]/d}nf, ;fd'bflos jgnufotsf If]q;DaGwL sfo{qmdx k ;f/ ub} {cfpsf] 5. xktfdf sl/a ^) j6f sfo{qmd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] hg;dif k' ofp b} cfpsf] 5. o;n] g]kfnl nf]sult / cfw'lgs ultsf ;fy} k'/fgf ult / ; i6fx nfo{ ;dfhdf k :t't ug] { u/]sf] 5. sf7df8f} +df g]kfnl ult / ;+ult ;'Gg] cfd;+:s[lt a;fpg] / 6]lnlehgsf y'k } Rofgnx?sf] xf]8afhlsf alr a]n'sf klg /]l8of] ;'Gg] rfv hufpg] sfd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] g} u/]sf] xf]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx nf]slk o /x]sf s'/f o;n] k fkt ug] { kmf]g, kq / Od]naf6 k'li6 x'g5. b}lgs!)) egbf a9l kmf]g sfo{qmdnfo{ lnp/ cfpg] u5{g\ eg] sl/a %) j6f Od]n / emg8}!)) h:tf] lr7lkq cfpg] u5{g\. o;n] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx df ttsfn} kmf]g sn cfx\jfg ubf{ bh{gf} + JolQmx kmf]gdfkm{t ;+nug x'g] u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx sf] u'0f:t/ j[ [l4sf nflu ;Sbf] kxn ub} { cfpsf] 5. o;n] ljlegg :yfglo efiffx nfo{ klg k ;f/0fdf :yfg lbg] u/]sf] 5. g]kfn efiffsf] sfo{qmd d'gf;m, tfdfª efiffsf] sfo{qmd tfdfªsfo{, d}lynl efiffsf] sfo{qmd ldlynf ofqf o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\. Ps}l5g sfo{qmd ljlegg ;fdflhs ljifo ;d]6]/ b}lgs /]l8of] klqsfsf?kdf k ;f/ x'g5 eg] cfhsf s'/f ;d;fdlos ljifo ;d]6]/ b}lgs k ;f/ x'g5. sfo{qmd ;xcl:ttjn] n}+lus ;dtfnfo{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] cfrf/ ljrf/n] e i6frf/ / ;'zf;gnfo{ cfkm\gf] If]q agfpsf] 5. ;+ult ;/f]a/ ;flxto / k'/fgf ult ;+ult; u} ; i6fnfo{ bfo/f agfp/ vf]hd"ns ;fdu Lsf ;fy k ;f/ x'g5. plxn]sf s'/f ;'gfpg] sfo{qmdsf] gfd xf] plxn] afh]sf kfnfdf. of] sfo{qmdn] &) jif{egbf dflysf Ho]i7 gful/sx sf 17

19 cg'ej / ljrf/nfo{ &^ jif{ gf3]sf kqsf/ e}/j l/;fnsf] k :t'ltdfkm{t phfu/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ;fy} of] sfo{qmdn] gn]lvpsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{snufot JolQmut / j+zut Oltxf;nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/]sf] 5. /]l8of] s'/fsfglcgtu{t ljlegg ljwfdf Voflt sdfpsf JolQmTjx h:t} kfsf kqsf/ e}/j l/;fn, ;jf{ ]Rr cbfntsf k"j{ GofofwLz nid0f cof{n, k"j{ k d'v lgjf{rg cfo'qm lji0f'k tfk zfx, jl/i7 k fwofks 8fS6/ 8LkL e08f/l, lqljsf lzifs afns[i0f dfaf]xfªnufotsf JolQmx sf ljrf/f]q]hs k :t'lt k ;fl/t x'g5g\. n'sfdf/l sfo{qmdn] afn dgf]lj1fg / ltgsf] ljsf;; u d]n vfg] ;fdu Lx ;d]6\5. o:t} ckf+un] ckf+usf nflu ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd æ;dfgtfsf :j/x Æ n] ckf+u hut\sf c'gej / ;d:ofx phfu/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ev{/}dfq /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf] k ;f/0fsf] ;ftf} + jif{ k"/f epsf] cj;/ kf/]/ h]7 b]lv /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf ;fylsf s'/f k ;f/ ug{ yfn]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / ;fdflhs dof{bfsf] clwgdf /xl ;u/dfyfsf ;fylx n] cfkm\gf s'/f egg kfp 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] clxn] b}lgs cfkm\gf!) j6f ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. x/]s kf}g] ah] ;dfrf/ k ;f/ ug] { niocg'?k ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f ;dodf Ps?ktf;d]t NofPsf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] sfo{qmddf cgt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o / :yfglo /]l8of]x ; u ;xof]u cfbfg k bfg ug]{ u/]sf] sflqsb]lv o;n] alal;l jn8{ ;le{;; u ldn]/ alal;l g]kfnl ;]jf, jn8{ 6'8] k ;f/ ub}{ cfpsf] 5. o;n] ljlegg If]qdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug{ / ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] 5. sfo{qmdx pknaw u/fp/ sf7df8f}+ aflx/sf sl/a * j6f /]l8of] :6];gx nfo{ ;xof]u k' ofo/x]sf] 5. o;n] ol /]l8of]x ; usf] ;~hfn;d]t ljsf; u/]sf] 5. o;/l ;~hfndf /x]sf /]l8of]x df /]l8of] :ju{åf/l, /]l8of] n'ldagl, /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f, lxdr'nl PkmPd, dgsfdgf PkmPd, l;ghl{ PkmPd, sf]zl PkmPd / s~rgh+3f PkmPd 5g\. oldwo] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l, /]l8of] n'ldagl, /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f / lxdr'nl PkmPd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] x'g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx clxn] cgo /]l8of]x sf nflu dfgs :t/ gfkg] cfwf/ ag]sf 5g\. t/ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] / ljsl;t ub} { n}hfg'kg] { hgzlqmsf e/df sfd ub} { cfpsf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] h'g 7fp df k'ug'kg] { hgck]iff 5, Tof] 7fp df k'ug cem} 7"n} d]xgt ug' {kg] { b]lvg5. o;n] a]nf a]nfdf grfx bf grfx b} klg eflifs :t/ / Ps?ktf sfod ug{ sl7gfo kl//x]sf] 5. log} ;d:ofx x6fpg clxn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f lgb] {lzsf agfpg tnnlg 5. #=# hgzlqm /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf clxn] sl/a ^) hgfsf] hgzlqm sfo{/t 5. of] hgzlqmdwo] sl/a rf/ bh{ghlt ;~rf/sdl{ 5g\ / oldwo] bh{ghlt lgoldt tnadf sfo{/t 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf sfd 18

20 ug] { :jo+;]jsx sf] ;+Vof klg 7"n} 5. emg8} #) hgf hlt :jo+;]jsn] clxn] b}lgs / ;fktflxs u/l sl/a 8]9 bh{g sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. ;dosf lx;fan] #) k ltzt sfo{qmd :jo+;]jsaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\. Jofj;flos snf / ;Lksf lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] sfo{qmd; u hf]l8psf] hgzlqm prr, dwod / lgdg dwod:t/sf] u/l tlg vfnsf] /x]sf] 5. cwoogsf lx;fan] clwsf+z :gfts / s]xl :gftsf]q/ 5g\. tflndsf cfwf/df s'/f ug' {kbf{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] hgzlqmn] :jb]zl / ljb]zl u/l b'j} vfnsf tflndx lng] ;f}efuo kfpsf] 5. s]xln] ljb]zdf up/ tflnd lng] cj;/ kfpsf 5g\ eg] clwsf+zn] :6];gd} ljb]zl prr Jofj;flos 1fg epsf JolQmx n] lbpsf tflnd lnpsf 5g\. ljlegg ;dodf 8r]j]n], OG6/g];gn OlG:6Ro'6 ckm hg{lnhd, aln{g -cfo{cfo{h]al_ / alal;laf6 sf7df8f} + cfpsf ljz]if1n] sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0f;dagwl tflnd lbg] u/]sf 5g\. o;afx]s ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xaf6 klg oxf sf] hgzlqmn] tflnd kfpg] u/]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfgtl/s?kd} klg tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug] { u/]sf] 5. of] hgzlqm prr Jofj;flos b[li6n] x]bf{ tlgy/l b]lvp klg cgo /]l8of]x sf] t'ngfdf ;zqm 5. t/ w]/}n] cfkm\gf] lghl cwoognfo{ a9fp/ ;Lkut, eflifs / ljifout Ifdtf j[l4 ug' { cfjzos 5. pd]/sf lx;fan] x]bf{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf o'jf hgzlqm sfo{/t 5. To;}n] v6\g'kg] { 7fp df of] hgzlqm lbg/ft gegl sfd ug{ ttk/ x'g5. ;Dk"0f{ hgzlqmsf] sl/a #% k ltzthlt dlxnf 5g\. hftlo lx;fadf x]bf{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] hgzlqmdf g]jf/, afx'g, If]qL, tfdfª, sfo:y, blnt / hghftlo k ltlglwtj w]/yf]/ dfqfdf /x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf; u pknaw hgzlqmdf kfsf kqsf/ e}/j l/;fnb]lv ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf k"j{ GofofwLz nid0f cof{n, jl/i7 k fwofks 8f= 8LkL e08f/l / k"j{ k d'v lgjf{rg cfo'qm lji0f'k tfk zfxnufotsf cfkm\gf If]qsf ljz]if1x ;d]t /x]sf 5g\. t/ of] prr:t/sf] ljz]if1 hgzlqm :jo+;]jssf kdf /x]sf] 5. of] /]l8of]df tflnd] k lziffyl{x cfpg] / s]xl l;s]kl5 cgo :6];g / ;~rf/dfwoddf hfg] k rng ;d]t /x]sf] 5. o; cy{df ;'?b]lv g} /]l8of] ;u/dfyf /]l8of] sfo{qmd ptkfbg;dagwl l;sfpg] Pp6f /fd f] ljbfno;d]t agb} cfpsf] 5. clxn] sf7df8f} +sf ljlegg /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg / ptkfbg u[xx df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf sfd l;s]sf ;~rf/sdl{x sfo{/t 5g\. clxn] of] /]l8of]df sfo{/t hgzlqmdwo] sl/a (% k ltztsf] kqsfl/tf oxl+af6 g} ;'? epsf] xf]. pglx klxn] k lziffyl{sf kdf k j]z u/l ub} { l;sb} clxn] lj:tf/} Jofj;flostfsf] glhslt/ nlds/x]sf 5g\. s]xln] eg] kqsfl/tfsf] ;}4flGts 1fg;d]t xfl;n u/]sf 5g\. ;du df egbf, Jofj;flostfsf] prr ck]iffsf cufl8 ljlegg vfnsf sdl / cefj x' bfx' b} klg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] oxl hgzlqmsf sf/0f cfh of] /]l8of] el8x sf dfemdf Jofj;flos lgi7f / nio af]s]/ lx+8]sf] Pp6f 5' } klxrfgo'qm /]l8of] agg k'u]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] hgzlqmdf sfdk ltsf] 19

21 { nufj / k]zfk ltsf] lgi7fdf s'g} k Zglrx\g v8f ug] { 7fp eg] 5}g. of] hgzlqm /ftefl/ v6\g klg tof/ 5, lbgel/ v6\g klg tof/ 5. ;'ljwf / ; f]tsf] cefjalr klg cfkm\gf] Jofj;flos lgi7f af]sg;sg] of] hgzlqm g} oyfy{df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] c;nl ;DklQ xf]. $= >f]tf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf s]lgb t >f]tf eg]sf sf7df8f} +, nlntk'/ / eqmk'/ ol tlg lhnnfleq ;d]l6psf] sf7df8f} + pktosfsf afl;gbf x'g\. o;afx]s j/k/sf lhnnfx dsjfgk'/, wflbª, /;'jf, uf]vf{, l;gw'kfnrf]s, sfe ]knfgrf]s, g'jfsf]6, ;nf{xl / ;f]n'v'da'sf cf+lzs efux df ;d]t /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf >f]tfx 5g\ / pglx kmf]g / kqfrf/dfkm{t cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt b]vfp 5g\. nfv dfg5]sf] kx' r;dd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] t/+u k'u5 t/ sf7df8f} + pktosf / aflx/ u/l b}lgs sl/a!@ nfv JolQmx o;sf >f]tf /x]sf] cg'dfg ;fndf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf] kl/rodf sf7df8f} + pktosfsf] cfjfh egl tof/ u/l k ;f/ u/]sf] lyof]. of] kl/ro $ jif{;dd ahof]. of] alrdf ;a}egbf a9l sf7df8f} + pktosf aflx/sf >f]tfsf] k Zgsf] ;fdgf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ug' {k/]sf] lyof]. pglx sf] k Zg lyof], æxfdl klg tkfo{sf >f]tf xf} + t/ lsg sf7df8f} + pktosfsf] cfjfh eg]/ xfdlnfo{ 5'6\ofpg'x'G5 <Æ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] oxl cg'ejsf cfwf/df clxn] cfkm\gf] kl/ro af]nlnfo{ kl/dfh{g sf] klxnf] laxfglb]lv æs] ;x/ s] ufp hf];'s} xf} + hxf /xf} +, ;a}sf] af]nl c6\g] 7fp Æ agfpsf] 5. of] kl/ronfo{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] k i6 5, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf >f]tf d"ntm ;x/jf;l / ufp jf;l u/l b'o{ efudf ljeflht 5g\. sf7df8f} + / nlntk'/sf] rqmkyleq / eqmk'/sf] zx/l efudf /x]sf JolQmx lziff / ;'ljwfsf lx;fan] ;';lhht 5g\. loglx 6]lnlehgsf y/ly/l Rofgn, sdko'6/, kmf]g, k\mofs;, OG6/g]6, Od]n cflb ;'ljwf lnp/ a;]sf 5g\. zx/l ju{ ;/sf/l / ljlegg u}/;/sf/l sfof{nodf prr:t/;ddsf kbx df sfo{/t 5. o;sf] kx' rdf sf7df8f} +sf prr wgf9\ob]lv ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnl / ljb]zlx ;Dd k5{g\. ;"rgf kfpgsf nflu of] ju{nfo{ Pskl5 csf] { ljsnk 5g\. ;+;f/s} 36gfqmd ;s];dd k ToIf cjnf]sg ug{ of] ju{ afgl k/]sf] 5. ;"rgf / dgf]/ghg yfxf kfpg]dfq} gep/ of] ju{ s'g ;~rf/dfwodn] s'g?kdf slt / s:tf] 9+un] ;"rgf k ;f/ ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ d"nof+sg / ;dliff;d]t ug{ ;Sg] x}l;ot /fvb5. zx/l ju{df eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, hftlo / kfl/jfl/s lx;fan] ;d]t Ps ktf 5}g. cj;/sf sf/0f b]zsf ;a} lhnnfsf JolQmx sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]gb ljgb' ag]sf] 5, sf7df8f} + pktosf. sf7df8f} + pktosfsf] zx/l efu g]kfnlx afx]s ljb]zlx sf] klg a;fo / 3'dfOsf] s]gb xf]. o;y{ legg kl/ro, cfjzostf / hljgz}nl af]s]sf] of] zx/l ju{sf] ;"rgf / dgf]/ghgsf] cfjzostf k"/f ug' { kg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] Pp6f bflotj xf]. csf] {lt/ u fdl0f If]qdf a:g] ju{ o;sf] k ;f/0fsf] bfo/fdf k5{. of] ju{ lziff / cgo ;'ljwf cl3nnf] ju{sf] t'ngfdf sd pkef]u ug{ kfp 5 jf kfp b} kfp b}g. of] ju{df ;"rgf / dgf]/ghgsf ljsnkx Hofb} sd 5g\. ;fdfgotof lbgel/ v]tl ls;fgl jf cfkm\g} ;fdfgo OndwGbfdf of] ju{ Jo:t x'g5. o;nfo{ { 20

22 ;"rgf; u} To;sf] k i6 cy{ a'emfpg pko'qm JofVof jf ljzn]if0f;d]t cfjzos k5{. ljkggtfdf af r]sf] sd cj;/ k fkt of] ju{nfo{ ;"rgf; u} lzlift ub} { n}hfg'kg] { /]l8of]sf] bflotjaf6 /]l8of] ;u/dfyf efug ;Sb}g. Psflt/ ;a} cj;/, ;fwg / ; f]t lnp/ a;]sf] lzlift a'h 's k a'4 ju{, csf{lt/ lziff, ;fwg; f]t, cj;/ / ljsnk Hofb} sd lnp/ af r]sf] u fdl0f ju{. ol b'j} ju{sf >f]tfsf] ;"rgf / dgf]/ghgsf] ef]s / cfjzostf k"/f ug' { /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] r'gf}tl, cj;/ / bflotj xf]. pd]/sf lx;fan] afns, lszf]/, o'jf, jo:s / j[4, ln+usf lx;fan] dlxnf, k'?if, k]zfsf lx;fan] ;/sf/l sd{rf/l, lzifs, k fwofks, ljbfyl{, dhb'/, kqsf/, /fhglltsdl{, snfsdl+ {, u[lx0fl ;a} /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf >f]tf x'g\. k x/l / ;]gf tyf ljb f]xl;dd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf >f]tf 5g\. hftlo cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg] xf] eg] k fom ;a} hftsf] pkl:ylt sf7df8f} + pktosfdf /x]sf] 5. t}klg d'vo?kdf g]jf/, tfdfª, If]qL, afx'g, blnt, tyf cgo hghfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ol ;a}sf] cfjzostf k"/f ug] { p2]zon] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx nfo{ s]lgb t u/]sf] 5. %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xåf/f ;~rflnt /]l8of] xf]. ;d"xdf!)# hgf hlt kqsf/x ;b:o /x]sf 5g\. log} ;b:ox n] 5fg]sf] sfo{;ldltn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;~rfng ub{5. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf!)) egbf a9l ;b:o kqsf/ / ljz]if1 ;b:ox cfkm} +df ljlegg ;d'bfosf k ltlglw x'g\ egg] g7fgg] xf] eg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] pkl:ylt kfpg ;ls b}g. t/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx df eg] ;d'bfosf] pnn]vo ;+nugtf /x]sf] 5. g]jf/ efiff; u ;Da4 Pp6f b}lgs sfo{qmd d'gf;m ljut ^ jif{b]lv g]jf/ ;d'bfosf :jo+;]jsx sf] ;d"xn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. of] sfo{qmd ;'?df! 306fsf] lyof]. clxn] klg b}lgs $% ldg]6 k ;f/ x'g]u5{. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;'?b]lv g} xfd f] ult xfd f] cfjfh gfdsf] tfdfª efifl ;fktflxs sfo{qmd k ;f/ u/]sf] lyof]. of] sfo{qmd tfdfª ;d'bfosf JolQmx n] # jif{;dd :jo+;]jssf?kdf ;~rfng u/]sf lyp. o:t} d}lynl efiffsf] sfo{qmd ldlynf ofqf :jo+;]jsaf6} ljut # jif{b]lv ;~rflnt 5. ckf+un] ckf+usf nflu ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd ;dfgtfsf :j/x klg ljut # jif{b]lv ;~rflnt 5. of] sfo{qmd cf vf gb]vg] Ps 5fqf lgd{nf 1jfnLsf] ;+nugtfdf ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;d'bfosf JolQmx n] sfo{qmddf :jo+;]jssf?kdf sfd ub} { cfpsf 5g\. clxn] klg #) k ltzt sfo{qmd :jo+;]jsx af6 g} ;~rflnt 5g\. sfo{qmd ptkfbg tyf k ;f/0fdf :yfglo u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf tyf ptkfbg u[xx sf] ;d]t ;+nugtf /x]sf] 5. o;afx]s sfo{qmdx dfkm{t ;/b/ b}lgs Ps ;oegbf a9l JolQmx n] /]l8of]af6 cfkm\gf s'/f egg kfpsf 5g\. oldwo] hgcfjfh, sfo{qmd Ps}l5g, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ;fyl / cgo /]l8of] klqsf :j k 21

23 c ufn]sf sfo{qmdx / kmf]gogdfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;f]em} cfkm\gf s'/f egg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] cgtjf{tf{ / lkmr/s} dfwodaf6 ljz]if1, gllt lgdf{tf / ;/sf/l prrkb:y sd{rf/lx n] cfkm\gf s'/f /fvg kfpsf 5g\. o:t} kqfrf/ / kmf]gdfkm{t k ;f/0faf6 cfkm\gf s'/f JoQm ug] {x sf] ;+Vof b}lgs %) egbf a9l /x]sf] 5. o;/l /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;s];dd ;a} ju{ / If]qsf JolQmx nfo{ cfkm\gf sfo{qmddf ;d]6]sf] 5 / ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fpsf] 5. %=! O 6f sfo{qmd / /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ;fyl /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf] ejg agfpg] ;fnsf] r}tdf O 6f sfo{qmd ;~rfng u of]. of] sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ffcgtu{t ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmn] cfkm"n] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] k fjwfg /flvpsf] lyof]. /]l8of]n] %))?k}of egbf a9l ;xof]u ug]{ ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] gfd cfkm\gf] gof agg] 3/sf] leqfdf n]v]/ /fvg] arg lbpsf] lyof]. of] sfo{qmd sl/a $ dlxgfhlt rnof]. O 6f sfo{qmddf ;+nug x'g]x sf] ;+Vof pt;fxk b lyof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0fx sf] ;+Vof of] alrdf!))) egbf a9l lyof]. ol JolQm af6 sl/a!) nfvegbf a9l ;xof]u lbg] arg k fkt eof]. o:t} k fljlws ;]jf / ;fdu Lx sf] ;xof]u pknaw u/fpg]x klg lg:s]sf lyp. b"w a]r]/ 3/ n}hfg'kg]{ k};f NofP/ O 6f sfo{qmddf ;+nug x'g]b]lv lax]df 6Lsf]6fnf]af6 k fkt /sd;d]t O 6f sfo{qmddf nufpg] JolQmx b]lvp. SofG;/n] u :t Ps lrlst;sn] cfkm\gf] cf}iflwsf nflu kl/jf/n] 5'6\ofPsf] k};f;d]t O 6f sfo{qmddf nufp. o:t} /fli6«o >d k lti7fgsf tkm{af6 o;sf sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs 8f= lzj zdf{åf/f ;a}egbf 7"nf] /sd! nfv?k}of k fkt eof] eg] cs;kmfd g]kfnaf6 ^) xhf/?k}of. o:t} g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf cy{ ljz]if1 s]zj cfrfo{ / /fi6«a}+ss} k"j{ sd{rf/l g]kfnugh lgjf;l xhf/?k}of ;xof]u u/]/ O 6f sfo{qmddf ;+nug ep. o;/l ;xof]u ug] {x bh{gegbf a9l ljb]zl gful/sx sf] klg ;+nugtf lyof]. sl/a!))) hgf ljlegg If]q / ju{sf JolQmx af6 sl/a!) nfv?k}of sf] arg k fkt ep klg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf hgzlqmsf] cefjdf ;f] /sd p7fpg g;lspsf] / To;sf] cfwfh;f] sl/a % nfv?k}of dfq p7\g ;s]sf] 5. clxn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] O 6f sfo{qmdnfo{ kl/dfh{g u/l bf]; f] r/0f /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ;fyl sfo{qmd cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. of] sfo{qmdcgtu{t O 6f sfo{qmddf ;+nug ;a} :jtm /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ;fyl ag5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;fyl agg ljlegg vfg] ;b:otf / z'nssf] Joj:yf :6];gn] u/]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k ;f/0fdf hg;xeflutf a9l xf];\ / ;d'bfosf a9legbf a9l ;b:on] cfkm\gf s'/f ;dfhdf ;'gfpg kfpg\ egg] p2]zon] cfkm\gf ;fylsf s'/f x/]s Ps lbg la/fp/ a]n'sf & ah]sf] ;dfrf/kl5 k ;f/0f ug{ ] u/]sf] 5. of] sfo{qmd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] :jl; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. 22

24 ;b:otfsf] k sf/ gjls/0fsf] k sf/ z'ns!= JolQmut s= ;fwf/0f jif]{lkr5] ug'{kg]{! xhf/ jf a9l v= dfgfy{ gjls/0f ug'{ gkg]{ % xhf/ jf a9l u= cfhljg gjls/0f ug'{ xhf/ jf ;+:yfut s= ;fwf/0f jif]{lkr5] ug'{kg]{ % xhf/ jf a9l v= dfgfy{ gjls/0f ug'{ gkg]{ %) xhf/ jf a9l u= cfhljg gjls/0f ug'{ gkg]{ %) xhf/ jf a9l ^= ;fdflhs kl/jt{g /]l8of] ;fn h]7 ( ut] k ;f/0f ;'? u/]b]lv Ps vfnsf] gf}nf] :jfbsf] /]l8of] t/+u sf7df8f} + pktosfjf;ln] kfp. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] af]ng] z}nl lgtfgt df}lns -/]l8of] g]kfn / o;cgtu{tsf] PkmPd!)) egbf legg_ lyof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] 5gf}6 ug] { ultx sf] ld7f; cfkm\g} vfnsf] lyof]. lxgbl / c+u ]hl ultsf] laulaul epsf] sf7df8f} + pktosfdf o;n] lxgbl ult gahfpg] c3f]lift gllt ebf}!# ut]b]lv b}lgs /]l8of] klqsf xfd f] vfn8f] ;'? eof]. of] /]l8of] klqsfn] pktosf / j/k/sf afl;gbfx nfo{ Ps vfnsf] gf}nf] :jfb rvfof]. o;n] l/kf]6{, k f]kmfon, hgcfjfh / k ltwjlg h:tf :tdedfkm{t hgtfsf jf:tljs cfjfhx k ;f/ u of]. /]l8of]sf cfjfhx sf] /ªdf ljljwtf / ljzj;glotf k i6 emlnsof]. o;sf] k :t'ltdf df}lnstf / ljifox hghljgnfo{ ;f]em} 5'g] vfnsf epsf sf/0f xfd f] vfn8f] l5 } nf]slk o eof]. o;df hg;xeflutf Jofks a9\g yfnof]. yfkfynlsf] /fde08f/cufl8 k/]sf] vfn8f]af/] l/kf]6{ k ;f/ x'gf;fy vfn8f] k'l/of]. xfd f] vfn8f]n] jf:tljs kj{sf cfjfh / afhfx ;d]t /]s8{ u/l k ;f/ u of]. o;af6 df}lns hfqf / kj{k ltsf] hgnufj a9\of] eg] ;~rfns / ;DalGwt ;d'bfodf cem hf u/ ylkof]]. qmd}; u /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nf]slk otf a9\b} uof]. k l;4 ufos k'ik g]kfnln] cfkm"; u epsf cfkm\gf ultx sfnwf/fl:yt /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] :6'l8of]df NofP/ a'emfpg'eof]. pxf n] egg'eof], æ/]l8of] ;u/dfyf eg]sf] hgtf xf], /]l8of] g]kfn eg]sf] k x/l xf], a? k x/ln] rf]5{ hgtfn] cfkm\g} ;DklQ rf]b} {g egg] dfgotfcg' k d]/f ultx tkfo{x nfo{ lb b}5'.æ o;kl5 w]/} ufos ;+ultsf/n] cfkm\gf /rgf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ NofP/ lbg] nx/ rnof]. of] qmd cem} hf/l 5. nf]s ;+ultsf k l;4 cgj]ifs z'lj zfxn] ult /]s8{ u/fpg] klxnf] g]kfnl ufos ;]t'/fdsf b'n{e l8:sx /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ pkxf/:j k k bfg ug' {eof] / /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] tl l8:sx k ;f/ ug{ yfn]kl5 ;]t'/fdaf/] g]kfnl hgdfg;nfo{ hfgsf/l x'g yfnof]. 23

25 + /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;'? u/]sf] ljrf/ :tde æca d]/f] kfnf]æ n] af]nldf ljljwtf Nofof] eg] æd]/f] syfæ n] n's]/ a;]sf k ltef / pbfx/0flo JolQmTjx sf] hljgufyf ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;3fof]. ugh' nfdfh:tf bf]; f] ljzjo'4sf gfossf] hljgl / o'4sf] j0f{g /]l8of]n] d]/f] syf sfo{qmdcgtu{t k ;f/ u of]. of] qmddf s}of} + b'n{e cfjfhx /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k ;f/ u of]. 5' } klxrfgo'qm l8hfogsf sf/0f sfo{qmdx nf]slk odfq} x}g, k efjsf/l klg ag]. ;/sf/n] ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fsf nflu cg'dlt lbpsf] lypg. t/ xfnrfn ;'? eof]. of] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g lgtfgt ;fd'bflos vfnsf] lyof]. o;df k of]u x'g] efiff / o;n] ;d]6\g] ljifoj:t'sf sf/0f ;d'bfodf of] nf]slk o eof]. ;d'bfoaf6 kmf]g u/]/ 36gf l6kfogy] / k ;f/0f epkl5 wgojfbsf kmf]g cfp y]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx 8anL / cfhsf s'/fn] ;d;fdlos ljifodf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/l hgtfnfo{ lzlift ug{ / gllt lgdf{0f txdf ;'wf/ ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'/ofpsf 5g\. sfo{qmd cfrf/ljrf/n] e i6frf/lj?4 hgdt tof/ kfg{ 7"nf] d2t k' ofpsf] ;fndf of] sfo{qmd ;'? x' bf e i6frf/sf] ukm ug' { ;f]vk"j{s ;do sf6\g] d]nf] xf] eg]h:tf] u/l ;j{;fwf/0fn] lngy] eg] gllt lgdf{tf rflx cfkm" b"wn] wf]opsf] h:tf] u/l cgfjzos s'/f] lsg p7fpsf] xf]nf eg]/ k Zg uy] {. sfg'gsf] sdhf]/lsf sf/0f clvtof/ b'?kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]un] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf xfn]sf k fom ;a} d'2fdf e i6frf/ls} lht x'gyof]. t/ cfh o;af/] hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/ a9]sf] 5. e i6frf/lj/f]wl sfg'g ;zqm ag]sf] 5 / clvtof/ b'?kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]un] o;alrdf ;of} + d'2fx bfo/ u/]sf] 5. o:tf d'2f x]g] { 5' } lgsfosf kdf ljz]if cbfnt v8f epsf] 5 / o;n] s}of} + e i6frf/lnfo{ ;hfo lbnfo;s]sf] 5. sfo{qmd cfrf/ljrf/ sf7df8f} + pktosfaflx/ klg k ;f/ eo/x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k ;f/ u/]sf sfo{qmdsf sf/0f cfh g]kfnl ult ;+ultsf] ljsf;df ;d]t dxœjk"0f{ of]ubfg ldn]sf] 5. l8:sf] / lxgbl uhn ahg] sf7df8f} +sf /]:6'/]G6x cfh g]kfnl bf]xf]/l ult ahfp 5g\. bf]xf]/l ;'Gg / ufpg clg gfrg /]:6'/]G6 hfg]x sf] ;+Vof sd 5}g. s}of} + snfsf/, ultsf/sf gfd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 jiff} {b]lv unt alh/x]sfdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf chdd/l ult / ;+ult ;/f]a/n] ;RofO{ jf:tljs ;h{snfo{ Gofo lbnfpsf 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cnk;+vos cflbjf;lsf ;d:of phfu/ ug] { 7fp k bfg u/]sf] 5. h;cgtu{t hghfltsf] k ltlglwtj ub} { afns[i0f dfjf]xfªn] ;fktflxs kdf cflbjf;l; u ;DalGwt cfjfh p7fp b} cfpg'epsf] 5. o:t} ckf+u hutnfo{ x]osf] b[li6n] x]g] { xfd f] ;dfhsf] b[li6sf]0f kl/jt{g ug{ sfo{qmd ;dfgtfsf :j/x n] ;xof]u k' ofpsf] 5. sfo{qmd /]l8of] s'/fsfgln] hgtfnfo{ x/]s ljifok lt lgikif 9+un] ljzn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpsf] 5. kfsf kqsf/ e}/j l/;fnn] sfo{qmd æplxn] afh]sf kfnfdf dfkm{tæ 6]:6LdgLÆ cyf{t\ syo Oltxf;sf] ptvgg ug' {epsf] 5. of] sfo{qmdn] slxno} ;fj{hlgs gepsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;sf kfgfx kn6fo/x]sf] 5. o;n] Oltxf;sf cgj]ifs / cg';gwftfx sf nflu 7"nf] / v lbnf] ;fdu L hddf ul/;s]sf] 5. o;sf] Ps efu kfg; ;fpy Pl;ofsf] ;xof]udf k':tsfsf/ kdf k sflzt klg eo;s]sf] 5. 24

26 sfo{qmd zflgt cleofg jt{dfg ågå sd ug{ hgr]tgf j[l4 ug] { p2]zon] ;~rflnt 5. of] sfo{qmd sf7df8f} +egbf aflx/;d]t k ;f/ x'g5. ågå/t dfcf]jfbl ljb f]xl / ;'/Iff kmf}hnfo{ dfgjlo sfg'g / dfgj clwsf/;dagwl lziff lbg / hgtfnfo{ ågåsf a]nf x'g] Iflt / dfgjclwsf/sf] xggaf/] ;r]t /xg of] sfo{qmd ;xof]ul ag]sf] 5. o:t}, dlxnf xssf s'/f ug] { nf]ug]dfg5]nfo{ hf]ol6+u ]sf] pkflw le/fpg] k/dk/fut dfgotf af]s]sf] xfd f] ;dfhdf n} +lus ;dtfsf nflu r]tgf hufpg ;xcl:ttj sfo{qmd lgs} pkof]ul epsf] 5. of] sfo{qmd sf7df8f}+ pktosfaflx/ ;d]t k ;f/ x'g5. laxfg} k ;f/ x'g] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf]n] klqsf lsg]/ k9\g g;sg] / k9\g km";{b gx'g] b'j}y/lnfo{ Psflaxfg} ;dfrf/ ;'gfp/ 7"nf] u'g nufpsf] 5 / afgld} kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5. sfo{qmd Ps}l5gn] hgtfsf jf:tljs cfjfh / cg'ej k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5 eg] lrl6ssn] kmf]xf]/d}nf / jftfj/0fsf If]qdf hfu/0f cleofg ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. o:t} sfo{qmd ;+ult ;/f]a/n] k'/fgf g]kfnl ;f+ullts ;h{s / l;h{gfsf] ptvgg ul//x]sf] 5. nf]sefsfn] g]kfnl nf]sultsf] ;Da4{gdf of]ubfg k' ofo/x]sf] 5. ;du df egg'kbf{, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] e8\lsg nfu]sf] g]kfnl ;dfhdf cfkm\gf]kgk lt uf}/j ug{ an k' ofpsf] 5. gful/snfo{ ltgsf clwsf/ / st{jok lt ;hu /xg l;sfpsf] 5. ax'njfbl ;dfhdf v'nnf ax;sf] ceof;nfo{ d"t{ k lbpsf] 5. glltlgdf{tfx nfo{ hgk ltlqmof pknaw u/fpg'sf ;fy} ltgnfo{ hgtf;dif peofpsf] 5. gllt lgdf{tfx nfo{ cfkm" ;lrrg / cfkm\gf gllt, sfg'g / lg0f{o ;Rofpg ;xof]u k' ofpsf] 5. gful/snfo{ b'?:t ;"rgf kfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. k ltefnfo{ ;dfhdf :yflkt u/l ltgsf] xf};nf a9fpsf] 5. ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tfsf nflu ;~rflnt cleofgnfo{ ;3fPsf] 5. ;fdflhs cleofgdf nfug]x sf] dgf]an a9fpsf] 5 / ;fdflhs cgtlqm{ofsf dfwodaf6 Psfk;df cg'ej / ;d:of cfbfg k bfg u/l cufl8 a9\g d2t k' ofpsf] 5. n} +lus ;dtf, dfgjclwsf/ / zflgtsf nflu hgdt tof/ ug{ ;3fPsf] 5. d'vo s'/f], hgtfdf cfkm\gf s'/f lgw{ss egg ;Sg] zlqm e/]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] csf] { dxœjk"0f{ kif eg]sf] ;se/ z'4 efiffdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug' {. o;n] ;s];dd df}lns / z'4 g]kfnl efiffdf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng u/]sf sf/0f g]kfnl efiff agfpg] xf] eg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;'Gg'k5{ egg] ljzjf; cfdhgdf;df kg{ yfn]sf] 5. ;~rfl/sf ;d"xsl cwoif jgbgf /f0ffsf] egfonfo{ g} ;fk6l:j k oxf /fvf} +. pxf egg] ug' {x'g5, d ;"rgfsf ;fy} g]kfnl efiff l;sg;d]t /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;'Gg] u5'{. &= :6];gsf] lg/gt/tf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;fd'bflos efjgfaf6 ;~rflnt /]l8of] :6];g xf]. o;sf] k' hl eg]s} ;fd"lxs efjgf / Jofj;flos lgi7f xf]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x; u /]l8of] vf]ng k'ug] k};f lypg t/ s]xl ug{ ;lsg5 ls egg] cf 6 lyof]. oxl cf 6 / ljzjf;sf ;fy ;d"xn] ;~rf/ glltb]lv g} nljªsf] sfd yfnof]. ;fy;fy} o;n] hgzlqm ljsf;sf nflu klg tflnd ;~rfng u of]. o'g]:sf] cfok'uof] ] g]kfn jftfj/0f 25

27 { kqsf/ ;d"xsf] xf]:6]df x} +;] ug{. o'g]:sf]n] /]l8of] vf]ng k fljlws ;xof]u lbof]. o'g]:sf]sf] ^) xhf/ 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;xof]udf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgf ;'? eof]. ;fgf] lds:r/, dfl6{g Pnf8{sf] %)) jf6sf] 3/]n' 6«fG;ld6/, ^ j6f d/fgr lkmn8 /]s8{/, s]xl dfoqmf]kmf]g. ;u/dfyf kl/of]hgfsf k fljlws ;DklQ log} lyp. o;sf] g]t[tjdf a:g]x df log} yf]/} pks/0faf6 klg s]xl ug{ ;lsg5 egg] cf 6 lyof]. h]7 df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f ;'? epkl5 o;sf ;~rfnsx df r'gf}tl ylk b} uof]. klxn] t k/lif0f k ;f/0f 306fdfq ul/ b} r}t!@ b]lv o;n] lgoldt k ;f/0f ;'? u of]. ;do ylk b} lyof]. ;'?df! hgf ptkfbs hgf ;xfos ptkfbs / Ps hgf k fljlwsaf6 k ;f/0f yflnpsf] lyof]. t/ ^ 306f k ;f/0f x'g] lalqs} yk hgzlqm rflxof]. o;/l k ;f/0f ;do ylkg]lalqs} hgzlqm / vr{ b'j} a9\g yfnof]. sf7df8f} +df Jofkfl/s /]l8of] klg ylkg] qmd a9\b} lyof]. 306] k ;f/0fsf] ceof; u/]sf lyp. k fljlws lx;fan] sfnwf/fl:yt k ;f/0f s]gb cg'ko'qm epkl5 /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] 7fp ;g' {kg] { eof]. eo/x]sf] :6'l8of] TolQs} 5f]8\g'k of] eg] csf] { 7fp df km]l/ vr{ nfug' :jfefljs} lyof]. csf] {lt/ k zf;g, n]vf ;a}lt/ hgzlqm al9/x]sf] lyof]. ;'?df lj1fkg;d]t k ;f/0f gug] { gllt lnpsf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] s]xl ;doleq}df lg/gt/tfsf lx;fan] cfkm\gf] k"j{ glltdf kl/jt{g ug' {k of]. cgttm ttsfnlg :6];g Dofg]h/ /3' d}gfnlsf] kxn / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dgql /fwfs[i0f d}gfnlsf] ;bf;otfdf /]l8of] ;fnsf] dfemdfemlb]lv lj1fkg k ;f/ ug] { clwsf/ k fkt u of] ;} 306f k ;f/0fdf hfg ;Sg] Ohfht k fkt u of]. o;af6 /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] cf 6 a9\of]. csf] {lt/ 8]lg; ;xof]u ;+:yf 8flg8fn] /]l8of]sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u u of]. j]i6 ldlg:6/ kmfpg8];g, Osf] lxdfnnufotsf ;+:yfn] /]l8of]sf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu cfly{s jf k fljlws ;xof]u u/]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm\gf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu clxn] dfl;s emg8} kf r nfv?k}of h'6fpg'k5{. o;sf nflu :6];gn] lj1fkg, sfo{qmd ptkfbgdf ;xof]u / sfo{qmddf k fof]hg u/l tlg 9+un] cfdbfgl ug] u/]sf] 5. clxn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf cftdlge{/tfsf] af6f]df cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ of] lbzfdf cl3 a9\g ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb -g]jfk;_, cs;kmfd g]kfn, :jl; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]u, Osf] lxdfn, PS;g P8 g]kfn, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn g]kfnnufotsf cgt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx n] ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\. o:t} ;fd'bflos jg pkef]qmf dxf;+3, lziff kqsf/ ;d"xnufotsf u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx ; u klg ldn]/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5. *= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ue{sfnb]lv g} r'gf}tl / Jojwfg Joxf]g{ l;s]sf] xf]. emg8} cfwf bzssf] ;+3if{kl5 dfq} :yfkgf epsf] lzz' /]l8of] ;u/dfyf hgd b} xftv' f af lwp/ hgd]sf] lyof]. emg8} 8]9 bh{g ;/sf/l zt{n] o;sf xftv' f af lwpsf lyp. t/ h;/l t;/l afd] ;g{ yfnsf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] lbuf]kg, k fljlws, sfo{qmd ptkfbg / Jofj;flos tyf Joj:yfksLo If]qdf r'gf}tl / Jojwfg em]nb} 26

28 cufl8 a9\g'k of]. ;f RRf} egg] xf] eg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] kfonf kfonfdf r'gf}tl Joxf]b}{ cfpg'k/]sf] 5. Jojwfg vkb} cfpg'k/]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf :6];g Dofg]h/ df]xg lji6sf cg';f/, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] clxn]sf] 7"nf] r'gf}tl eg]sf] lbuf]kg / sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 g} xf]. o;sf r'gf}tl / JojwfgnfO{ o;/l k :6\ofpg ;lsg5 *=! k fljlws r'gf}tl / ;fn h]7 ( ut] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f ;'?dfq} s] epsf] ldg]6d} k ;f/0f agb eof]. klxnf] lbg g} o;n] k fljlws ;d:of ef]ug'k of]. k fljlwsx n] To;nfO{ 7Ls7fs kf/]. t/ sfnwf/fsf] k ;f/0f s]gb af6 Wjlg t/+u /fd f] g;'lgpsf] k ltlqmof cfpg yfnof]. /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f s]gb /fvg ;Defljt 7fp sf] vf]hl x'g yfnof]. kf6g9f]sfl:yt lxdfn P;f]l;P;gsf] 3/af6 s]xl ;donfo{ k ;f/0f ug] { lgwf] eof]. sfo{qmd ptkfbg sfnwf/faf6 ug] {, k ;f/0f kf6g9f]sfaf6. of] ut] /ftel/ sfd ut]b]lv lxdfnsf] ejgaf6 k ;f/0f ;'? eof]. Toxf af6 egbf kfg; ;fpy Pl;ofsf] ejgaf6 /fd f] ;'lgg] egb} sflqs % ut] kfg;sf] ejg, kf6g9f]sfdf k ;f/0f pks/0f ;fl/p. of] ejg lxdfnsf] egbf cunf] lyof]. o;alrdf av'08f]nsf] Pp6f 3/ ef8fdf lng] sfd eo;s]sf] lyof]. 8flg8fsf] ;xof]udf b]lv av'08f]nl:yt ef8fsf] 3/df :6'l8of] agfpg] sfd ;'? eof] df sfnwf/faf6 sfof{no;d]t ;fl/of]. cf7 6«ofssf] lds:r/, s]xl dfoqmf]kmf]g, ^ j6f lkmn8 /]s8{/, $ j6f x]8kmf]g / Pp6f 6«fG;ld6/af6 sfd yflnpsf] lyof]. df3 *, )%$ df 6«fG;ld6/ k8\s]kl5 sl/a Ps dlxgfsf nflu k ;f/0f /f]lsof].!)) jf6 Ifdtfsf] lrlgof 6«fG;ld6/ lelqpkl5 kmfu'g!# b]lv km]l/ k ;f/0f ;'? eof]. 6]lnkmf]g xfola 8 gepsf ;Dd kmf]gaf6 ;f]em} cgtlqm{of ug{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;dy{ lypg. k fljlwsx sf cg';f/, cem} klg pks/0fx /fd /L Dofr x'g g;s]sf sf/0f k ;f/0fsf] u'0f:t/ hlt /fd f] x'g'kg] { xf], Tolt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf; u k fljlws Jojwfg / r'gf}tl ;w} + g} /x b} cfpsf] 5. kof{kt pks/0fsf] cefj klxn] klg lyof], clxn] klg 5 b}5. ljlegg ;d:ofsf alr /]l8of] b]lv l8lh6n k ljlwdf sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug{ yfnof]. alal;lsf] sf] cgtolt/ %)) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ lelqof]. /]l8of] b]lv %)) jf6df k ;f/ x'g yfnof]. kof{kt pks/0f;lxt k ;f/0fnfo{ l8lh6n k ljlwdf k' ofpg' /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] r'gf}tl xf]. o;sf ;fy} sf7df8f} + pktosfaflx/sf :6];gx sf] ;~hfnnfo{ ;zqm agfpg :of6]nfo6 k ljlwdf hfg;sg' o;sf] csf] { r'gf}tl xf]. *=@ sfo{qmddf r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmddf ;a}egbf 7"nf] Jojwfg ;/sf/n] ptkgg u/]sf] 5. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnon] ljlegg axfgfdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx df x:tif]k ug] { u/]sf] 5. dgqfnon] cfkm\gf] k ltlglw sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f af]8{df k7fp/ hlxn] klg x:tif]ksf] 7fp v'nf /fv]sf] 5. csf] {lt/ 27

29 a]nfa]nfdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmd;dagwl 6]k dufp/ klg x:tif]k ug] { k of; u/]sf] 5. ;'?df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ nfo;]g; k bfg ubf{ /fhgllt;dagwl ;dfrf/ / ljzn]if0f k ;f/ ug{ gkfog] u/l ;/sf/n] k ltagw nufpsf] lyof]. h;af6 /fhgllts kdf epsf 36gfsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f / ljzn]if0f ;'Gg >f]tfx jl~rt lyp. t/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] lj:tf/} of] af/ etsfpg ;fn k';!* ut] ttsfnlg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dgql hok sfz u'ktfn] PkmPd k ljlwaf6 k ;fl/t /]l8of]x nfo{ cfkm}+n] ;dfrf/ ;+sng u/l k ;f/0f ug{ /f]s nufp eg] /]l8of] g]kfn / /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnufotsf ;/sf/l ;~rf/dfwodaf6 dfq} ;dfrf/;dagwl ;fdu L vf]hg'kg]{ lgb]{zg klg hf/l u/]. u'ktfn] sfo{qmdx nfo{ k ToIf x:tif]k ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/;lxtsf] Pp6f ( ;b:olo ;/sf/l ;ldlt;d]t agfp. o;sf ;fy} s] k ;f/ ug{ x'g] / s] gx'g] egg] lgb]{lzsf klg hf/l u/]. ttsfnlg dgql u'ktfn] /]l8of]leq sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug{ Pp6f # ;b:olo sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f af]8{ u7g ug'{kg]{, of] af]8{df :6];g k d'vsf] ;+of]hstjdf p;n] tf]s]sf]! hgf / dgqfnosf] k ltlglw -clgjfo{_ /xg'kg]{, dgqfnosf] k ltlglwsf] pkl:yltlagf a}7s a:g gkfpg], dgqfnosf] k ltlglwn] ;xdlt ghgfpsf sfo{qmd k ;f/ ug{ gkfog], k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdx sf] ljj/0f ;ft lbgcufl8 g} dgqfnodf a'emfpg'kg]{ / dgqfnon] cfklq hgfpsf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug{ gkfog] s8f lgb]{lzsf hf/l u/]. o;n] :jtgq /]l8of]sf] xftv' f / lbdfu g} af lwlbof]. of] lg0f{osf] lj/f]w:j k /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] s]xl lbg ;dfrf/ g} k ;f/ u/]g. t/ of] lgb]{lzsflj?4 clwjqmf dfwj a:g]t / ;'blk kf}8]nåf/f ;jf]{rr cbfntdf l/6 xfn]kl5 cbfntn] of] lgb]{lzsf ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] jlv{nfk epsf] egl ;'?b]lv ;a} ab/ ul/lbof]. ;fy} ;jf]{rr cbfntn] k ;f/0f kqsfl/tfdf /]l8of]sf] e"ldsf Jofks / uxg epsf] d"nof+sg ub}{ o;sf] k"0f{:jtgqtfsf] Uof/]G6L ul/lbof]. o;kl5 s]xl ;do;dd dgqfno lgs} xlrsof]. t/ k"jf{u xsf sf/0f ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ jif{;dd /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nfo;]g; gjls/0f;d]t gu/l a:of]. hgk ltlglwk lt pq/bfol ;/sf/sf] cefjdf km]l/ dgqfnon] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] km};nfsf] efjgfljk/lt cfkm\gf] k ltlglw sfo{qmd k ;f/0f lgwf{/0f af]8{df k7fpg yfn]sf] 5 / x:tif]ksf] ;'?jft u/]sf] 5. o;af6 ef]ln dgqfnosf zfvf clws[tsf] lgufxdf /]l8of] k ;f/0f /xg'kg] { r'gf}tl k i6 b]lvpsf] 5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f z}nl / lgb] {lzsf lnlvt kdf gepsf sf/0f kl/jf/ hlt 7"nf] x' b} uof], plt g} Ps?ktfsf] eg] ;d:of /x b} cfpsf] 5. slt sfo{qmd ptkfbsx g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] cfbz{, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] P]ltxfl;s kif / dxœj, o;n] c ufn]sf] gllt, nio / p2]zoaf/] cgle1 x'g'n] klg sfo{qmdx sf] u'0f:t/ h'g :t/df j[l4 x'g'kyof] { Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. Joj:yfkgdf cfpg] a]nfa]nfsf] kl/jt{gn] ;d]t sfo{qmdx w]/yf]/ k efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] kl/jf/ lbglbg} a9\b} upsf], sfo{qmdsf] ;+Vof ^) hlt k'lu;s]sf], lgdf{tf / ;~rfnsx legg legg k[i7e"ldaf6 cfpsf / w]/}nfo{ :6];gsf] ljut tyf eljiosf] of]hgfaf/] ;d]t 1fg gepsf] h:tf s'/fn] /]l8of]sf] k :t'lt, z}nl / njhdf ;d]t leggtf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5. of] leggtfnfo{ x6fpg /]l8of]n] :ki6 lnlvt b:tfj]h tof/ kfg' {kg] { vf rf] dx;'; epsf] 5. 28

30 o;afx]s, clxn] eo/x]sf] u'0f:t/ vl:sg glbg' / tflndsf cj;/x nfo{ pkof]u ub} { ;dfhsf] cfjzostf k"/f ug{ lgikif, ;Gt'lnt / p2]zok/s u'0f:t/o'qm sfo{qmdx ptkfbg / k ;f/ u/l sfo{qmd k ;f/0fsf] dfgs sfod ug{ ;Sg' clxn]sf] r'gf}tl xf]. sfo{qmdsf ljifoj:t'df ;a}vfnsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfo/xg ;Sg' klg :6];gsf nflu r'gf}tl xf]. e"d08nls/0f / o;n] kfg{ ;Sg] gsf/ftds k efjaf6 hf]lu b} :jtgq ;DkfbsLo 5lj sfod /fvg ;Sg' tyf cfkm\gf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ub} { ;~hfndf /x]sf /]l8of]x sf nflu ;d]t sfo{qmd agfp bf Ps}k6sdf sf7df8f} + aflx/sf >f]tf / sf7df8f} + pktosfsf \>f]tfsf nflu ;dfg?lr / cfjzostf k"/f ug] { u/l sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg' csf] { r'gf}tl xf]. *=# lbuf]kg;dagwl r'gf}tl /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf cufl8 v8f epsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl lbuf]kgsf] /x]sf] 5. sfo{qmdsf] lg/gt/tfsf ljk/lt af/daf/ wd{/fp b} /]l8of] ;u/dfyf cf7 jif{df k j]z u/]sf] 5. o;sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu ;'?b]lv g} k of; epsf] ep klg Joj:yfkgdf cfpsf] af/daf/sf] cl:y/tfn] k6s k6s wssf k' ofpsf] 5. olt x' bfx' b} klg lbuf]kgsf nflu /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfkm"h:t} p2]zo epsf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx sf] klxrfg u/l ldn]/ sfd ub} { cfpsf] 5. ljlegg /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o ;fdflhs ;+:yfx n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf; u ;xsfo{ ub} { cfpsf 5g\ h;sf sf/0f o;sf] lbuf]kgdf 6]jf k'ub} cfpsf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ df]xg lji6 egg'x'g5, æahf/ Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan] sf7df8f} + pktosf h:tf] ;fgf] 7fp df w]/} /]l8of] / cgo ;~rf/dfwodsf sf/0f 7"nf] k lt:kwf{ 5. clxn] xfdl p2]zo ldng] ;+:yfx ; u ;+:yfut kd} ldn]/ sfd ug] { qmddf gof gof ;Defjgfx sf] vf]hl ul//x]sf 5f} +. k j4{g ljefusf] :yfkgf u/]/ sfo{qmdx sf] k j4{g ug] { qmddf 5f} +. o;n] lbuf]kgsf nflu e/y]u u5{. ;fy;fy} /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx ;DaGwL pko'qm b:tfj]h agfpg] sfo{ klg eo/x]sf] 5. ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf nflu xfdln] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ;fyl sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf 5f}+. o;af6 lbuf]kgsf] /fd f] /fhdfu{ agg] xfd f] ljzjf; 5.Æ /]l8of] ;u/dfyf k ;f/0f x'g yfn]sf] * jif{ nfubf klg o;sf] cfkm\gf] ejg clxn];dd agg ;s]sf] 5}g. xfn dft[;+:yf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] huuf lslg;s]sf] 5. t/ 3/ agfpg ;xof]u / ; f]t h'6fpg ;Sg' cfkm} +df r'gf}tl xf]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf cufl8 sfo{qmdx sf] nf]slk otfnfo{ ;fdflhs ahf/ k j4{g / hg;xeflutfsf cfwf/df vr{ h'6fp/ /]l8of]sf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjzos kg] { ; f]t h'6fpg ;Sg' g} lbuf]kgsf nflu d'vo r'gf}tl xf]. ) 29

31 { { { /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnon] P]g / lgoddf epsf afx]s lgdg yk zt{x ;lxt k ;f/0f Ohfht lbpsf] lyof] s_ Jofkfl/s sfo{qmd ;~rfng gug] v_ Ohfht gjls/0fsf nflu k]z ubf{ /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] vr{ / sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu k fkt /sd / ; f]tsf] ljj/0f;lxtsf] n]vf k/lif0f ljj/0f k]z ug' {kg] u_ k ;f/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng af]8{df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnosf] k ltlglw ;dfj]z ug' {kg] {. 3_ d"ntm jftfj/0f sfo{qmd k j4{g ug] { lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] ª_ s[lif, lziff, :jf:yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, hg;+vof, ko{6g, jg, jftfj/0f, lj1fg, tyf k ljlw, pbf]u, jfl0fho / ;fd'bflos ljsf;;dagwl sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug{ kfog] t/ /fhgllts ljzn]if0f;dagwl / /fhgllt;dagwl ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f ug{ gkfog]. r_ ;'?df b}lgs b'o{ 306f;Dd k ;f/0f ug] {, ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+uaf6 ^ dlxgf;dd k ;f/0f u/]kl5 ;do yk ug] { :jls[ltsf nflu cg'/f]w epdf cfjzostf x]/l yk ug{ ;lsg]. 5_ k To]s xktf k ;f/0f ul/g] / k ;fl/t sfo{qmdsf] k ltj]bg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnodf k]z ug' {kg] {. h_ k ;fl/t sfo{qmdsf] /]s8{ ;fwf/0ftof ;ft lbg;dd ;'/lift /fvg'kg] {. dfu epsf] avtdf dgqfnodf pknaw u/fpg'kg]{. em_ k ;f/0f x'g]dwo] /fi6«efiffdf k ;f/0f x'g] cjlw sdtldf %) k ltzt x'g'kg] {. `_ ult;+ultsf] sfo{qmd /fi6«/ /fli6«o efiffdf dfq ug] { / To:tf] ;f+ullts sfo{qmd s'n k ;f/0f k ltzt ;dodfq x'g'kg]{. 6_ k ;f/0f ug] { ;doleq kg] { /]l8of] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfo{qmdaf6 k ;fl/t g]kfnl efiffsf] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug'{kg]{. 7_ tf]lspsf] lk msj]g;l / k ;f/0f Ifdtfafx]s cgo lk msj]g;l / k ;f/0f Ifdtfdf k of]u ug{ gldng] u/l pks/0fdf cfjzos Joj:yf ug]{. 8_ k ;f/0f ;'? ug' {cl3 Technical Parameter, h:t} Frequency, Transmeter output tyf Channel sf] ;DaGwdf /]l8of] / /]l8of] ;~rf/ -nfo;]g;_ adf]lhd Ohfht lng'kg]{. 9_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnoaf6 v6fpsf] JolQmn] s'g} avt klg k ;f/0f s]gb / pks/0f h8fg u/]sf] :yfg lg/lif0f ug{ ;Sg]. 0f_ dgqfnon] ;do ;dodf lbpsf lgb] {zg / zt{x sf] kfngf ug' {kg] {. 30

32 /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf o:tf] 5 g]jfk; sfo{;ldlt sfo{ ;~rfng ;ldlt k fljlws ljefu -k fljlws lgb] {zs_ :6];g Dofg]h/ OlGhlgo/ jl/i7 k fljlws k fljlws ;xfos k fljlws k zf;g n]vf ljefu -k zf;g n]vf lgb] {zs_ k zf;g n]vf clws[t k zf;g n]vf ;xfos l/;]k;lgi6 sfof{no ;xfos rfns dfgjlo ;+;fwg ljefu dfgjlo ;+;fwg clws[t tflndstf{ sfo{qmd ;dfrf/ ljefu -sfo{qmd ;dfrf/ lgb] {zs_ k d'v sfo{qmd lgdf{tf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs ;+of]hs jl/i7 lgdf{tf ;+jfbbftf sfo{qmd lgdf{tf ;+jfbbftf ;x lgdf{tf ;+jfbbftf slgi7 lgdf{tf ;+jfbbftf pb\3f]ifs nfoa ]l/og ahf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu -ahf/ Joj:yfkg lgb] {zs_ ahf/ clws[t ahf/ sfo{sf/l dfgjlo ;+;fwg ;xfos 31

33 /]l8of] ;u/dfyf yf]knf] $ d]ufxh{ sfo{qmd k ;f/0f tflnsf laxfg cfotaf/ ;f]daf/ d+unaf/ a'waf/ ljxlaf/ z'qmaf/ zlgaf/ %M)) %M#) k ;f/0f z'? ;+ult k eftl %M#) %M$% leif' sf}80osf] k jrg :jfdl cfggb c?0f k fs[lts pkrf/ ehg %M$% ^M!% BBC: The World Today ^M!% &M)) xfd f] vfn8f] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf] awfo{ cgtjf{tf{ hfgsf/l &M@) &M#) /]l8of] s'/fsfgl 8f=8LkL e08f/l /]l8of] s'/fsfgl lji0f'k tfk zfx s'/f]sgyf] e}/j l/;fn s'/f]sgyf] e}/j l/;fn /]l8of] s'/fsfgl nid0f cof{n /]l8of] s'/fsfgl afns[i0f dfa'xfª lrl6ss -&M!% &M$)_ &M#) &M$% PSs}l5g\ &M%) *M@) jftfj/0f 8anL efiff ;flxto / ;+rf/ 8anL ;'zf;g 8anL lziff ;+:s[lt 8anL ;fd'bflos jg ljhg]; ofqf -(.#.)^)_ :jf:yo 8anL lziffsf] cleofg -%(.&.!^_ *M@) *M$% Sofgef; ldlynf ofqf tfdfª sfo{ cfjfh v]nklqsf /+uzfnf ;dfgtfsf :j/x lziffsf] gfnla]nl )^).(.@$ (M!%!)M)) ldld{/] efsf lj1fg k ljlw -(M)) (M!%_!)M))!!M)) gof k':tf 32

34 !!M!!M$% ult}ult al;laof nf] rnlrq gu/l gj/+u!%m!^m)) nf]sefsf!^!^m$%!&!&m$% ult ljljw eghofª rf}tf/l sxl n'sfdf/l ;/dfyfsf ;fyl egg'x'g5 ult xfd f] ;u/dfyf cgnfog plxn] afh]sf] kfnfdf e"sdklo ;'/Iff lrl6ss ;~hljgl /]l8of] ;xeflutf lbuf] ljsf; alal;l g]kfnl cf vle\mofn ;+ult ;/f]j/ d/f] alal;l g]kfnl ;]jf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g xfnrfm ^M$%, &M$%, /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;drf/m &M)) 33

35 34

36 35

37 +!= P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld lglzrt If]qkmnleq hgtfsf nflu ;]jf, ;'ljwf k' ofpg] bflotjsf ;fy g]kfndf dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsf :yfkgf epsf 5g\. oxl l;nl;nfdf /fhwfgl ;x/nfo{ cgt/f{li6«o :t/sf ;]jf ;'ljwfx pknaw u/fpg] p2]zon] sf7df8f} ;fn d+l;/df dxfgu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ul/psf] xf]. dxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf / ufp ljsf; ;dlltn] hgtfsf nflu k' ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf, ;'ljwfx sf af/]df :yfglo :jfoq zf;g / n] lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5. oxl P]g / lgodfjnlsf] clwgdf /xl cfkm\gf ; f]t / ;fwgx sf] k of]uåf/f dxfgu/jf;lnfo{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k bfg ub}{ cfpsf] 5 sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfn]. sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf b]zsf] /fhwfgldfq gep/ P]ltxfl;s / k frlg ;f :s[lts gu/ klg xf]. b]zs} ;a}egbf prr j[l4b/ epsf] ;'ljwf;dkgg / ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;x/ xf], sf7df8f} +. oxf sf] Ps ltxfo hg;+vof /}yfg] g]jf/x sf] xf]. To;}u/L /fhwfgl ;x/ sf7df8f} + b]zsf krxq/} lhnnfaf6 a;fo ;/fo{ / sfd ljz]ifn] cfpg] ljlegg hfthfltsf] ;ldd>0f :yn klg xf]. o:tf] :ynsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;/;kmfo / k zf;gnfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] / hgpq/bfol agfpgsf nflu sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfdf ljlegg!% j6f ljefux sf] :yfkgf ul/psf] ;fnsf] :yfglo lgsfosf] r'gfjdf s]zj :yflkt sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfsf] d]o/ kbdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof]. gof d]o/ cfpkl5 ;x/sf] :j?k s:tf] x'g'k5{, gful/sn] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;]jfsf] kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ s:tf] x'g'k5{, ;]jf kfpg gful/sn] k' ofpg'kg] { k lqmof / ;x/l ljsf;sf k fyldstf s] x'g\ egg] cwoog x'g yfnof]. Tolta]nf dxfgu/kflnsfn] gu/jf;lnfo{ k bfg ug] { ;]jf ;'ljwf kl/df0fftds Pj+ u'0fftds b'j} lx;fan] kof{kt lypg. dxfgu/ epkl5 kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu gful/s gu/kflnsf s/ / z'ns ltg{ klg tof/ lypgg\. ;x/l Joj:yfkgdf hgtfnfo{ ;xof]ul agfp/ lbuf], ;xeflud"ns Pj+ pq/bfol ljsf;sf nflu gful/sx cfkm} +n] lgjf{lrt u/l k7fpsf hgk ltlglw / k zf;sx n] s] / s;/l sfd ub} {5g\ egg] yfxf lbg dxfgu/kflnsfdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefu ykg] lg0f{o eof]. oxl lg0f{okl5 sf7df8f} +jf;l / sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfalr ;"rgf tyf ;xeflutfsf] cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ a9fpg Pp6f ;]t' agfoof] d]6«f] PkmPd. 9n ;'wf/, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgb]lv lnp/ dxfgu/sf b}lgs x/]s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug' {kg] { r'gf}tl dxfgu/sf ;fd' lyof]. hgtf / pglx n] g} r'g]/ k7fpsf :yfglo lgsfosf kbflwsf/lx alr ;Dks{ lgoldt /fvg' klg t 5 b} lyof], h;n] gu/sf x/]s kbflwsf/l / sd{rf/lx df ;'zf;g, kf/bzl{tf / lhdd]jf/laf]w u/fpg ;xof]u ug{ ;SYof]. /]l8of]nfo{ hgd'vl agfpg d]o/ s]zj :yflktsf y'k } of]hgfx lyp. æxfdln] /]l8of]af6 cfh slt /fh:j p7\of], 9n ;'wf/df slt vr{ eof] ], ;8s k]6l lgdf{0f sxf eo/x]sf] 5 / d7dlgb/sf] ;+/If0fdf s] k of; eo/x]sf 5g\ egg] atfpg ;S5f} +. To;kl5 hgtfn] klg pglx n] lt/]sf] s/ sxf uo/x]sf] 5 egg] yfxf kfp 5g\.Æ 36

38 vfg]kfgl, cfjf;, oftfoft, ;/;kmfo, kmf]xf]/ ;+sng, ljb't\ ljt/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fh:tf ;x/l ljsf;sf x/]s kifdf dxfgu/jf;lx sf] ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;lspg eg] ljsf;sf k of; c;kmn x'g5g\ egg] o;cl3sf cg'ejn] 5n{ª lyof]. :yfglo lgsfonfo{ kf/bzl{ agfpg], dxfgu/jf;lk ltsf] pq/bflotj k"/f ug] { / ;x/sf x/]s ultljlwdf pglx sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] p2]zo /fv]/ g} d]6«f] PkmPdsf] cfjzostf af]w ul/psf] lyof]. d]6«f] :6];g :yfglo lgsfonfo{ ;zqm / k efjsf/l agfpg] ;~rf/sf] Pp6f /fd f] cjwf/0ff lyof]. t/ o;sf] cfjzostfnfo{ g t gu/jf;ln] a'em]sf lyp g t gu/ k ltlglwsf?kdf r'lgp/sf j8fcwoif / gu/kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox sf] g} rfxgf lyof]. of] t s]an Ps hgf d]o/sf] lg0f{odf v'n]sf] :6];g xf]. ædxfgu/n] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { egg] lg0f{o ;dy{g ug] { Ps hgf klg gu/kl/ifb\ ;b:o lypgg\. d]/f] cfk\mg} kifsf ;b:ox klg /]l8of]sf] dfdnfdf ljkifdf lyp. ev{/ r'lgp/ cfpsf k ltlglwx o:tf] unuf 8 af]sg' x' b}g elg/x]sf lyp. pglx sf] ts{ lyof] dxfgu/kflnsfsf ;a} s'/f ;j{;fwf/0fdf k'uof] eg] t uf]kotf g} s] af sl /x\of] t < d g} Psbd s7f]/ ep/ h;/l klg :6];g :yfkgf ug' {k5{ gep af]8{ a}7s g} ;~rfng ulb{g eg]kl5 dfq} ;xdltdf k'lupsf] xf].æ d]o/ s]zj :yflkt :yfkgf sfnsf s'/f d]6«f]sf] x/]s jflif{sf]t;jsf a]nf ;Demg' x'g5. d]6«f] PkmPdsf nflu ;fndf ;~rf/ dgqfnodf k :tfj k]z u/]sf] lyof]. dgqfnon] d]6«f] ;fnsf] ut] g} k ;f/0f cg'dlt lbpsf] xf]. æd t k fljlws dfg5] kl/g. xfdlnfo{ dgqfnon] PkmPd!)^=& lk msj]g;l lbof]. PkmPdsf] lk msj]g;l *& af6 ;'? x'g] egg] rflx yfxf lyof]. xfdlnfo{ ;a}egbf dflysf] lk msj]g;l lbof] eg]/ d t b+u k/] +.cg'dltkq xft k of] egb} dxfgu/kflnsf kms] {kl5 ;a}n] ufnl ug{ yfn]kl5 kf] yfxf eof] xfdlnfo{ ;aegbf k5fl8sf] lkm Sj]G;L lbop5 eg]/. /]l8of]sf] 8fonleq of] lkm Sj]G;L t lj/n} 3'dfO bf] /x]5.æ d]o/ s]zj :yflkt d]6«f] PkmPdsf :yfkgf tfsfsf s'/f o;/l ;Demg'x'G5. dgqfnon] d]6«f] PkmPd k ;f/0fsf nflu cg'dlt lbpkl5 :6];g :yfkgfsf nflu sf7df8f+ } dxfgu/sf ljlegg 7fp sf] cwoog ;'? eof]. PG6]gf / 6«fG;ld6/ /fvgsf nflu k fljlws?kn] pko'qm / gu/jf;lnfo{ kfos kg] { 7fp sf] vf]hl x'g yfnof]. ;o jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/af6 sf7df8f} +sf] ;]/f]km]/f] / sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfsf k} +tl;} j8fdf /]l8of]sf] t/+u /fd f]; u k' ofpg cunf] 7fp rflxgyof]. pko'qm :yfgsf] vf]hl x' b} hf bf ;'?df sf7df8f} +sf] x\o'dt 6f]n / 6]s' d]6«f]sf nflu ;Defljt 7fp df k/]sf lyp. t/ cgtodf sf7df8f} +sf] k'/fgf] / dwo ;x/ c;g ahf/df :6];gsf] 6«fG;ld6/ /fvg] lg0f{o ul/of]. c;g rf]ssf] ;a}egbf cunf] 3/ d]6«f] PkmPdsf nflu pko'qm 7x ofpkl5 s/f/df ef8fdf lnopsf] ;fnsf] cfwfcfwlaf6 d]6«f] PkmPdsf] k/lif0f k ;f/0f ;'? eof]. k fljlws lx;fan] ;a} pko'qm 5 egg] OlGhlgo/x sf] ;Nnfxdf c;gsf] 3/ /f]lhpsf] lyof]. t/ k/lif0f k ;f/0fsf a]nf kf] yfxf eof] sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfleqsf w]/} 7fp df d]6«f] PkmPd ;'lg b}g egg]. nlntk'/, eqmk'/, l7dl / sllt{k'/sf w]/} 7fp df t d]6«f] /fd f]; u ;'lgg] s'/} cfpg. of] k fljlws ;d:of dxfgu/kflnsfsf nflu clgtd uf ;df 9'+uf k/]em} eof]. 37

39 + k/lif0f k ;f/0fsf] ( dlxgfsf] cjlwdf d]6«f]sf] k ;f/0f Ifdtf a9]g a? a' b} hf bf sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfs} w]/} 7fp df d]6«f] ;'Gg g;lspsf u'gf;fx cfpg yfn]. dgqfnoaf6 cg'dlt lnp/ k ;f/0f Ifdtf ykg] / :6];gnfO{ cunf] 7fp df ;fg] { ljsnkx t lyp. t/ nfvf} +?k}of vr{ u/]/ hf]l8psf] ctofw'lgs ;fdfg hl8t :6'l8of] / :6];gnfO{ ttsfn ;fg{ ;Sg] cj:yf lypg. ;fn c;f]h! ut]b]lv sf7df8f} +sf] c;gaf6} d]6«f] PkmPdn]!)^=& df cfk\mgf] cf}krfl/s k ;f/0f cf/de u of]. k f/dedf d]6«f] PkmPdn] laxfg a]n'sf u/l b}lgs & 3G6f sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] lyof]. t/ w]/} 7fp af6 d]6«f]sf] k ;f/0f /fd f] epg egg] u'gf;fx cfpg ;fndf :6];gnfO{ sf7df8f} +s} sflnsf:yfgdf ;fg] { lg0f{o ul/psf] lyof]. ljut # jif{b]lv sflnsf:yfgaf6 of] :6];gn] b}lgs!@ 3G6f x' b} ;f9]!^ 3G6f k ;f/0f ub} { cfo/x]sf] 5. gof cfly{s ;fn ;fpgb]lv d]6«f] PkmPdsf] d'xf/} kl/jt{g x' b}5. d]6«f]n] gof lk msj]g;l PkmPd ($=^ df k ;f/0f ug{sf nflu ;~rf/ dgqfnoaf6 cg'dlt kfo;s]sf] 5. 6«fG;ld6/sf] k ;f/0f Ifdtf! ;o jf6af6 yk]/ %)) ;o jf6 k' ofo b} 5. d]6«f] PkmPd clxn] eo/x]sf sfo{qmdx nfo{ gu/jf;lsf nflu pkof]ul agfp b} o;nfo{ jf:tjd} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf]?k lbg] sf]l;; ub} clek ]/0ff, nio / clek ;fn;dddf sf7df8f} + pktosfdf cfwf bh{ghlt /]l8of] :6];g / e" pku xdfkm{t cfpg] bh{gf} 6]lnlehg Rofgnn] ;"rgfsf] cfjzostf k"/f ul//x]sf lyp. ol ljb'tlo ;~rf/dfwodafx]s Ps bh{gegbf a9l /fli6«o b}lgsx, ;fktflxs kqklqsf, Od]n, OG6/g]6 cflbaf6 /fhwfgldf ;"rgfsf] af9l g} cfpsf] lyof]. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfjzostf klg blif0f Pl;ofd} klxnf] klxnf]k6s v'n]sf] ;fj{hlgs k ;f/0f ;+:yf /]l8of] ;fn h]7df k"/f ul/;s]sf] ] lyof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] sf7df8f} +dfq} gep/ ;Dk"0f{ pktosfsf] cfjfh ;d]l6/x]sf] lyof]. pktosfleq x'g] x/]s ;f+:s[lts rf8kj{ / hfqfx, pktosfsf hnbfanbf ljifoj:t'x /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ljlegg sfo{qmddfkm{t ;d]6\g] u/]sf] lyof]. t/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfo{ sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf / o;leqsf afl;gbfk lt dfq} pq/bfol x'g'kg] { afwotf lypg. t/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] p7fpg] x/]s ;fj{hlgs ;jfnsf d'2fx, o;n] pktosfjf;ldf NofPsf] kl/jt{g g} d]6«f] vf]ngsf nflu clek ]/0ff lyof]. æ/fhwfgl ;x/df a;f]af; ug] { x/]s gu/jf;lsf] cfjfh xfdl;dd Nofpg] / xfd f gllt lg0f{ox gu/jf;lx ;Dd k' ofpg ;xof]ul x'g5 eg]/ g} xfdln] d]6«f] /]l8of] cjwf/0ffnfo{ cufl8 NofPsf xf} +.Æ d]o/ s]zj :yflkt :6];gsf] :yfkgfsf] k ; ;Demg'x'G5. :6];g vf]ng] glltut lg0f{o ubf{ d]6«f] s] p2]zosf nflu :yfkgf ug{ nflupsf] xf] egg] s'/f dxfgu/kflnsf s]xl kbflwsf/lx nfo{ dfq} yfxf lyof]. dxfgu/kflnsf h:tf] :yfglo k zf;gsf] k fyldstfdf kg] { sfd eg]sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f xf], ;~rf/dfwod xf]og egg] s'/fx Toltv]/ p7]sf lyp. 38

40 + u fxsn] b]vg] u/l agfopsf] v'nf efg;f epsf] /]:6'/]G6; u d]o/ s]zj :yflkt dxfgu/sf] /]l8of]nfo{ bf Hg] ug' {x'g5. æzf;gsf cf7 ;"qdwo] ;a}egbf dxœjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] kf/bzl{tf /x]5. s'g} klg ;+:yf kf/bzl{ eof] eg] ;a} s'/f Jojl:yt x'g5 egg] yfxf epkl5 kf/bzl{ agfpg] dfwod s] xf] egg] vf]hl ubf{ /]l8of] g} 7Ls x'g5 h:tf] nfuof]. dxfgu/kflnsfdf s] eo/x]sf] 5 / s;/l eo/x]sf] 5 egg] s'/f /]l8of]af6} gu/jf;l;dif k' ofpg] xfd f] cjwf/0ff xf].æ jf:tjdf ;~rf/sf ljlegg dfwoddwo] /]l8of]nfo{ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] cfk\mgf] d'vkqsf?kdf /f]h]sf] xf]. dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/l k d'v eo;sg'epsf ;"o{ l;njfnsf ljrf/df /]l8of]sf dfwodaf6 gful/sn] Pslt/ gu/df eo/x]sf] lqmofsnfkaf/] hfgsf/l k fkt ug{ ;S5g\ eg] csf] {lt/ pglx sf dfu, ;d:of / ;'emfjx k bfg ug] { cj;/ k fkt u5{g\. æcfkm"n] r'g]/ k7fpsf hgk ltlglw / cfk\mgf] gu/sf] k zf;gn] pglx sf lgldt s] ub{ }5, lsg ub} {5 / s;/l ub} {5 egg] gful/sx a'em\g rfxg5g\. of] pglx sf] clwsf/ klg xf]. oxl clwsf/ k flktsf nflu kfog5 eg] d]6«f] PkmPd lsg gvf]ng] egg] s'/f p7]sf] xf].æ ;"o{ l;njfn d]6«f] v'ng'sf cfwf/x o;/l nio dxfgu/kflnsfsf ljlegg!% j6f ljefudwo] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefucgtu{t ;~rfng eo/x]sf] d]6«f] PkmPdsf nflu clxn];dd 5' } gllt lgb] {zg tof/ ul/psf] 5}g. o; cy{df d]6«f] PkmPdsf] ld;g, nio / p2]zo clen]vsf?kdf sxl st} ;fj{hlgs 5}g. t/ dxfgu/kflnsf; u ;DalGwt ljlegg JolQmx, d]6«f] PkmPdsf kbflwsf/l; usf] s'/fsfgl / d]6«f] PkmPd s]nfp bf d]6«f] PkmPdn] lgdg nio lnp/ cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvg5. s_ kf/bzl{, ;'zf;g pgd'v / hgpq/bfolk"0f{ tl/sfn] dxfgu/jf;lsf nflu ;"rgf / dgf]/~hg k' ofpg'. v_ k frlg ;Dkbf, k'/ftfltjs dxœjsf d7dlgb/ / ljzj ;Dkbf ;"rldf k/]sf ;Dkbfx sf] ;+/If0f / To;sf nflu ;fdflhs r]tgf hufpg'. u_ gu/sf x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg' / ;fdflhs cfly{s If]qdf hgtfsf] kx' r k' ofpg'. 3_ pktosfsf ljlegg hfthflt / pglx sf efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug' p2]zo dfly pnn]v ul/psf niox k"/f ug{ d]6«f] PkmPdn] lnpsf p2]zox M s_ dxfgu/sf] ;/;kmfo tyf kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf :yfglo :t/df hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg]. v_ u_ kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] ptkfbg 36fpg], ;8s cltqmd0f / clgoldt lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]sg] dxfgu/kflnsfn] to u/]sf gllt lg0f{ox / dxfgu/sf lhdd]jf/ clwsf/lx tyf ljefulo k d'vx sf] k ltlqmof k ;f/0f ug]{. 39

41 + { { 3_ lziff, jftfj/0f, ;+:s[lt / :yfglo efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug]. ª_ afnaflnsfsf xsclwsf/sf s'/f ug]{. r_ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{k 0ffnL, ;]jf / ;'ljwfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ hfgsf/l lbg]. 5_ dxfgu/kflnsfsf ;d:of / cfjzostfsf] k ToIf ;'g'jfo ug] { u/fpg]. h_ gu/jf;lx nfo{ k bfg ug] ;]jf / ;'ljwfx / sfo{ k ultx sf af/]df gu/jf;lx nfo{ ;';"lrt u/fpg]. em_ dxfgu/sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f :s[lts ultljlwx, ;df/f]x, rf8kj{ / cgo k/dk/fsf] k rf/k ;f/ ug]{. `_ dxfgu/jf;lx nfo{ :j:y dgf]/~hg k bfg ug]{. #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{qmd / hgzlqm #=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgf d]6«f] PkmPd :yfglo lgsfosf] :jfldtjdf /x]sf] /]l8of] :6];g xf]. o;sf] k"0f{:jfldtj sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf; u 5. dxfgu/sf ljlegg!% j6f ljefudwo] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefucgtu{t d]6«f] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5. of] ljefu /]l8of] 6]lnlehgafx]s hlcfo{p;, PdcfO{P; / clen]v u/l $ zfvfdf ljeflht 5. dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tnsf] lrqdf x]g{ xf] eg] d]6«f] PkmPd c? lgsfoh:t} Pp6f ;fdfgo k zf;lgs lgsfosf kdf :yfkgf epsf] b]lvg5. dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;du ;+/rgfnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] dxfgu/ kl/ifb\, dxfgu/kflnsf af]8{, gu/sf d]o/, sfo{sf/l k d'v, ljefulo k d'v / To;kl5 dfq} dxfgu/kflnsf] ;+/rgfdf /]l8of] :6];gsf] :yfg ulgg5. xfn;fn} d]6«f] PkmPdsf] ;+/rgfdf gof ;~rfns ;dllt ylkpsf] 5. d]o/sf] l;kmfl/;df dxfgu/kflnsf af]8{sf ;b:osf] cwoiftfdf ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ul/psf] 5. of] ;~rfns ;dlltdf dxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/l k d'v, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefusf k d'v, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf Ps hgf lj1 / :6];g Dofg]h/ ;b:o ;lrj /xg] u/l ;~rfng ;dllt u7g ul/psf] 5. :6];g Joj:yfkgdf :6];g Dofg]h/ k d'v /xg] u/l laxfg / a]n'sfsf l;km\6 k d'v / lj1fkg ahf/ Joj:yfkg tyf k zf;g u/l # ljefudf af l8psf] 5. #=@ sfo{qmd d]6«f] PkmPd laxfg ;f9] kf r ah]b]lv /flt!) ah];dd nuftf/ ;f9]!^ 3G6f k ;f/0fdf 5. :6];gn] k ;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdnfo{ ljefhg u/]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k d'v?kdf ;f+ullts sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ;Dk"0f{ so{qmdsf] $) k ltzt sfo{qmd ult;+ultdf cfwfl/t 5g\. k ltzt 40

42 sfo{qmd lziffd"ns 5g\. d]6«f] PkmPdaf6 % j6f!% ldg]6sf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g b}lgs k ;f/0f eo/x]sf 5g\. o;dwo] lbp ;f] kf}g] # ah]sf] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g g]kfn efiffdf xf] eg] laxfgsf] kqklqsfsf ;dfrf/ sdo'lgs];g sg{/åf/f ptkflbt sfofs}/g xf]. o;/l :6];gn] sfo{qmdsf] hddfhddl!) k ltzt ;do ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fsf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] 5. af sl ;f+ullts sfo{qmdx ;"rgf / ;fdfgo 1fgdf cfwfl/t 5g\. æd]6«f] PkmPdsf (% k ltzt sfo{qmdx k ToIf x'g\. xfdln] k ;f/0f k"j{ d]xgt u/]/ sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug]{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+.Æ xfn;fn} lgo'qm x'g'epsf :6];g Dofg]h/ dg?k g]kro"g zfxl g]kro'g egg'x'g5. d]6«f] PkmPdaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdx sf af/]df ;+:s[ltljb\ t]h]zj/afa' Uj+uM sf] ljrf/ 5 æ d]6«f]n] /fhgllt, efiff, ;flxtosf] kl/j]z ;d]6]sf] 5, ;f+:s[lts hfu/0f NofPsf] 5, bfz{lgs ljj]rgf ug{ l;sfpsf] 5. of] /]l8of] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ; :j/ d'v/g xf].æ d]6«f] PkmPdn] lnpsf niox nfo{ x]g] { xf] eg] pktosfsf ljlegg hfthflt, pglx sf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug] { elgpsf] 5. ljut % jif{b]lv k ;f/0f/t d]6«f] PkmPdsf] ;a}egbf alnof] kif g} efiff xf]. d]6«f] PkmPdn] g]kfn efiff, tfdfª, d}ynl u/l # j6f efiffdf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ul//x]sf] 5. d]6«f] PkmPdaf6 xfn k ;f/0f eo/x]sf sfo{qmddwo] k ltzt sfo{qmd g]kfn efiffdf k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf 5g\. laxfg, lbp ;f] / a]n'sf k fod 6fOddf g]kfn efiffsf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug] { ul/psf] 5. laxfg a]n'sf * ah]b]lv ( ah];dd / lbp ah]b]lv $ ah];dd g]kfn d08n, ;f+:s[lts d08nnufotsf g]kfn efiffdf sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5. ol sfo{qmd d]6«f] PkmPdsf >f]tfx n] ;a}egbf w]/} dg k/fpg] sfo{qmdleq k5{g\. laxfg * ah] k ;f/0f x'g] g]kfn efiffsf] sfo{qmd æg]kfn d08næ df ;d;fdlos /fli6«o cgt/f{li6«o ultljlwx ;d]l6g] ul/psf] 5. sfo{qmddf!) ldg]6 ;dfrf/ / af ldg]6 ;d;fdlos ljifodf b'o{hgf JolQmTj; u k ToIf s'/fsfgl ug] { ul/psf] 5. lbp ;f] # ah]b]lv kf}g] Ps 3G6f k ;f/0f x'g] æ;f+:s[lts d08næ dxfgu/sf] ;+:s[lt, k/dk/f, ;Dkbf / snfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmd xf]. ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbf, ljlegg hfqf kj{sf af/]df hfgsf/l lbg] of] sfo{qmd gof k':tfsf nflu cfk\mgf] k/dk/f, ;+:s[ltsf af/]df yfxf kfpg] pkof]ul sfo{qmd xf]. :6];gn] :yfkgfsfn b]lv g} tfdfª efiffdf b}lgs cfwf 3G6fsf] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ub} { cfpsf] 5. sf7df8f} + pktosf jl/kl/ a;f]af; ug] { tfdfª a:tl / ljlegg cj;/sf] vf]hldf dxfgu/ l5/]sf tfdfª ;d'bfosf JolQmx nfo{ nlift u/]/ of] sfo{qmd tof/ ug] { ul/psf] 5. tfdfª efiffsf ult, ;+:s[lt / rf8kj{ / cfk\mgf] ;d'bfosf ultljlwx nfo{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf lx;fan] ;zqm agfpg] sfd of] sfo{qmdn] ub} { cfpsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfns OlGb/f tfdfªn] atfpg'eof]. kf/bzl{ / hgpq/bfolk"0f{ tl/sfn] dxfgu/jf;lnfo{ ;"rgf / dgf]/~hg k bfg ug' { / gu/sf x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg' of] :6];gsf] csf] { d"n nio xf]. of] nio k flktsf nflu d]6«f]n] ljlegg sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ub} { cfpsf] 5. laxfg k ;f/0f x'g] æd]6«f] x6nfogæ df dxfgu/jf;ln] k Zg /fvg 41

43 + kfp 5g\. ol k Zgx sf] hjfkm dxfgu/kflnsfsf kbflwsf/lx af6 vf]lhg5.!% ldg]6sf] of] sfo{qmddf ljsf; lgdf{0f, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, 9n;'wf/, ;/;kmfo, P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/x sf] ;+/If0f h:tf ljifosf] hjfkm gu/jf;ln] of] sfo{qmddfkm{t kfp 5g\. cfwf 3G6fsf] csf] { ;fktflxs sfo{qmd æd]6«f] 8anLÆ dfdxfgu/sf x/]s ljefu, of] ljefusf sfo{if]q / gu/jf;ln] lng ;Sg] ;'ljwfsf af/]df hfgsf/l lbg] ul/psf] 5. of] sfo{qmddf dxfgu/kflnsfsf k} +tl;} j8f sfof{nosf j8f cwoifx n] cfk\mgf] j8fdf eo/x]sf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd, k ult / j8fjf;lsf k Zgx sf] hjfkm lbg] u/]sf 5g\. d]o/; u ;j{;fwf/0fn] k ToIf s'/f /fvg kfpg\, pglx sf u'gf;f k ToIf ;'Gg kfoof];\ eg]/ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf d]o/ s]zj :yflkt cfkm} +n] æd]o/;\ cfj/æ eg]/ Ps 3G6fsf] ;fktflxs sfo{qmd ;'? ug' {epsf] lyof]. sfo{qmdsf af/]df s]zj :yflktsf] cg'ej o:tf] 5 æd}n] cf7 bzj6f sfo{qmd klg rnfp. w]/}n] o:tf] epg p:tf] epg eg]/ ufnl klg u/]. gu/jf;lnfo{ lrq ga'em]sf] s'/f dnfo{ k ToIf egg t kfpg'k of] lg. ;'?df d}n] cfk\mgf s'/f egg] / c?sf u'gf;f ;'Gg] u/]sf] lyp. t/ d}n] ;f]r]hlt of] sfo{qmd k efjsf/l epg / rn]g klg. d]o/nfo{ k Zg ;f]wg] dfg5]x ;Lldt x' bf /x]5g\. kl5 up/ of] sfo{qmd t /ldt]x sf] zf]v k"/f ug] { 7fp eof]. d]/f] c8\sndf dnfo{ x/]s sfo{qmddf kmf]g u/] eg]/ 6f]ndf b k/]/ a:g] ;o hgf hltsf] hdft lyof] xf]nf.æ :6];gn] a]nfa]nfdf ;f :s[lts rf8kj{, hfqf / dxfgu/kflnsfsf ljz]if cj;/x df k ToIf k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. ;du df egg' kbf{ d]6«f]n] dxfgu/kflnsfsf lg0f{o, cfof]hgf, ;"rgf, ;d:of, ljsf; lgdf{0fh:tf ljifout ;Gbe{df ;do ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ul/cfpsf] 5. #=# hgzlqm dxfgu/kflnsfn] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { lgwf] u/]/ dgqfnodf cfj]bg lbpsf] Ps jif{df :6];gsf] cg'dlt kfpsf] xf]. of] cjlwdf dxfgu/kflnsfn] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt kfp 5 egg] s'/f ktofpg] w]/}nfo{ cfwf/ g} lypg. To;}n] :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu cg'dltkq xft gk?gh]n;dd hgzlqmsf] rf;f] g} lypg. ha dxfgu/kflnsfn] d]6«f] PkmPdsf] cg'dlt kfof], Tolta]nf bif hgzlqm g} lypg. ;'?b]lv g} :6];g Dofg]h/sf] kb dxfgu/kflnsfsf clws[tnfo{ lhddf nufpg] ul/of]. sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu dxfgu/kflnsfsf s]xl sd{rf/lnfo{ lhddf lboof]. d]6«f]sf] nufd /]l8of] ;'g]sf t/ k ljlw ga'em]sf dxfgu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/lx sf] xftdf lyof]. d]6«f] PkmPd ;'? epsf] kf rf} + jif{df clxn] of] :6];gdf $) hgf k"0f{sfnlg dxfgu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/l 5g\ eg] s/f/df ;fktflxs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { ^) hgf 5g\. hgzlqmsf lx;fan] b}lgs ;f9]!^ 3G6f ;a} k ToIf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu sl/a!)) hgf nfluk/]sf 5g\. sd{rf/l rog ;Lw}+ dxfgu/kflnsfn] ug] { u/]sf] 5. ;fktflxs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] {x sf] xsdf eg] s/f/df lng] ul/psf] 5. cgo ;fd'bflos /]l8of] h:tf] d]6«f]df Ps hgf klg :jo+;]js sfo{/t 5}gg\. d]6«f] PkmPdsf] nio p2]zocg';f/ :6];g ;~rfng ug{ / u'0f:t/lo sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu 42

44 + j6f j[xt tflndx ;~rfng ul/psf 5g\. lgoldt sfo{qmd k ;f/0fdf upsf] Ps jif{kl5 sfo{qmd lgdf{0fsf af/]df cfwf/e"t tflnd ;~rfng ul/psf] lyof]. To;}u/L :6];g c;gahf/af6 sflnsf:yfg ;/]kl5 /]l8of] 6]lnlehgsf nflu hgzlqm ptkfbg ug] { ;+:yf cfef;n] hgzlqm ljsf; ug] {, :6];g a flg8ª / sfo{qmd ptkfbgdf ;xof]u k' ofpsf] lyof]. clxn] sd{rf/lx sf nflu JolQmut?kd} klg tflndsf cj;/ vf]hl ug{ yflnpsf] 5. $= >f]tf sf7df8f} +sf] kl/ro dxfgu/df dfq} ;Lldt 5}g. of] b]zsf] /fhwfgl xf]. of], b]zsf] Pp6} dfq dxfgu/ klg xf]. lziff, /f]huf/, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, x/]s lsl;dsf cj;/sf] vf]hl ub} { ljlegg 7fp af6 JolQmx hddf x'g] ynf] g} oxl xf]. d]6«f] PkmPd sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt /]l8of] :6];g xf]. To;}n] d]6«f] PkmPdsf] k fylds >f]tf eg]sf gu/leqsf #% j8fdf a;f]af; ug] { JolQmx g} x'g\. t/ sf7df8f} +df :yfol a;f]af; ug] { hg;+vofafx]s b}lgs xhf/f} + dfg5] sf7df8f} + k j]z u5{g\ / xhf/f} +s} ;+Vofdf pktosfaf6 aflxl/g5g\. sf7df8f} + pktosfsf] cg'dflgt PsltxfO{ hg;vof :yfol k s[ltsf] xf]og. ef}uf]lns lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] d]6«f] PkmPd sf7df8f} + pktosfsf ;a} ;x/x df ;'Gg ;lsg5. clwsf+z sfo{qmd sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf; u ;DalGwt x'g] ep klg of] :6];g nlntk'/, eqmk'/, sllt{k'/ / l7dl ;x/df ;d]t ;'lgg] u/]sf] 5. d]6«f] PkmPdsf] t/+u sf7df8f} + pktosfafx]s g'jfsf]6, sfe ], ag]kf, w'lnv]nb]lv af/f, k;f{;dd k'ug] u/]sf] 5. sf7df8f} + k/dk/fut?kdf g]jf/ a:tl xf]. sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf ljlegg hfthflt, ljlegg efiffefiflsf ;d'bfo a;f]af; ug] { /fhwfgl ;x/ ep klg oxf g]jf/x sf] afx'notf 5. To;}n] d]6«f] PkmPdn] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdsf] k ltzt sfo{qmd g]kfn efiffdf k ;f/0f ub} { cfpsf] 5. clxn];ddsf] cj:yfnfo{ s]nfp bf / >f]tfsf dfem nf]slk otfsf lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] d]6«f] PkmPdsf >f]tf sf7df8f} pktosfsf c? ;x/b]lv lnp/ ag]kf, w'lnv]n;ddsf g]jf/x n] w]/} ;'Gg] u/]sf 5g\. b}lgs $ 3G6fdfq} ep klg ;a} g]kfn efiffsf sfo{qmd laxfg a]n'sf :6];gsf] k fylds ;dodf k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5. o;n] klg of] :6];gsf clwsf+z >f]tfx Pp6} ;d'bfosf epsf] b]lvg5. dxfgu/sf nflu ljlegg of]hgf agfp/ al;/xg'x'g] d]o/ s]zj :yflktsf] of]hgf km/s 5. pxf d]6«f] PkmPdnfO{ /fhwfglsf] /]l8of] agfpg] of]hgf ub}{ x'g'x'g5. æifdtfsf lx;fan] of] pktosfleqsf >f]tfsf nflu dfq} xf]. t/ ef]ln of] sf7df8f}+df dfq} ;Lldt x'g'x' b}g. k"j{b]lv klzrdsf dfg5] cfp bf dxfgu/sf] a8fkq Psk6s ;'Gg] df}sf pglx n] kfpg'k5{, huuf lsgbf s] ug]{ cyjf gfkl ubf{, s/ ltg{ hf bf s] ug]{, /fhwfgldf d'2f n8\g cfpg] dfg5]n] s] ug]{ < sxf a:g], ;fdfg sxf /fvg] < egg] x/]s k Zgsf] hjfkm o;n] lbg'k5{. To;}n] of] x6nfog;/x x/]s k Zgsf pq/, ck7]/fx ;N6fpg ;Sg] /]l8of] agg'k5{. /fhwfglnfo{ xfdln] t a'em]sf] 5}g eg] aflx/af6 cfpg]n] s;/l a' g]. To; sf/0f c? :6];gsf nflu lglzrt nlift ;d"x x'g ;S5 t/ d]/f nflu o:tf] x'g ;Sb}g. ;dfhsf ;a} kifnfo{ 43

45 + ;d]6\g] d]/f] nio xf],æ dxfgu/ k d'v egg'x'g5. sfo{qmdnfo{ lbpsf] k fyldstfnfo{ cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] d]6«f]sf] csf] { nlift >f]tf eg]sf] sf7df8f} pktosf jl/kl/sf] tfdfª a:tl klg xf]. %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf ;+/rgfut lx;fan] d]6«f] PkmPd c? :6];geGbf km/s 5. dxfgu/kflnsfsf ljlegg j8faf6 lgjf{lrt ep/ cfpg] hgk ltlglwx sf] kl/ifb\ g} of] /]l8of]sf] ;jf]{rr lgsfo xf]. kl/ifb\sf] dftxtdf dxfgu/kflnsf af]8{ 5. dxfgu/sf ljlegg ljefux dwo] of] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefusf] Pp6f OsfO xf]. To;}n] o;nfo{ dxfgu/kflnsfleqsf] Pp6f k zf;lgs OsfOeGbf dfly p7]/ x]g{ ;lsgg. clxn] klg /]l8of] :6];gsf] sd{rf/l aggsf nflu dxfgu/sf] sd{rf/l agg'kg] { cj:yf 5. :6];g Dofg]h/;d]t dxfgu/kflnsfs} sd{rf/laf6 lgo'qm u/]/ k7fpg] rng s]xl ;docl3;dd lyof]. o;/l x]bf{ k zf;lgs ;+ogqsf?kdf kl/lrt :6];gsf] Joj:yfksLo If]qdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf z"go 5. xfn;fn} u7g epsf] d]6«f] PkmPdsf] klxnf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf dxfgu/kflnsf aflx/af6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf If]qdf bvn /fvg'x'g] /3' d}gfnlnfo{ /flvpsf] 5. t/ o;n] lg/gt/tf kfp b} hfg] / ;s];dd w]/} ;d'bfosf JolQmx nfo{ ;xeful u/fp b} nfg] ;Defjgf b]lv b}g. d]6«f] PkmPdaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdnfo{ cfwf/ dfgg] xf] eg] o;nfo{ ;xeflutfd"ns :6];gsf?kdf x]g{ ;lsg5. :6];g Dofg]h/ dg?k g]kro"g zfxlsf ljrf/df d]6«f] PkmPddf x'g] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfo{ km/s 9 n] x]g' {k5{. æxfdln] cem};dd h'g;'s} ;d'bfoaf6 dfg5] cfp/ xfdl sfo{qmd rnfp 5f} + eg]sf a]nf sfo{qmd rnfpg glbpsf] df}sf g} 5}g.Æ d]o/ s]zj :yflkt klg o:t} ts{ /fvg'x'g5, æhghfltx n] xfd f] ] cfjfh cfpg eg5g\. d}n] pglx nfo{ of] s]zj :yflkt egg] dfg5] 5 egg] yfxf 5}g < eg]/ hjfkm lbg] u/]sf] 5'. tkfo{x efiffsf af/]df ;/sf/; u hf]/l vf]hb} lx8\g' egbf xfd f] /]l8of]df cfp/ sfo{qmd rnfpg';\ Tof] kmfobfhgs x'g5 elgbg] u/]sf] 5'. t/ ;a}n] ufnl dfq} ug{ hfg]sf 5g\ eg]sf a]nf cfp b}gg\.æ ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmx sf] kx' rdf /]l8of] k'uf];\ eg]/ d]o/n] /]l8of]sf x/]s d~rdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfpgsf nflu cfu x ug] { ug' {epsf] 5. æd}n] ckf x nfo{ k};f nfub}g sfo{qmd rnfpg cfpg';\ eg]sf] 5', PrcfO{eL P8\; epsf / ;dln Lx nfo{ klg sfo{qmd rnfpg cfpg';\ eg]sf] 5'. ;dfhn] :jlsfg{ ;s]g eg] tkfo{x /]l8of]af6 cfk\mgf s'/f /fvg ;Sg'x'G5 eg]sf] 5'. x/]s wd{, efiff, hfthflt, ptkll8t, bldt ;a}n] of] :6];gdf sfo{qmd rnfpg kfpg'k5{.æ sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf / :6];gnfO{ ;xefuld"ns agfpgsf nflu s]xl ;docl3b]lv dxfgu/ af]8{sf] a}7s v'nnf ul/psf] 5. To;}u/L dxfgu/kflnsfn] ;~rfng ug]{ æv'nnf Ohnf;Æ df x'g] x/]s s'/fsfglnfo{ /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f ug]{ ul/psf] 5. d]6«f] PkmPdn] g]kfnl, g]kfn efiff, 44

46 tfdfª / d}lynl efiffdf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ub}{ cfpsf] 5. ol ljlegg efiffsf sfo{qmdn] klg ljlegg ;d'bfosf JolQmnfO{ sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'g ;3fPsf] 5. g]kfn hghflt d'lqm cfgbf]ngsf cwoif ;Ltf/fd tfdfªsf cg';f/ pktosfsf cflbjf;lx sf] hljgz}nl / ;+:s[ltsf af/]df sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ul/lbp/ of] /]l8of]n] vf rf] k"/f ul/lbpsf] 5. æof] /]l8of]n] a]nfavt xfd f] hftlo / eflifs ;jfndf klg cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf] 5. of] /]l8of]sf] /fd f] kif eg]s} oxl xf].æ /]l8of]nfo{ pxf efiff; u} hf]8]/ k z+;f ug'{x'g5. olafx]s :6];gn] ljlegg ljifoj:t'df ;d'bfosf dfg5] :6'l8of]d} NofP/ 5nkmn ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ^= :6];gsf] lg/gt/tf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf :yfglo lgsfox df ;a}egbf w]/} ah]6 af]s]/ a;]sf] ;+:yf xf]. dxfgu/kflnsfsf cfk\mg} cfdbfglsf ljlegg ; f]tx 5g\. x/]s jif{ dxfgu/kflnsfn] d]6«f] PkmPd ;~rfngsf nflu sl/a *) nfv ah]6 5'6\ofpg] u/]sf] 5. ;'?sf s]xl jif{ of] :6];gn] lj1fkg g} k ;f/0f u/]sf] lypg. dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ah]6af6} of] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] lyof]. clxn] d]6«f] PkmPdn] jflif{s *!) nfv?k}of cfdbfgl ug{ yfn]sf] 5. ;Lldt nlift >f]tf / :6'l8of] ptkfbglagfsf] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ubf{ klg d]6«f] PkmPdsf] jflif{s ah]6 nueu! s/f]8?k}of 5. /fhgllts k lta4tfsf] lg/gt/tf / dxfgu/kflnsfsf] rfxgf /x'gh]n;dd cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f :6];g agb x' b}g. dxfgu/kflnsf af]8{sf ;b:ox n] a]nf a]nfdf d]6«f] PkmPddf eo/x]sf] nufglsf] k ltkmn vf]hg] u/]sf 5g\. ;'?df u/]sf of]hgf / lnpsf] niocg';f/ :6];g ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. :6];g Dofg]h/ g]kro"g zfxl :6];gsf] lk msj]g;l / 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtf kl/jt{g epkl5 :6];g cfkm+ nfv cfdbfgl ug{ ;S5 egg] cf 6df x'g'x'g5.æ dxfgu/kflnsf epsfn] ljlegg ;+3 ;+:yfx af6 ;xof]u kfpg ufx f] 5}g. cgt/f{li6«o k ;f/0f ;+:yfx af6 tflndsf cj;/ h'6fpg / ;fdfgsf] ;xof]u lng c? :6];gnfO{ egbf ;lhnf] 5.Æ :6];gsf] lg/gt/tfk lt g]kro"g zfxl 9'Ss x'g'x'g5. d]6«f]sf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu t]h]zj/ afa' UjuM sf] ;Nnfx 5 æd]6«f]sf] cl:dtf :jfoq :jzf;g ogqnfo{ ;fy{s 6]jf k' ofpg'df s]lgb t x'g' clgjfo{ 5. d]6«f]sf] klxrfg cgo Jofkfl/s /]l8of]x sf] egbf legg x'g'k5{. o;sf ultljlw gu/kflnsfd'vl x'g' h?/l 5. o;kl5 d]6«f]nfo{ s'g} vt/f 5}g.Æ of] :6];gn] cfk\mgf nflu cfkm}+n] lg0f{o lng ;Sb}g. :6];gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg / p2]zocg';f/ ;~rfng ug{ hflu/] dgl:yltnfo{ pv]n]/ kmfng'k5{. ;fd'bflos efjgf / hflu/] dgl:yltn] /]l8of] ;~rfng t eo/xg5 t/ o;n] dxfgu/jf;lsf] dg lhtg ;Sb}g. o;nfo{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;+/rgfdf ;~rfng ug]{ xf] eg] :6];gnfO{ :jfoq agfpg' h?/l 5. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljefusf k d'v tyf k"j{ :6];g Dofg]h/ lzlz/ dfggw/ d]6«f] lbuf] x'g] cfwf/nfo{ k'/fgf] cg'ej; u hf]8]/ x]g] { ug' {x'g5. 45

47 { æxfdl ^ jif{df k j]z ug{ nfuof} +. k'/fg} lk msj]g;l, ;o jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/n] :6];g /fd } tl/sfn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5f} f 306f rnfpsf] /]l8of] :6];g clxn] laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;dd ;f9] ;f]x 306f rnfo/x]sf 5f}+. ol cfwf/nfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] t :6];g lbuf] gx'g] s'/} 5}g.Æ sf7df8f} +df k ;f/0f eo/x]sf / x'g af sl u/l Ps bh{gegbf w]/} :6];g; usf] k lt:kwf{df d]6«f] PkmPdsf] klxrfg s] xf] egg] k i6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. d]6«f] PkmPd dxfgu/kflnsfsf] :6];geGbf a9l g]jf/ efiff k j4{g ug] { :6];gsf?kdf kl/lrt 5. o:tf] klxrfgn] lk msj]g;l kl/jt{g u/]/ / k ;f/0f Ifdtf a9fp/dfq} :6];g lbuf] x'g5 egg] dfgg ;ls b}g. &= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfdf clxn] xhf/ sd{rf/l ljlegg ljefudf sfo{/t 5g\. d]o/, pkd]o/, j8fcwoifx, sfo{sf/l clws[t, ljefulo k d'vx / cgo sd{rf/l, pglx sf kl/jf/n] d]6«f] PkmPd lgoldt ;'G5g\ < d]6«f] PkmPdn] dxfgu/kflnsfleqs} sd{rf/l / kbflwsf/lx nfo{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s];dd sf7df8f} + lhnnfs} bz nfv >f]tfsf] dg lhtg s;/l ;S5 < dxfgu/kflnsf; u ;DalGwt s'g} klg ljifodf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf, sflgtk'/ PkmPd / d]6«f] PkmPdn] d]o/; u cgtjf{tf{sf nflu cg'/f]w u/] eg] d]o/n] ;a}egbf klxn] k fyldstf lbg] :6];gdf d]6«f] k5{ ls kb}{g < clxn] k ;f/0fdf /x]sf!) j6f PkmPd :6];g / k ;f/0ff]gd'v :6];gx sf dfemdf d]6«f] PkmPdsf] kl/ro s] xf] < dfly p7fopsf tlgj6f k Zgn] d]6«f] PkmPdsf jt{dfg / cfufdl r'gf}tlx nfo{ 5n{ kf5{g\. cfly{s lx;fan] s'g} klg lrgtf ug{ gkg] { of] :6];gsf nflu k fljlws, sfo{qmd / ;+:yfut r'gf}tlx c;+vo 5g\. &=! k fljlws r'gf}tl / Jojwfg c;gdf ef8fsf] ejgkl5 sflnsf:yfg x' b} clxn] km]l/ d]6«f] PkmPd afub/af/df ;g] { dgl:ylt agfp/ a;]sf] 5. /]l8of] :6];g ;fg' { eg]sf] k fljlws?kn] w]/} vlr{nf] / emgeml6nf] sfd xf]. emg\ To;dfly af/daf/ :6];g ;fb} { hfg], lk msj]g;l kl/jt{g ug] { xf] eg] :6];gsf] klxrfg >f]tfx dfem lbuf] /xg ;Sb}g. :6'l8of]df cfjzosegbf a9l /sd vr{ ul/psf] 5. t/ hlt /sd vr{ ul/psf] 5, Tof]cg';f/sf] :6'l8of]sf] u'0f:t/ 5}g. :6'l8of]df aflx/sf] cfjfh lns x'g5 / /]l8of]af6 cfpg] cfjfh 6f8faf6 af]n]h:tf] ;'lgg5. /]l8of]; u epsf] ptkfbg :6'l8of] 5}g. /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f x'g] clwsf+z sfo{qmd k ToIf k ;f/0f ug] ul/psf] 5. k fljlws?kn] x]g] { xf] eg] d]6«f]; u u'0f:t/lo ogqx sf] hf]/hfd ul/p klg ol ;fdfgx sf] g t /fd f]; u /]vb]v epsf] 5 g t k of]u g}. sfo{qmd ptkfbs / l/kf]6{/x sf nflu lkmn8 /]s8{/ pknaw u/fopsf] 5}g. clwsf+z sfo{qmd :6'l8of]df k ToIf s'/fsfgldf cfwfl/t 5g\. 46

48 { sfo{qmd ptkfbgnfo{ r':t, l56f] / 5l/tf] agfpgsf nflu l8lh6n k ljlw k of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. :6];gdf sfo{qmd ptkfbgsf nflu sdko'6/sf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5}g. &=@ sfo{qmddf r'gf}tl d]6«f] PkmPddf sfo{/t clwsf+z sd{rf/lx nfo{ :6];gsf] ld;g, nio / p2]zo s] xf] egg] yfxf 5}g. pglx n] oxl :6];gdf lsg sfd ul//x]sf 5g\, :6];gsf] klxrfg s] xf] egg] yfxf 5}g. o:tf] sd{rf/l dgl:yltn] sfo{qmddfkm{t :6];gsf] nio / p2]zo k"/f x'g ;Sb}gg\. sfo{qmd k :tf]tfx /]l8of] sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k :t'ltsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df egbf klg lrgfhfgl / cfk\mgf] dfg5]sf] kx' rdf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. pglx ; u g t /]l8of]sf] cg'ej 5 g t tflnd. :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf] d"nof g ug] { ;+/rgf tof/ ul/psf] 5}g. ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf gfddf tfdfª efiff, g]kfn efiff, d}lynl, blnt cflb ;d'bfonfo{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ lbopsf] 5 t/ :6];gsf] :ki6 gllt 5}g. s;}; u /sd c;'lnpsf] 5 / s;}nfo{ dfl;s tna v'jfp/ /flvpsf] 5. d]6«f] PkmPdsf] csf] { klxrfg g]jf/ PkmPdsf?kdf 5. laxfg, lbp ;f] / a]n'sf /]l8of]sf] dxœjk"0f{ ;dodf g]kfn efiffdf sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug] { ul/psf] 5. o;n] :6];gsf] klxrfg dxfgu/kflnsf PkmPd egg]egbf klg efiffsf lx;fan] lrlgg] u/]sf] 5. d]6«f] PkmPd ;~rfngsf] p2]zo / sfo{qmd ptkfbgdf tfnd]n 5}g. :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx df dxfgu/ ultljlwx egbf c? kqklqsfn] ;d]6]sf /fli6«o cgt/f{li6«o ultljlwx n] k fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf 5g\. d]6«f]sf clwsf+z ;f+ullts sfo{qmdx dxfgu/jf;lsf cfjzostfegbf ;do eg{sf nflu k ;f/0f ug] ul/psf 5g\. :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] dxfgu/kflnsf;dagwl sfo{qmd / k ;f/0f x'g] ;dosf] tfnd]n ldnfopsf] 5}g. o:tf sfo{qmdx :6];gn] k fom sfof{no ;dodf k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. To;}u/L dxfgu/kflnsfsf ljlegg ljefux / d]6«f] PkmPdaLr ;dgjosf] cefj 5. o;n] ubf{ ljefusf ultljlwx cf]em]ndf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\. &=# ;+:yfut r'gf}tl d]6«f] PkmPdsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl eg]s} ;+:yfut :jfoqtf xf]. :6];g :jfoq ep/ ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx nfo{ g;d]6];dd of] :6];gn] ;fd'bflos klxrfg kfpg ;Sb}g. k zf;g / /fhgllts x:tif]ksf sf/0f :6];gn] /]l8of];dagwl ;Lk / biftf gepsf JolQmx nfo{ egf{ ug{ afwo x'g] u/]sf] 5. gftfjfb s[kfjfbaf6 cfpg] sd{rf/lsf] egf{ /f]sg klg of] :6];gnfO{ :jfoq agfpg'k5{ egg] ts{ :6];g Dofg]h/ dg?k g]kro"g zfxlsf] 5. 47

49 ;d'bfonfo{ ;d]t ;xeful agfp/ sd{rf/lx sf] xftaf6 o;nfo{ :jtgq JolQmx sf] xftdf k' ofpg] k of;x eo/x]sf 5g\. :6];gnfO{ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] Pp6f OsfOaf6 5'6fP/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :6];g agfpgsf nflu w]/} r'gf}tlx :6];g;fd' 5g\. dxfgu/kflnsfn] xfn;fn} klxnf]k6s d]6«f]s} nflu eg]/ :6];g Dofg]h/ lgo'qm u/]sf] 5. t/ k zf;gogqsf cfwf/df rn]sf] /]l8of] ;Lldt clwsf/ lnp/ ;~rfng ug{ sl7g x'g5. :6];g Dofg]h/ dg?k g]kro'g zfxlsf egfodf æk zf;gn] /]l8of] rnfpg' x' b}g. dxfgu/kflnsfsf zfvf clws[t, gf;' / vl/bf/af6 /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g. :6];g Dofg]h/x /]l8of]sf nflu lgo'qm ep klg clwsf+z ;do dxfgu/kflnsfdf latfp 5g\. /]l8of], :6];g Dofg]h/x sf nflu k fyldstfdf kb} {gyof]. d]6«f] PkmPdnfO{ dxfgu/kflnsfsf c? zfvf ;~rfng u/]h:t} ug] { ul/psf] 5.Æ /]l8of]sf] cfk\mg} clwsf/ ;DkGg ;~rfns ;ldlt gepsf sf/0f dxfgu/ af]8{df /]l8of]sf nflu u/fpg'kg] { glltut lg0f{ox cgo ljefusf] Ph]G8fsf cufl8 cf]em]ndf kg] { u/]sf] 5. ;of} + Ph]G8fsf] alrdf d]6«f] PkmPdsf] k :tfj alrd} x/fpg] cj:yf 5. xfn} /]l8of]sf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ul/p klg :yfglo lgsfodf /xl cfpsf] cgof]nsf sf/0f sfd ;'? x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs tyf d]6«f] PkmPd ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o /3' d}gfnlsf cg';f/ /]l8of] k ljlwsf af/]df hfgg'kg] { ;Lk / h'lqmx sfo{qmd ptkfbsnfo{ k efjsf/l 9+un] ceof; u/fpg h?/l 5. ægu/jf;l;dd If0fIf0fdf kmflng] ;Gb]znfO{ Jojl:yt kfg{ sfo{qmd ptkfbsx sf] 1fg / ljj]s vfg' {k5{. lghfdtl lgodfjnlcg';f/ rng] sd{rf/ltgqsf] 7fp df ttsfn dxœjk"0f{ lg0f{o lng ;Sg] r':t Joj:yfkg / b"/bzl{ g]t[tj lgdf{0f ug' { cfjzos 5. To;}u/L cfjzostfcg';f/ hgzlqm lgo'qm ug]{ clwsf/ :6];g Dofg]h/df x'g'k5{.æ d]6«f] PkmPdn] dxfgu/sf] d'vkq cyjf ;f+:s[lts klxrfgegbf efiffut klxrfg kfpsf] 5. t/ efiff / ;+:s[lt eg]sf km/s km/s s'/f x'g\. k ;f/0fsf] dxœjk"0f{ ;dodf g]kfn efiffsf] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f x'g'n] klg of] /]l8of]nfo{ ;fd'bflosegbf Pp6f lglzrt ju{sf] /]l8of]sf kdf kl/lrt u/fp b}5. p;sf nflu casf] r'gf}tl eg]sf] ] of] klxrfg kl/jt{g u/]/ x/]s dxfgu/jf;lsf] /]l8of] :6];g agg' xf]. 48

50 gful/s clejolqmsf] dfwod d]6«f] PkmPd s]zj :yflkt d]o/ sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf ;fndf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] d]o/ kbdf lgjf{lrt ep/ cfpg] lalqs} d]6«f] /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff ;'? epsf] xf]. x'g t Tolta]nf sf7df8f}+df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnufot % ^ j6f /]l8of] :6];g k ;f/0fdf lyp. t/ ;~rf/ dgqfnonfo{ d]6«f] /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ffaf/] yfx} /x]g5. To;}n] c? :6];gx n] k ;f/0fsf nflu cg'dlt kfo/x] t/ xfdlnfo{ lbopg. d]6«f] PkmPdsf] hgd 7"nf] df/d'ª\u Lkl5 epsf] xf], slxn] sf]; u, slxn] sf]; u. pglx sf] ts{ lyof] æ/fhgllts lgsfonfo{ /]l8of] :6];gsf] cg'dlt lbg ldnb}g.æ d}n] Pp6f cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf dgqls} cufl8 of] ts{sf] lj/f]w u/]. æ/]l8of] :6];gsf] cg'dlt lb bf n]gb]gsf] s'/f] cfo/x]sf] 5. slt lbg'kg]{ xf], s;nfo{ lbg'kg]{ xf], dgqlhlnfo{ oxl+ lbp klg x'g5 ls <Æ eg]kl5 ann :6];gsf] cg'dltsf nflu k lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] xf]. ;'zf;gsf nflu lg0f{o k lqmof v'nf / kf/bzl{ x'g'k5{. dxfgu/kflnsfsf sfdsf/afxl kf/bzl{ agfpg / hgtf; u k ToIf ;Dks{ ug{sf nflu d]6«f] PkmPdsf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf] lyof]. km]l/ dfg5]nfo{ æcfjfhæ lbo;s]kl5 pm ;Gt'ngdf cfp 5 egg] ;j{dfgo ljzjf; xf]. d]6«f] PkmPd vf]ng'sf] csf]{ k d'v p2]zo cfjfhljxlgx sf] cfjfh aflx/ Nofpg] klg xf]. /fhwfgldf a;f]af; ug]{ / /fhwfgl cfpg] hfg]x sf] cfjfh ;'lglbg] j}slnks 7fp d]6«f]nfo{ agfpg vf]h]sf] xf]. ;~rf/sf c? y'k} ljsnk epsf] 7fp df d]6«f]sf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmdx k efjsf/l x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o;n] ;f]r]sf] h:tf] dxfgu/jf;lsf] cfjfh x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. t}klg kl/jt{g eg]sf] lj:tf/} cfpg] s'/f xf] / of] /]l8of]n] klg lj:tf/} kl/jt{g Nofp b}5. d}n] b]v]sf kl/jt{gx df M /]l8of]dfkm{t dxfgu/kflnsfsf lg0f{ox kf/bzl{ agfpg yfn]kl5 w]/} k zf;slo s'/fx 7Ls 7fp df cfpsf 5g\. klxnf klxnf h:tf] æcfh ;8sdf kmf]xf]/ gkmflnlbg';\æ eg]sf] lbg hddf x'g] h:tf] kmf]xf]/ cfhsn hddf x' b}g. cfhef]ln /]l8of]af6 æ3/ 3/af6 kmf]xf]/ glgsfng'xf]nfæ elglbpkl5 kmf]xf]/ lglsn b}g. cfhef]ln ;8s k]6lsf] 5]pdf lk;fa km]g] {x sf] ;+Vof 36]sf] 5. /, dxfgu/kflnsfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] k of]u a9]sf] 5. xfdln] /]l8of]dfkm{t lglzrt ;dodf afx]s l/ª/f]8leq 6«s nfg kfo b}g eg]/ w]/} k ;f/ k rf/ u of}+. clxn] 6«s 8«fOe/x sf] dgl:yltdf kl/jt{g cfpsf] 5. d]o/sf lg0f{o / of]hgfx x/]s gu/jf;lx sf sfgdf k'u]sf 5g\. w]/}n] dnfo{ s]zj :yflkt eg]/ JolQmut?kdf glrg] klg d]/f af/]df s'/f ug]{ w]/} 5g\. dnfo{ yfxf 5 d}n] dfly p7fpsf kl/jt{gx d]6«f] PkmPdn] ubf{ dfq} cfpsf] xf]og. t/ klg sf7df8f}+ ;x/sf] cfjfh af]sg] t d]6«f]n] g} xf]. ;"rgfsf] Pp6f wf/dwo] dxfgu/jf;lx sf] cfjfh af]s5 o;n]. To;}n] ;x/df s] x' b}5 egg] ;'Gg d]6«f] PkmPd ;'Gg'k5{. of] /]l8of]sf] ;a}egbf /fd f] kif eg]sf] g} o;sf] zlqm xf]. dxfgu/sf] af]8{df cfp/ x/]s s'/fx sf] lj/f]w ug]{ ;b:ox nfo{ /]l8of]df cgtjf{tf{ lnpkl5 ;a} s'/f] 7]ufgdf cfoxfn5. tkfo{sf] j8fdf s] s:tf ljsf; epsf 5g\ eg]/ ;f]w]kl5 pglx af6 ljsf;sf] km]xl/:t cfpg yfn5. of] dfwodnfo{ d}n] ;f lrrs} ;b'kof]u u/]sf] 5'. a}7sdf lj/f]w u/]/, gf]6 ckm l8;]g6 n]v]/dfq} dxfgu/kflnsf cufl8 a9\b}g. of] :6];gdf hlt nufgl epsf] 5 To;sf] k ltkmn x] of] eg] nufglsf] Ps k ltzt klg xf]og. xfdln] u/]sf glltut lg0f{ox t'?gtsf t'?gt} aflx/ Nofp bf x'g] kmfobfx w]/} 5g\. o;sf] leql nfesf] kif d}n]dfq} a'em]sf] 5'. 49

51 50d]6«f] Pkm=Pdsf] ljxfglsf] ;]jfdf k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf]?k /]vf 50 zlgjf/ ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ %M@% %M#) k ;f/0f cf/de %M#) %M$% jf}4 k jrg ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;+3;lIft ;'l;n kg`f %M$% ^M)) lxgb' k jrg cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] cf=9'08l/fh Gof}kfg] sfo{qmd ;+rfns ^M)) ^M#) sfof s}/g -;dfrf/ ;f/_ ^M#) ^M$% :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg ^M$% &M)) Sports round up d]6«f] ljxfgl d]6«f] ljxfgl d]6«f] ljxfgl d]6«f] ljxfgl d]6«f] ljxfgl Sports Personality sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;l/tf >]i7 ;+tf]if bfxfn ;+tf]if bfxfn ;+tf]if bfxfn ;+tf]if bfxfn ;+tf]if bfxfn ;+tf]if bfxfn &M)) &M!% /fli6«o ;dfrf/ [lts lrlst;f dgyg dgyg dgyg dgyg dgyg dgyg &M!% &M#) k fs[ sfo{qmd;+rfns 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz 1fg]Gb ljjz &M#) &M$% d]6«f] x6 nfog

52 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns l;tf Gof}kfg] ljgf]b pqd lg/f}nf pqd lg/f}nf pqd lg/f}nf pqd lg/f}nf pqd lg/f}nf pqd lg/f}nf &M$% *M)) The Synopsis sfo{qmd ;+rfns lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff lzlz/ clenfiff *M)) *M!% g]kfn d08n sfo{qmd ;+rfns l/tf >L s[i0f *M!% *M#) 9's" ba" sfo{qmd ;+rfns l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g l/tf >L s[i0f dxh{g *M#) (M)) Gog] sg] Hof jm emlm g]jf l;os] p;fo ba' r];gf 5s GxOk's] ;f=klqsf Hofemj sfo{qmd ;+rfns k lt;/f ;fo\ld z/b s;fm h'h'dfg dxh{g pb]\og ;fo\ld ;fu/ /hgl pb]\og ;fo\ld /hgl ;fu/ l/tf (M)) (M#) zab ;fu Lnf dlxnf hfu/0f afn ;/f]sf/ xfd f] ;Dkbf d]6«f] 8anL ult ;+ult oftfoft ultlalw sfo{qmd ;+rfns 1fg]b ljjz u]lxgl hf]zl cl:dtf g]kfn ;'lgn /fhf]kfwofo g]xf zdf{ ls/0f 9sfn (M#)!)M)) zx/l z';f;g ult ;+ult IT@metro.com Jfftfj/0f Out of Valley cg'e"lt sfo{qmd ;+rfns pqd lg/f}nf ljlsn :yflkt zf]ef dfggw/ lbks kf7s /fh' nfdf ls/0f xh'/ v8\sf!)m))!!m)) cg'/f]w ;+ult sf] xf]nf < ;Demgf la;{gf Metro Quiz 5 :j/ ;+ult clylt ;+ud Ritesh on Air 51

53 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns cd/ g/f]qd dfggw/ g/f]qd dfggw/ j}lhn s];l cd/ dxh{g k sfz pk ]tl cd/ g/f]qd dfggw/ l/t]z kf]v/]n!!m))!@m)) Action Cut :j/ zab ;+ult dgsf] rfxgf Metro Bonanza Action Cut Mix Max Request on line sfo{qmd ;+rfns g/l;x ls/0f 9sfn cho >]i7 >ldsf wd{ e08f/l ;lhgf O/f]h :yflkt g/l;x ls/0f 9sfn pqd yfkf cd/ g/f]qd!@m))!@m$% PoP Show Top Ten Unplued Show Metro Friends club ldlynf~rn zab e08f/ v';lsf kn sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;'lgn /fhf]kfwofo cd/ dxh{g g/f]qd cd/ dxh{g nlntf ul/l ;/f]h v]nf8l 6+s Gof}kfg] j}lhn s]=;l=!@m$%!m)) d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns g]xf lzj/fd g]xf lzj/fd 9sfn g]xf lzj/fd 9sfn g]xf lzj/fd 9sfn g]xf lzj/fd 9sfn g]xf lzj/fd 9sfn g]xf lzj/fd Icy-Spicy Youth blues 1 Metro classics Silver Chair Friday Collection Explosive sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;'ggbf 8+uf]n ;+ho /fhe08f/l O/f]h ;lhgf ;+ho /fhe08f/l ;'ggbf 9+uf]n l;lneof /fhf]kfwofo Crf ddtf metrofm@wlink.com.np kmf]g g+= $ $$!@$^ $& *! ÇofS; g+= $ $$!@$* 52 52

54 d]6«f] Pkm=Pdsf] a]n'slsf] ;]jfdf k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf]?k /]vf ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ ;xnx ba" j~hnf GxoOk'u' ;+ult p;f o\ ;dfm Gxo;Mln;M sf;f Do] sf;f yu' wfk' sfo{qmd ;+rfns wd{ laqmd zfso l/tf dxh{g wd{ d'lgsf/ l;lneof /fhf]kfwofo h'h'dfg dxh{g kljq #M)) d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ d]6«f] xfnvj/ -g]kfn efiffdf_ sfo{qmd ;+rfns wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g wd{ >Ls[i0f dxh{g #M)) #M$% ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n ;f:s[lts d08n sfo{qmd ;+rfns ljbf /ldtf ;'wg ljlgtf /Tg ;'gltf k ljg k"0f{ ljlgtf k ljg d~hnf /hgl ;fu/ #M$% $M)) d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn $M)) %M)) nf]snx/l nf]snx/l nf]snx/l nf]snx/l nf]snx/l nf]snx/l nf]snx/l sfo{qmd ;+rfns ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn ls/0f 9sfn %M)) %M#) jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd jfn sfo{qmd sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;l/tf >]i7 ;l/tf >]i7 ;l/tf >]i7 ;l/tf >]i7 ;l/tf ljlsn :yflkt ;l/tf >]i7 ;f]lgsf s;fm %M#) ^M)) gfª;fn gfª;fn gfª;fn gfª;fn gfª;fn gfª;fn gfª;fn 53 53

55 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª OlGb/f tfdfª ^M)) ^M#) ;fx; ult ;+ult sfi7d08k jfn;/f]sf/ ao]nl ult ;+ult 8sD; AjLh sfo{qmd ;+rfns 6+s cf]=k sfz cho >]i7 o'j/fh ljb f]xl d]3/fh clwsf/l ls/0f v= lbks kf7s ^M#) &M)) dxfgu/ ultlalw Dot's d]/f] ;fyl dxfgu/ ultlalw :j:yo / lhjg sf7df8f}+ ;Gb]z ult ;+ult k fl1s ultlalw sfo{qmd ;+rfns g]xf s]z' g]kfn rgb d0fl /f]lhgf g]xf s]z' g]kfn l/t]z kf]v ]/]n ;l/tf o'un ls=uf}td ljzj ljdf]xg >]i7 &M)) &M!% /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ &M!% &M$% c+s'/ dgyg dgyg ;Gbe{ / cfjfh dgyg dgyg c+s'/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns /fhg lbks uf]kfn lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn ;f/bf k lbk kl/of/ lzj/fd 9sfn lzj/fd 9sfn /fhg lbks uf]kfn &M$% *M)) d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ d]6«f] xfnvj/ sfo{qmd ;+rfns g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ g]xf zdf{ *M)) *M#) g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n g]kfn d08n sfo{qmd ;+rfns ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso ;fg' ljqmd zfso *M#) (M)) ljsf;fggbof Gjr" eml snfsf/ drf clwsf/ g]jfm bj" emlu' ;Dkbf Do]lxl; VofnMlsl; 5Dx 5u' 5SjM sfo{qmd ;+rfns kljq s;fm nn]gb zfso nn]gb zfso >Ls[i0f dxh{g >Ls[i0f dxh{g /fh' x[bo kljq s;fm 54

56 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ (M)) (M$% sf];] 9' f ;f+ullts ;':s]/f d]/f] ult ejfgf Forever Hits Moods & Melodies Old is Gold sfo{qmd ;+rfns cho >]i7 wd{ e08f/l ljzj lj=df]xg >]i7 ls/0f v8\sf s]z' g]kfn l/t]; kf]v/]n l/t]; kf]v/]n (M$%!)M)) rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL rt'/fl 0fL sfo{qmd ;+rfns lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ lszf]/ ;]9fO{ metrofm@wlink.com.np kmf]g g+= $ $$!@$^ $& *! ÇofS; g+= $ $$!@$* 55

57 d]6«f] Pkm=Pdsf] ljxfglsf] ;]jfdf k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf]?k /]vf ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ %M@% k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de k ;f/0f cf/de %M#) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds %M$% lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns ^M)) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns ^M)) ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ^M!% ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b ;dfrf/ d'ns v]ns'b &M)) ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns &M!% lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns &M#) ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns &M$% ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl ;dfrf/ d'ns c+u ]hl *M)) ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns *M#) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns 56

58 (M)) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns (M#) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns!)m)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds!!m)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds 57

59 d]6«f] Pkm=Pdsf] a]n'slsf] ;]jfdf k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf]?k /]vf ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/!@m)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds k ;f/0f cf/de!@m$% ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns!m)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns #M)) ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds ;dfrf/ d'ns dgf]/~hgftds #M$% ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns $M)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds %M)) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns %M#) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds ^M)) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns ^M#) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns 58

60 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ ^M$% ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns &M)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds &M!% lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns &M$% ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns *M)) ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns ;dfrf/ d'ns *M!% *M#) lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns lziff d'ns *M#) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds (M)) dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds dgf]/~hgftds 59

61 60

62 61

63 != P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld /]l8of] n'ldagl, a'4sf] hgd:yn n'ldaglsf] lgs6 dl0fu fddf /x]sf] 5. a'4sf] hgd:yn, ljzj zflgtsf] d'xfg n'ldagld} /x]/ klg?kgb]xl lhnnf / ;du n'ldagl c~rn u'dgfd cj:yfdf /x]sf] / n'ldagls} af/]df klg :yfglo gful/sx df ckgtjsf] dx;'; x'g ;s]sf] lypg. csf]{tkm{ ;~rf/sf] ;fwg /fhwfgl s]lgb t lyof]. /fhwfglaf6 kqklqsf lbg nfuyof] eg] /]l8of] g]kfn?kgb]xldf /fd /L ;'lg b}gyof]. l56f], 5l/tf] ;"rgf kfpg] ;fwgsf] cefj lyof]. ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] kx' r u fdl0f If]qdf gk'u];dd s]gb sf] Ph]G8fdf k fof]lht sf];]nl ljsf;sf] gf/fn] dfq ;d'bfo ljsl;t x'g ;Sb}g egg] s'/fdf?kgb]xlsf] Pp6f hdft ;xdt lyof]. ch' {g 1jfnL, Clif/fd e';fnnufotsf af}l4s JolQmTjx sf] ;fldko kfpsf] of] hdft?kgb]xlsf] /fhgllts r]tgfo'qm af}l4s ju{, Jofkf/L, pbf]uklt / ;~rf/sdl{x sf] ;+ud h:tf] lyof]. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf ;+:yfks cwoif tyf :6];g Dofg]h/ e/t e';fn Toltv]/sf] If0f ;Dem b} egg'x'g5, æ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljsnk lbg ;Sg] s]xl sfd ug{ kfp x'gyof] egg] xfd f] ;f]r lyof]. xfdldf pt;fx / hf u/ klg lyof]. t/ s] ug]{ egg] 6'+uf]df k'lu;s]sf lypgf}+.æ ;fd'bflos If]qdf ;~rf/sf] k efjsf/l / ;/n dfwodåf/f ;"rgfsf] kx' r a9fpg'kg] { cfjzostf af]w ug' {kg] { cfwf/x?kgb]xljf;lx sf cufl8 ljbdfg lyp. ;+;f/ PSsfO;f} + ztfjblsf] ;+3f/df lyof]. n'ldagl If]q eg] ;~rf/ / ;"rgfljxlg cj:yfdf u'lh /x]sf] lyof]. ;fdfgo s[lif k ljlwb]lv g'g, lrgl kfgls} ;"rgf / ;Gb]z k jfx ug] { k efjsf/l dfwodx af6 ;d'bfox jl~rt lyp. wgf9\o, ;/sf/l prr cf]xbfsf s]xl d'7\7le/ JolQmx sf] zf}vsf] ljifo ag]sf] /]l8of] sf7df8f} + aflx/sf cfdgful/sx sf nflu eg] e/t e';fnsf zabdf ærgb dfsf] ofqfæ g} ag]sf] ;fndf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;~rfng u/]/ blif0f Pl;ofdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] gof 9f]sf vf]ln;s]sf] lyof]. hg:t/af6 jf u}/;/sf/l If]qaf6 cfkm\g} :jfldtj Joj:yfkg lg0f{o / ;xeflutfdf /]l8of] ;~rfng u/]/ ;d"xn] b]zs} cgo ;d'bfosf nflu ;d]t Pp6f k ]/0ff / xf};nfsf] sfd u/]sf] lyof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;~rfng epkl5 sf7df8f}+df k};fjfn Jofkf/Lx PkmPd /]l8of] ;~rfnglt/ cfslif{t epsf lyp. gegb} sf7df8f}+df s]xl PkmPd :6];g v'n] klg. t/ o:tf PkmPdsf ;~rfnsx n] sf7df8f}+df dfq} gfkmf sldg ;Sg] b]v]/ rf/ eghofªaflx/ /]l8of] lnp/ hfg] lxddt u/]gg\ eg] sf7df8f}+ pktosfaflx/sf ;d'bfo klg k ljlwk ltsf] cgle1tfn] cfk\mgf] ;d'bfodf /]l8of] ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf ljzj:t x'g ;ls/x]sf lypgg\. /fhwfglaflx/ 7fp 7fp df ;d'bfon] 6fj/ /]l8of] ;~rfng u/]sf lyp t/ ltgsf cfk\mg} ;Ldf / afwotf lyp. To;}n] /]l8of]aflx/ klg k' ofpg'kg]{ / ufp df a:g]x sf a'tfaf6 klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg5 egg] s'/f :yflkt ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf lyof]. 62

64 + + 3gZofd e' ';fn,?kgb]xl If]q gda/ # af6 k ltlglw;ef ;b:o x'g'x'gyof]. pxf n] ufp df s]xl u/f} egg] ;f]r /fvg'epsf] lyof].?kgb]xldf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf ttsfnlg :6];g Dofg]h/ d}gfnl ttsfnlg ;f+;b 3gZofd e';fnn] ;Nnfx ug' {eof]. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/ e/t e';fnsf cg';f/, ;f+;b e';fn / d}gfnlalr w]/}k6s s'/fsfgl epkl5?kgb]xldf Pp6f ;fgf] e]nf 8flsof].?kGb]xLsf] klxnf] ;fgf] e]nfn] PkmPd :6];gsf] cfjzostf :jlsf/ u of]. To;sf nflu ;+u7gftds :j k ;xsf/lsf] agfpg] ] lgwf] eof]. ;+:yf btf{ k lqmofsf nflu / ;~rf/ dgqfnoaf6 cg'dltsf nflu Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ul/of]. ;+:yf btf{b]lv PkmPd k ;f/0f Ohfhtnufotsf ;a} sfd ug{ e/t e';fnsf] cwoiftfdf ;/f]h e /fo{ pkfwoif, / ;b:ox df afa'/fd rf}w/l, s[i0f e';fn, s[i0f g]kfn, n]vgfy kf08], kb\df Kofs'/]n ;b:o /x]sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g eof]. of] ;ldltn] ;+:yf btf{b]lv PkmPdsf] nfo;]g; k flkt ;d]tsf ;j} sfo{ k"/f u of]. n'ldagl ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;xsf/l ;+:yf hlgdof]. nljªdf /3' d}gfnl / 3gZofd e';fnsf] e"ldsf /x\of]. o; alrdf /3' d}gfnl /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] :6];g Dofg]h/sf] lhdd]bf/laf6 cnu ep/ sf7df8f} aflx/ /]l8of]sf] :yfkgfdf d2t ug] { ;f]rdf x'g'x'gyof]. d}gfnln] 9'Ss} emg8} c9fo dlxgf /]l8of] n'ldagldf a;]/ /]l8of]sf] ;Dk"0f{ tof/l ug' {eof]. kl/0ffd:j ;fn ut] >Lk~rdLsf lbg sf7df8f} +aflx/ ;d'bfosf] :jfldtj, Joj:yfkg / nufgldf klxnf] /]l8of] :6];gsf kdf /]l8of] n'ldagln] cfkm\gf] k ;f/0f ;'? u of]. k ;f/0fsf] ;'?sf lbgx sf] ;Demgf ub} { /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch' {g 1jfnL egg'x'g5, æ/dfonf] lx;fan] /]l8of] ;'? ug] { eoof]. sf7df8f} +df dfq} ah]sf] /]l8of] ca xfd} ufp 3/df ahfpg] eoof] eg]/ b+u kl/of]. Toltv]/ xfdlnfo{ /]l8of]sf] af/]df elgpsf] dfq} lyof]. :jo+;]jsaf6 dfq} rn5 egg] ;'g]sf lyof} +, cfkm} +nfo{ rflx jf:tljs s'/f s]xl klg yfxf lypg, t/ rnfpg yfn]kl5 kf] yfxf eof], /]l8of] rnfpg t uf xf] s'/f /x]5.æ /]l8of] n'ldagl sf7df8f} + pktosf aflx/sf] klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g xf]. /]l8of] n'ldagl k ;f/0f ubf{sf ;dodf o;df lhnnfsf ljlegg hflt, efiff, wd{, ln+u / k]zfsf *@ hgf ;b:o lyp eg] clxn] ;b:ox sf] ;+Vofn]!)) gfl3;s]sf] :6];gsf] clek ]/0ff, nio / p2]zo k ;f/0f ;'? ug' {cl3 g} /]l8of] n'ldagln] cfk\mgf nio / p2]zox ls6]sf] lyof]. a' bfut kdf x]bf{ tl nio / p2]zox o:tf nio :yfglo 1fg, ;Lk / biftfsf] klxrfg, kl/rfng tyf ;Da4{g ug' { 63

65 { { { :yfglo efiff, ;flxto, snf, ;+:s[lt tyf nf]s k/dk/fx sf] klxrfg tyf ;Da4{g ug' /fli6«o Pstf, uf}/j tyf :jfledfg clej[l4 ub} { Gofo / k hftgqsf] kifdf cg'zfl;t tyf k ultzln ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug' ljzj zflgtsf] d'xfgsf kdf kl/lrt uf}td a'4sf] hgd:yn n'ldaglsf] ef}lts, cfwofltds ljsf; / hfu/0fsf nflu k rf/ k ;f/ ug' ;xsf/l efjgf, pbdzln ;+:s[lt, /fli6«o pbf]u tyf :jb]zl ahf/nfo{ k f]t;flxt ug' {, :yfglo ;/sf/ / hgtfsf alr e/kbf] { ;Dks{ dfwodsf kdf sfd ug' {, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx sf] xs / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fd"lxs bflotjsf] af]w u/fpg', lk5l8psf tyf cnk;+vos hflt / ju{sf] cfjfhnfo{ k fyldstf lb b} pglx sf] ljsf;sf nflu hgdt tof/ ug' {, lziff, :jf:yo, jftfj/0f, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgjclwsf/, ;fd'bflos ljsf;nufotsf ;fdflhs If]qdf Jofks hfu/0f clej[l4 ug' {, cfw'lgs s[lif, lj1fg tyf k ljlwsf pknlawx ;Dd hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] kx' r p2]zo ;"rgf, lziff, dgf]/ghg / ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug] {, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s kl/jt{gdf ;xof]u k' ofpg], dlxnf, afns, j[4 / pk]lift ju{sf] cfjfh d'vl/t ug] {, u fdl0f k ltefnfo{ ljz]if k f]t;flxt ug] {, x/]s gful/snfo{ lhdd]jf/l af]w u/fp b} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] txdf ;xeful u/fpg], gful/sx df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;xeful x'g / lhdd]jf/l af]w ug{ k ]l/t ug] {, lziff, :jf:yo, jftfj/0f, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgjclwsf/, kf]if0f, ;/;kmfonufot ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf If]qdf hfu/0f Nofpg], cfw'lgs s[lif k ljlw, kz'kfng / cfocfh{gsf ljsnkx nfo{ hgtfdf lrgfpg], gu/ If]qsf cf}bf]lus, Jofkfl/s, ;f+:s[lts, z}lifs tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f / gful/s ultljlwsf af/]df ;';"lrt ug] { / ;xof]u k' ofpg], k ;f/0f If]qleqsf :yfglo efiff, ;+:s[lt, afn;flxto / nf]s k/dk/fx sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug] {, ljlegg hfthflt, efiffefifl, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf hgtfdf kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, d}ql / eforf/fsf] efjgf ljsf; ug] {, ;xsf/l efjgf, pbdzlntf, /fli6«o pbf]u Pj+ :jb]zl ahf/sf] Jofks k rf/ k ;f/ ug] {, hgtfnfo{ clwsf/ / st{josf] af]w u/fpg], 64

66 ljzj zflgtsf] d'xfg n'ldaglsf] ef}lts tyf cfwofltds ljsf; / hfu/0fsf nflu k rf/ k ;f/ ug] {, #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{qmd / hgzlqm #=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgf /]l8of] n'ldagl ;~rfng ug] { ;+:yf n'ldagl ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;xsf/l ;+:yf xf]. of] ;+:yf k rlnt ;xsf/l cg';f/ lhnnf ;xsf/l sfof{nodf btf{ epsf] 5. ;xsf/l ;+:yf Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;xsf/l P]g, ;xsf/l lgodfjnl / ljlegg lgb] {lzsfx 5g\. t/ /]l8of] ;~rfngsf nflu eg] /fli6«o k ;f/0f P]g, /fli6«o k ;f/0f lgodfjnl / nfo;]g;sf zt{x sf clwgdf /xg'kg] { x'g5. o;sf] ;+u7gftds :j kdf ;fwf/0f;ef, ;~rfns ;ldlt / cfgtl/s n]vf ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\. ;fwf/0f;ef ;jf] {Rr lgsfo xf]. ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rgb]lv gllt / of]hgfsf] lgb] {zg of] lgsfoaf6 x'g5. x/]s jif{ ;fwf/0f;ef ug}{ k5{. o;sf nflu sfg'gl afwoftds cj:yf 5. ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg eg] # # jif{df x'g] k fjwfg 5. n]vf ;ldlt cfgtl/s?kdf n]vf k/lif0f ;ldlt xf]. o;n] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ultljlw lglb{i6 u5{ / cfkm\gf] k ltj]bg ;fwf/0f;efdf k]z u5{. of] ;ldlt ;fwf/0f ;efaf6} lgjf{lrt x'g5. cfly{s If]qdf ;~rfns ;ldltnfo{ lgb] {zg lbg] / cfjzostf 7fg]df ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef af]nfpg l;kmfl/; ug] { clwsf/;d]t n]vf ;ldltdf /x]sf] x'g5. ;+:yfsf] ;lrj / /]l8of]sf] k agws o;sf] b}lgs k zf;gsf] sfo{sf/l lgsfo xf]. ;lrj jf k agwssf] lgo'lqm ;~rfns ;ldltn] u5{. t/ of] kbdf hfg] JolQm ;+:yfsf] ;b:o x'g'kg] { ljwfg -ljlgod_ sf] afwotf 5. ;~rfns ;ldltn] cgo ljlegg pk ;ldltx sf] u7g ug{ ;S5. o;n] cfkm"nfo{ ;Nnfx lbg] ljlegg If]qsf JolQmx ;+nug /x]sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g u5{. /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf If]qdf sfo{qmd cg'udg pk ;ldlt /x]sf] 5. o;df ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o, ;fwf/0f ;b:o / :yfglo a'l4hljlx ;dfj]z 5g\. To;}u/L ;+:yfsf] cfgtl/s sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ug{ /]l8of]sdl{ / Joj:yfkg;d]tsf] k ltlglwtj /xg] u/l sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt /xg] u/]sf] 5. o;/l ol ljlegg lgsfon] /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] ;~rfngdf dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\. ol lgsfox Pscsf{df ;Gt'ng / lgogq0fsf] sfd t u5{g\ g} ;fy} logn] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfo{ ;d]t ;'lglzrt u/]sf 5g\. #=@ sfo{qmd /]l8of] n'ldagl xfn laxfg %=)) ah]b]lv a]n'sl!! ah];dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf] h]7sf] ;'?jft; u} /]l8of] n'ldagl b}lgs!* 306f k ;f/0f x'g yfn]sf] 5. /]l8of] n'ldagln] clxn] x/]s 306fdf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k ;f/ ug{ yfn]sf] 5. o;afx]s b}lgs!.! j6f /fli6«o / :yfglo klqsfx sf] ;dfrf/ ;f/ tyf xktfdf!.! k6s u'?ª / du/ efiffdf ;dfrf/ k ;f/ x'g5. o;n] $ j6f efiffdf sfo{qmdx k ;f/ ug]{ u5{. 65

67 { k ;f/0f If]qdf yf / dw];l hg;+vofnfo{ b[li6ut u/l yf efiffdf sfo{qmd a9fp b} n}hfg] gllt /x]sf] 5. t/ /]l8of] n'ldaglsf ;~rfnsx sf cg';f/, yf ;d'bfosf JolQmx ;~rf/ If]qdf pnn]vo kdf k j]z gu/]sf sf/0f :6];gn] ;f]r]hlt dfqfdf yf efiffdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. yf efiff ;+:s[ltsf] sfo{qmdd, yf efiffdf s[lif / afn sfo{qmd ;fktflxs kdf #).#) ldg]6 ;~rfng x'g5g\ eg] b}lgs! 306f ljlegg ;Gb]z, hfgsf/l / lziffd"ns ljifo;lxt ;f+ullts sfo{qmd;d]t k ;f/0f x'g5. ;du df /]l8of] n'ldagldf ;dfrf/;lxt ;d;fdlos, z}lifs, :jf:yo, afnaflnsf, ;flxltos, ;f :s[lts, dlxnf ;zqmls/0f, hftlo ;dtf, ckf+u ptyfg, s[lif, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljifoj:t', ljzj ;dfrf/, v]ns'b cflb ljifosf sfo{qmd lgoldt?kdf k ;f/0f eo/x]sf 5g\. df]6fdf]6l kdf x]g] { xf] eg] k ;f/0fdf lziffd"ns sfo{qmdsf] ef/ sl/a $$ k ltzt 5 eg] ;f+ullts sfo{qmdsf] ef/ %^ k ltzt /x]sf] 5. sfo{qmd ptkfbgsf] k fylds If]qsf kdf :yfglo cfjzostf, :yfglo ljifoj:t', :yfglo ;d:of ;Defjgf uf}/j / ultljlw /x]sf 5g\. :yfglo If]qsf nflu pkof]ul /fli6«o / cgt/f{li6«o pknlaw, gjlg vf]h, 36gf cflb ;d]t /]l8of] n'ldagln] k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] s'/f k d'v lgdf{tf n]vgfy 1jfnL atfpg'x'g5. ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/ e/t e';fnsf cg';f/, sfo{qmddf efiff z}nl / njhnfo{ :yfglos/0f ug] k otg ul/psf] 5. t/?kgb]xl c3f{vf rl, u'ndl, kfnkf, :ofª\hf, kj{t, afun'ª / :yfglo cflbjf;lsf] ;+o'qm :yfg epsfn] efiffsf] njhdf PsfTdstf gepsfn] / ol If]qsf njhx sf] clt 5\of;ld; cj:yf /x]sfn] k"0f{tm Ps?ktf Nofpg uf xf] k/]sf] b]lvg5. sfo{qmd ptkfbsx ljlegg If]qaf6 cfpsf / ltgsf] njhdf ;d]t Ps ktf cfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f sfo{qmdx df k of]u x'g] efiff, k :t'lt / z}nldf Ps ktf x'g g;s]sf] /]l8of] ;'Gbf k i6} b]lvg5. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch' {g 1jfnL, tflnd lbg]x klg y/ly/l dfgotf epsf JolQmx epsfn] sfo{qmd ptkfbs / ;~rfnsx sf] l;sfo g} klg Ps} vfnsf] x'g g;s]sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'x'g5. clwsf+z sfo{qmdx df lkmn8sf jf:tljs cfjfh /fvg g;s]sf] kfoof]. pko'qm tflnd / lkmn8 /]s8{/sf] cefjsf sf/0f o:tf] epsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx sf] u'gf;f] 5. ljlegg vfn] Jofj;flos ;d:of cfkm\gf 7fp df 5 b}5g\ t/ ;du df /]l8of] n'ldagln] k ;f/0fsf dfwodaf6 ;d'bfodf k' ofpsf] of]ubfgsf nflu o;nfo{ g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro'6n] ev{/} uf]kfnbf; kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/n] ;Ddflgt u/l xf};nf a9folbpsf] 5. æ/]l8of] n'ldagln] ;+s6sfnnufotsf ck7\of/f] cj:yfdf klg sfo{qmdx df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;Sof], xfd f sfo{qmddf snftds sdlsdhf]/l kss} klg 5g\ t/ ;dfhdf xfdln] k\mof s]sf ;"rgf / cgo ;fdu LnfO{ x]bf{ gof v'ng] /]l8of]sf nflu dfu{bz{s g} ag]sf 5g\, of] xfd f nflu uf}/jsf] s'/f xf]æ, /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch'{g 1jfnL egg'x'g5. #=$ hgzlqm /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] 7"nf] hgzlqmn] kqsfl/tf /]l8of] n'ldagld} cfp/ l;s]sf] xf]. of] hgzlqm ;~rf/ If]qsf] ofqfdf nfu]sf] g} n'ldaglaf6 xf]. o;}n] /]l8of] n'ldaglnfo{ cfjzos kg] { hgzlqm :yfglo :t/af6} 66

68 ljsf; ul/psf] xf]. /]l8of] ;'?jftsfndf k lzlift!@.!# hgfsf] ;d"x o; ;+:yfsf] klxnf] k':tfsf] d'vo hgzlqm xf] eg] To;kl5sf bf]; f] / t]; f] k':tfsf ljlegg cfgtl/s / afx\o tflndaf6 k lzlift hgzlqm;d]t clxn] /]l8of]df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. /]l8of] n'ldagldf clxn] k"0f{sfnlg, cnksfnlg / :jo+;]js u/l %) hgfsf] xf/fxf/ldf hgzlqm /x]sf] 5. sfo{qmdtkm{!% hgf k"0f{sfnlg ;~rf/sdl{ sfo{/t 5g\. To;}u/L k ljlwsf If]qdf $ hgf / n]vf Joj:yfkg If]qdf % hgf k"0f{sfnlg 5g\. k fljlws If]qdf /]l8of] n'ldagl; u /]l8of] 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;fdfgo dd{t, :6'l8of]sf] lgdf{0f / gof pks/0f h8fg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; epsf] 5. s]xl ;docl3 %)) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ k ljlw k d'v s[i0f s];ln] JolQmut hf]lvddf PSn} h8fg ul/lbg'epsf] lyof]. sd{rf/l lgo'qm ug{sf nflu Pp6f :yfol kbk"lt{ pk;ldlt 5. o;n] cfjzostfcg';f/ sd{rf/lx sf] lgo'lqm ug]{ ub{5. /]l8of] n'ldagldf :jo+;]jsx n] ;d]t dguu] of]ubfg k' ofpsf 5g\. clwsf+z :jo+;]jsx sf] k j[lqrflx klxn] s]xl l;sg' /x]sf] / l;ls;s]kl5 hflu/ kfpg' /x]sf] ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/ e/t e';fnsf] cg'ej 5. :jefjtm :jo+;]jsx nfo{ :6];gn] ;'ljwf lbg ;s]sf] 5}g. $= >f]tf /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] vf; >f]tf :yfglo ;d'bfosf afl;gbf x'g\. hfltut b[li6n] x]bf{ /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tfx df afx'g, If]qL, blnt ju{, du/, u'?ª tyf cflbjf;l ofbj, yf / d';ndfg /x]sf 5g\. o:t} efiffut lx;fan] s'/f ug] { xf] eg] /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] k ;f/0f bfo/fleq g]kfnl, d}lynl, ef]hk'/l / yf efiflx sf] afx'no /x]sf] 5 eg] du/ / u'?ª efifl klg /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tfx x'g\. wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tfx nfo{ 5'6\ofp bf lxgb' d'vo kdf b]lvg5g\ eg] To;kl5 a'4 / d'l:nd wdf{jndalx /x]sf 5g\. k]zfut lx;fan] x]bf{rflx /]l8of] n'ldaglsf sfo{qmd ;'Gg]x df s[ifs, pbdl Jofkf/L, sd{rf/l, ljbfyl+ { / u[lx0flx x'g\. pd]/sf lx;fan] afnaflnsfb]lv lszf]/, o'jf, k f}9 / kfsf] pd]/sf JolQmx o;sf >f]tf x'g\. o;/l x]bf{ k fom ;a} ju{, If]q / ln+u, pd]/ ;d"x / efiffefifl / wdf{jndal /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tf x'g\. ol ;a} ju{nfo{ ;d]6]/ sfo{qmd k ;f/ ug{ ;Sg' /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] r'gf}tl / v'al b'j} xf]. afnaflnsf / kfsf] pd]/sf JolQmnfO{ nlift u/]/ sfo{qmdsf] k fyldstf to ul/psf] 5. lszf]/ lszf]/lx nfo{ 1fg, lziff / hfgsf/l a9fpg] p2]zosf sfo{qmd s]lgb t ul/psf] 5. ult ;+ultnfo{ s]an dgf]/ghgdfq xf]og lziffsf] k efjsf/l dfwodsf kdf u x0f ul/psf] 5. o;sf cltl/qm s[ifs, ljbfyl{, dlxnf clwsf/, afnclwsf/ / r]tgf, blnt, :yfglo efiff, Jofkf/, pbdnufotsf ljifonfo{ ;d]6]/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]/ /]l8of] n'ldagln] ;du df k fom >f]tfnfo{ ;d]6]sf] 5. csf] { lx;fan] x]bf{ /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tfx df ;x/l If]q / u fdl0f If]qsf afl;gbfx /x]sf 5g\. ol b'j}sf]?lr / cfjzostfdf s]xl km/s 5. ;x/l If]qsf afl;gbfx u fdl0f If]qsf afl;gbfsf] t'ngfdf yf]/} ep klg ;"rgf / cj;/sf] kx' rdf 5g\ eg] u fdl0f hgtf ;"rgf / cj;/af6 k"0f{tof jl~rt 5g\. ol b'j}y/l >f]tfsf] ;"rgfsf] cfjzostf k"/f ug{ /]l8of] n'ldagln] k of; ul//x]sf] 5. 67

69 + If]qut?kdf egbf /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tf?kgb]xl, gjnk/f;l, slknj:t', kfnkf / c3f{vf rl lhnnfsf afl;gbf x'g\. lrtjgsf] klzrdl If]q;d]t o;sf] k ;f/0f bfo/fsf] If]q xf]. %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf /]l8of] n'ldagl ;d'bfos} ;jf ;oegbf a9l JolQmsf] k ToIf ;+nugtfdf ;~rflnt 5. efiff, wd{, hflt, ln+u, k]zf, ju{sf b[li6n] ;a} If]qsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 ;+:yfut :jfldtjdf. sfo{qmdtkm{ :yfglo cflbjf;l yf x sf] efiffdf sfo{qmd b}lgs / ;fktflxs u/l % k s[ltsf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf 5g\. du/ / u'?ªsf] eflifs pkl:ylt;d]t /x]sf] 5. sfo{qmddf blnt, du/, u'?ª, yf hfltsf JolQmx ;xeful 5g\. dlxnf ;+Vof cfwfegbf a9l 5. /]l8of] n'ldagln] ;d'bfonfo{ /]l8of]df ;+nug u/fpg ;+ul7t >f]tfsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. ;d'bfosf] ultljlwnfo{ ;~rf/df k' ofpg u fdl0f If]qdf /]l8of] k ltlglwsf kdf ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x nfo{ lqmofzln u/fopsf] 5. clxn] /]l8of] n'ldaglsf >f]tfx j6f Sna lqmofzln 5g\. >f]tf Snax n] ;d'bfo / /]l8of]alr ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf 5g\. Snax n] /]l8of] sfo{qmdx af/] ;d'bfonfo{ hfgsf/l u/fpg] / ;d'bfosf cfjfh /]l8of];dif k' ofpg] dxœjk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf] /fd f] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5. ;d'bfosf JolQmx ;Lw} + /]l8of] :6];gdf cfp/, kq k7fp/ / kmf]g u/]/ sfo{qmdx df ;+nug x'g ;S5g\. o;afx]s ljleg If]qsf JolQmx sf cfjfh klg sfo{qmddf k ;f/ x'g5g\. ^= ;fdflhs kl/jt{g eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] kfjg hgde"lddf :yflkt /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] k ;f/0fkl5 :yfglo afl;gbfn] /]l8of] k ljlw; u kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfp. dl0fu fdsf xf]6n Joj;foL b f]0f bfxfnnfo{ /]l8of] n'ldagl c;fwo} dg k5{. lsg t < pxf s} zabdf æo;n] Gofo cgofo 5'6\ofP/ egg] u5{. o;sf] eljio /fd f] 5.Æ e/t e';fnsf zabdf æ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ] n'ldaglsf] k ;f/0fn] :yfglo If]qdfq gep/ l;+uf] df]km;ndf /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng ug] { ;fdyo{ af]w u/fpg' o;sf] klxnf] kl/jt{g dfgg ;lsg5.æ /]l8of] k ;f/0faf6 :yfglo If]qdf cfpsf kl/jt{gx nfo{ 5f]6s/Ldf s]nfpg] xf] eg] ;~rf/ ;fwgdf u fdl0f If]qsf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx' r k'u]sf] cg'e"lt epsf] 5. o:t} :yfglo cflbjf;lx df cfkm\g} efiffdf, cfkm\g} ;]/f]km]/f]df sfo{qmd k ;f/0f x' bf uf}/jsf] efjgf a9]sf] 5 / /]l8of]k lt cfsif{0f klg a9]sf] 5. laxfg ca]/;dd ;'Tg]x df laxfg ^M!% ah] k ;f/0f x'g] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf] sfo{qmd ;'Gg rf 8} p7\g] afgl a;]sf] 5. ;To, tyo / :ki6 :yfglo 36gfx yfxf kfpg PkmPdn] s] eg5 ;'gf} egg] lh1f;f >f]tfdf a9]sf] 5. æsltko PkmPd / kqklqsfdf xnn}xnnfsf] e/df klg ;dfrf/ lbpsf] x'g5, To:tf] s'/fdf t vf; ljzjf; klg nfub}g, t/ clxn];dd /]l8of] n'ldagln] rflx ljzj;glo ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmdx lbo/x]sf] 5, /]l8of] n'ldaglk lt Psbd} ljzjf; nfu5,æ >f]tf b f]0f bfxfnsf] ljzjf; xf] of]. 68

70 { /]l8of] n'ldagln] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx df gful/s ;d:of / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu bf]xf] ]/f] ;+jfbsf] cj;/ a9]sf] 5. o;n] ;~rfng u/]sf] xdf/ dr{jf/ sfo{qmdaf6 :yfglo dr{jf/ If]qsf] ;d:of, cj:yf, ;Defjgf / /fd f kifsf] phfu/ ug' {sf ;fy} :yfglo ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtf a9]sf] 5 eg] ;'zf;gsf nflu ;/sf/l lgsfonfo{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 -x]g' {;M dr{jf/;dagwl as;df /flvpsf] e/t e';fnsf] n]v_. /]l8of] n'ldaglaf6 k ;fl/t sfo{qmdaf6 ef/tn] ;Ldfdf g]kfnl e" efu 8'Ag] u/l agfpsf] /l;ofjfn v'b{nf]6g af wlj?4 hgdt l;h{gf ug{ / /fli6«otfsf] efjgf l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpsf] 5. o;n] xflh/l hjfkmnufotsf sfo{qmddfkm{t ljbfno /!!,!@ siffsf ljbfyl{x df u'0f:t/lo k9fosf nflu k lt:kwf{ a9fpg'sf ;fy} :yfglo lgsfosf hgk ltlglw / sd{rf/lx df hgtfk ltsf] hjfkmb]xl a9fpg;d]t ;xof]u k' ofpsf] 5. æxfdln] s'nf] kfglb]lv e} +;L x/fpsf] / afns x/fpsf] ;Ddsf ;"rgfx lgmz'ns k ;f/ ub} { cfpsf 5f} +, cflbjf;l ;d'bfom yf, du/, u'?ªnufot dr{jf/, eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] dfjn b]jbx;dagwl h]h:tf sfo{qmd lbg ;Sof} +, 7"nf] s'/f] ug{ ;lsof] eg]/ uj{ nfu]sf] 5, /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch' {g 1jfnL egg'x'g5. /]l8of] n'ldagln] :yfglo ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ;fy} n} +lus ;dtf / hftlo ;dfgtfsf nflu r]tgf hufpg] tyf afnclwsf/, dlxnf ;zqmls/0f / zflgtsf kifdf k ;f/ u/]sf sfo{qmdx n] ;fdflhs r]tgf hufpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5. &= :6]zgsf] lg/gt/tf /]l8of] b]lv lg/gt/ / lgoldt k ;f/0fdf /x]sf] 5. ;'?df b}lgs $ 306faf6 k ;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] /]l8of] n'ldagl clxn]!* 306f k ;f/0fdf /x]sf] 5. lg/gt/tfsf nflu o;n] lj1fkg, sfo{qmd k fof]hg / sfo{qmd tyf pks/0f ;xof]u lng] gllt agfpsf] 5. cfly{s ; f]tsf lx;fan] ;xsf/lsf ;b:ox n] nufgl u/]sf] /sd g} /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] alp ;DklQ xf]. o;nfo{ ;xo]fu ug] ;+:yfx df 8flg8fsf] x'uf]p, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x /]l8of] ;u/dfyf, o'g]:sf], PdP; g]kfn cflb /x]sf 5g\. ol ;+:yfsf cltl/qm /]l8of] n'ldagln] :yfglo Jofkf/L, ;/sf/l / u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx ; u ldn]/ sfo{qmdx ptkfbg k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. o;af6 /]l8of]sf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu ;xof]u k'u]sf] o;sf ;~rfnsx sf] egfo 5. cf}bf]lus gu/l a'6jn;d]t o;sf] k ;f/0fsf] bfo/fdf k/]sfn] Jofkfl/s lj1fkg / sfo{qmd k fof]hg /fd } /x]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8f} +df ;d]t lj1fkg k j4{g zfvf vf]n]sf] 5. /]l8of] n'ldagl cftdlge{/tftkm{ cl3 al9/x]sf] ep tfklg ;fg} 7fp df $ $ j6f /]l8of] :yfkgfsf nflu ;/sf/n] Ohfht lbpkl5 eg] of] ;fwg / ; f]t af l8g] lglzrt 5. rf/j6f /]l8of] ;Lldt ;fwg / ; f]t epsf 7fp df rng ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ egg] rf;f] clxn] of] If]qdf a9]sf] 5. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf ;~rfnsx klg of] s'/fdf lrlgtt 5g\. 69

71 /]l8of] ] n'ldagln] cfkm\g} :6'l8of] ejg lgdf{0f ug{ huuf vl/b u/]sf] 5 eg] ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fo/x]sf] 5. :6];gsf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu o;nfo{ :ki6 lbzfjf]w u/fpg'kg] {, ; f]t / ;fwgsf] If]q a9fpg'kg] {, /]l8of] tflnd s]gb sf kdf lj:tf/ ub} { hfg'kg] { sfo{x ug' {kg] { / sfo{qmdsf If]qdf cem a9l ;fd'bflosls/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf /x]sf] 5. *= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] n'ldagl ;'? epb]lv g} o:fn] Jojwfg / r'gf}tl ;x b} cfpg'k/]sf] 5. o;sf r'gf}tl / JojwfgnfO{ sfo{qmd, k fljlws, lbuf]kg u/l d'vo kdf tlg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg5m *=! sfo{qmd /]l8of] n'ldagln] o;sf >f]tfsf] cfjzostf / rfxgf k"/f ug{] p2]zon] sfo{qmd k ;f/ u/]sf] ep klg o;n] cem} u'0f:t/lo sfo{qmd k:sg'kg]{ ;'emfj ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/ e/t e';fnsf] 5. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch'{g 1jfnLsf ljrf/df, aflx/sf] k ltlqmof /fd} kfopsf] ep klg :6];gleq Jofj;flostfsf lx;fan] sfo{qmdaf/] c;gt'li6 b]lvg' :jfefljs} xf]. sfo{qmdsf] klxrfg, bif hgzlqmsf] k"lt{ / bif hgzlqmsf] e/y]usf nflu cem} kxn x'g'kg]{ b]lvg5. /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch{'g 1jfnL sfo{qmddf sltko sdhf]/l epsf] s'/f :jlsfg'{x'g5. pxf egg'x'g5, æxfdl ;dosf] ultdf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf 5}gf}+. xfd f /]l8of]sdl{x sf] cfjfhdf dl7f; / ;'l/nf]kgsf] cefj 5. clns xfdl k/dk/fut epsf 5f}+. xfd f sfo{qmdx a9l af}l4s ep, cfd;~rf/dfwoddf x'g'kg] { hlt ;/ntf epg ls egg] k ltlqmof klg d}n] kfpsf] 5'. o;nfo{ xfdln] lrg{ ;Sg'k5{.Æ /]l8of] n'ldagln] sfo{qmddf ;+j]bgzln lhdd]jf/l dx;'; u/]sf] 5M /fhgllts ;Gt'ng sfod /fvg], hftlo ;Gt'ng ldnfpg], wfld{s, k]zfut ;Gt'ng ldnfpg]. of] a9f] uf xf] s'/f /x]5, cwoif 1jfnLsf] egfo 5. sfo{qmd nliot >f]tfdfem lglzrt p2]zo / ;Gb]z af]s]/ Jofj;flos dfgsdf k ;f/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug' { g} sfo{qmdsf lx;fan] /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] r'gf}tl xf]. o;n] ljljw k]zf, pd]/ ;d"x, ln+u, hflt, ju{ / e"uf]ndf 5l/P/ /x]sf >f]tfsf]?lr / cfjzostfnfo{ Jofj;flos ;Lk, snf / wd{sf] s;ldf hf r]/ sfo{qmdsf lx;fan] k"/f ub} { cl3 a9\g ;Sg' cfjzos 5. *=@ k fljlws /]l8of] n'ldaglsf k fljlws k d'v s[i0f s];lsf cg';f/, k fljlws sl7gfox :6];g ;'? epb]lv g} ef]ug'k/]sf] 5. klxnf]kn6 k ;f/0fsf nflu hf]8\g] lalqs} 6«fG;ld6/ g} hnof]. To;kl5 hf]8]sf] csf] { 70

72 6«fG;ld6/ klg s]xl ;do rn]kl5 k8\lsof]. æxfdln] k"0f{jofj;flos -Professional_ egbf klg cw{ Jofj;flos -Semi Professional) pks/0fx n] sfd rnfpg' kl//x]sf] 5. tflndsf] cefj 5. sfd rnfpsf] x}l;otdf k fljlws pks/0fx rln/x]sf 5g\. s]xl ;docl3 dfq} /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] 5 bfvf bfsf] Pp6f /fd f] lds:r/ klg hnof].?kgb]xldf ljb't\ cfk"lt{df ef]n6]hdf Ps ktf gepsf sf/0fn] klg pks/0fx df a9l ef]n6]hn] xfg]/ laufg] { u/]sf] ] k ljlw k d'v s];lsf] u'gf;f] 5. cfkm"; u bif k fljlws hgzlqm gepsf] klg pxf sf] egfo 5. csf] {lt/ /]l8of]sf k fljlws pks/0f k'/fgf klg eo;s]sf 5g\ \. Psflt/ kof{kt pks/0fsf] cefj, csf{lt/ epsf pks/0f klg k'/fgf. o;n] ubf{ eg]h:tf] /fd f] cfjfh k ;f/ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g,Æ cwoif ch' {g 1jfnL egg'x'g5. lkmn8 /]s8{/sf] sdlsf sf/0f n'ldagln] cfjzos k/]hlt hgtfsf cfjfh cem} a6'ng ;s]sf] 5}g. k"/} Jofj;flos / gof pks/0f / ltgnfo{ ;xl 9+un] rnfpg hfgg] hgzlqmsf] hf]/hfd g} /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] Pp6f k fljlws r'gf}tl xf] eg] csf] { rflx l8lh6n ptkfbg / k ;f/0f. *=# lbuf]kg lbuf]kg /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] dxœjk"0f{ r'gf}tl ag]/ v8f epsf] 5. o;n] k ;f/0f ;'? epb]lv g} of] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug' { kl//x]sf] 5. æ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl eg]s} cfly{s lx;fan] Joj:yf ldnfpg' xf] /x]5, klxn] :jo+;]jsaf6 dfq} rlnxfn5 lg egg] ;'g]sf lyof} + / /x/} /x/ clg nx8} nx8df ;'? ul/xflnof], rn]kl5 t cfly{s ;+of]hg ldnfpg kf] w]/} uf xf] eof]æ, ;+:yfks cwoif ch' {g 1jfnLsf] cg'ej xf] of]. hgf ;]o/ ;b:oaf6 ;'? ul/psf] ;xsf/l ;+:yf cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgs} nflu clxn]!@( hgfsf] ljzfn kl/jf/ eo;s]sf] 5. æcfkm\g} :6'l8of] 3/ agfo;sgnfo{ t of] ;+Vof!%) gk' ofo{ w/ 5}g h:tf] 5Æ, cwoif 1jfnL egg'x'g5. 7"nf] kl/jf/ epsf] ;+:yfsf cfk\mg} vfn] ;jntf / b'j{ntf x'g5g\. n'ldagl ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf klg kl/jf/ 7"nf] x' b} upkl5 To;nfO{ ;xl 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ / kl/rfng ug{ t'ngftds kdf uf xf] eo/x]sf] cwoif ch' {g 1jfnLsf] syg 5. /]l8of]sf] csf] { dxœjk"0f{ kif eg]sf] Joj:yfksLo agbf]a:t /fd /L ldnfpg ;Sg' xf]. /]l8of] n'ldagln] of] s'/fdf eg] cfkm"nfo{ sdhf]/ 7fg]sf] 5. Joj:yfksLo cg'ej, tflnd / 1fgsf] cfbfg k bfgsf] cefjdf of] x'g' :jfefljs} klg xf]. /]l8of]sdl{sf] alrdf ;dgjo ug] {, cg'zf;g sfod ug] { / sd{rf/lsf] Ifdtfsf] d"nof+sg u/l /fd fnfo{ k'/:s[t ug] { h:tf sfddf biftf k' ofpg Joj:yfkgn] g;s]sf] cg'ej cwoif ch'{g 1jfnLn] ; ufng'epsf] 5. æjoj:yfkslo agbf]a:t ldnfpg ;lspg, xfdl l;kfn' lypgf} +, o; kifaf6 egg] xf] eg] :6];g eujfg\ e/f];f rfln/x]sf] 5,Æ pxf egg'x'g5. pxf sf ljrf/df cfgtl/s ågå / cgd]n b]vfpg] k of; klg eo/x]sf] 5 h'g 7Ls xf]og. 71

73 lbuf]kgsf nflu ahf/ la:tf/ / cfly{s ; f]tsf] vf]hl csf] { d'vo kf6f] xf]. clxn]?kgb]xldf dfq tlgj6f /]l8of] :6];g alh/x]sf 5g\ eg] Pp6f k ;f/0fsf] k"0f{tof/ldf h'6]sf] 5. a'6jn cf}bf]lus If]q ep klg oxf sf] pbf]u / Joj;fon] $ $ j6f /]l8of]nfo{ wfgg ;Snf ls g;snf of] eljiosf] aft ag]sf] 5. t/ /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cwoif ch' {g 1jfnLsf ljrf/df gof v'n]sf /]l8of]x n] o;nfo{ 7"nf] c;/ kfg{ ;Sb}gg\ lsgls of] kf r jif{sf] eo;sof]. æxfd f] /]l8of] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf], xfd f ;]o/ ;b:ox n] gfkmf glng] lg0f{o eo;s]sf] 5, To;}n] xfd f ;b:ox nfo{ vfnl /]l8of] ah]sf] ;'Gg kfp k'u5, o;}n] xfd f] k lt:kwf{ cgo /]l8of]; u x'g]5}g egg] s'/fdf xfdl 9'Ss 5f} +,Æ pxf egg'x'g5. ;du df /]l8of] n'ldagl cftdlge{/ eo;s]sf] 5. o;n] /0fgLlts lx;fan] of]hgf agfp/ cfkm"; u epsf] dfgjlo ;+zfwgnfo{ a]nfa]nfdf wf/ nfp b} ] of] ;+zfwgsf] ;xl pkof]u u/]/ k ;f/0fdf klxn]b]lv ag]sf] cfkm\gf] :yfg sfod} /fvg ;Sg' cfjzos 5. ;fy} tlg tlgj6f cgo k lt:kwl{ /]l8of] :6];g v8f eo;s]sfn] cfly{s, sfo{qmd / lbuf]kgsf lx;fan] cnksfnlg / bl3{sfnlg /0fgLlt agfp/ cl3 a9\g ;Sg' ;dosf] dfu xf]. kf}8g ghfg]sf] dfg5] vf]nfdf jfdd kmfn xflnof], clxn] kf}8]/ aflx/ lg:s bf yfxf eof], kf}8bf w]/} r'gf}tlsf] ;fdgf ug' {kbf] {/x]5, cwoif 1jfnLsf ol zabn] /]l8of] n'ldaglsf cufl8 cglulgt r'gf}tl cem} 5g\ egg] s'/fsf] k'li6 u5{g\. 72

74 /]l8of] n'ldagl / dr{jf/ e/t e';fn, ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/, /]l8of] n'ldagl xfn PkmPd k ;f/0f jf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;~rfng cfd;d'bfosf nflu gf}nf] epg, h'dnf, aemfª / ;f]n'v'da'df ;d]t ;fd'bflos k ;f/0f ;'? x' b}5g\. Jofkfl/s If]qx df, vf;u/l sf7df8f} +, a'6jn, kfnkf, kf]v/f, lrtjg, lj/f6gu/h:tf If]qx df emg k lt:kwf{ a9]sf] 5. %) j6f hlt PkmPd ;~rfngsf] qmddf 5g\. cyf{t\ nx/ PkmPdsf] 5. rf/ jif{cufl8 eg] cj:yf ctogt} km/s lyof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfaf6 k efljt eo{ /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] tof/l ubf{ xfdl ;+:yfksx cfkm}+n] s] ub}{5f}+ < s] xfd f a'tfaf6} /]l8of] ;~rfng x'g5 < h:tf k Zgx n] xfdlnfo{ sfps'tl nufpsf] h:tf] dx;'; x'gyof]. /]l8of] n'ldagl ;'? x'g] s'/f c? JolQmn] ;'Gbf w]/}sf nflu dhfs agyof], sf7df8f}+aflx/ klxnf] /]l8of] v'ng], u fdl0f If]qdf, xfdl ;j{;fwf/0faf6 of] sfd x'g ;S5 egg] af/]df k fom ;a}nfo{ ljzjf; lypg. /]l8of] n'ldagl ;~rfngdf cfpkl5 o'g]:sf] kl/of]hgfcgtu{t dbgkf]v/f uflj; kfnkfn] ;'? u of], To;/L qmdzm sf7df8f}+aflx/ klg /]l8of] lj:tf/ x' b} uof]. of] $ jif{df hf];'s}n] klg /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5f}+ egg] ljzjf; a9fpsf] 5. /]l8of] ;~rfng epkl5 s'g} ljz]if ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ug' {k5{ egg] ;f]lr/x]sf lyof} +.?kgb]xl lhnnfsf] dr{jf/ If]qnfO{ s]lgb t u/]/ sfo{qmd agfpg] lgwf] u of} +. dr{jf/ If]q?kGb]xL lhnnfsf sl/a!* j6f uflj;sf] ;+o'qm gfd xf]. dr{jf/ If]qsf] k"j{, klzrd / blif0flt/ ef/tsf] l;dfgf k5{. pq/dfq g]kfn k5{. nfdf] ;dob]lv dr{jf/ zf;s / ;Qfsf nflu ef]6sf] vfgldfq agof]. To;sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu /fhon] vf;} jf:tf u/]sf] lypg. o;} kl/j]zdf dr{jf/jf;lsf] :jfledfg / zlqm ljsl;t ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { lgwf] u of}+. dr{jf/ / l;+rfosf If]qdf nfdf] cwoog cg';gwfg ug' {epsf blks 1jfnL / cho blliftn] o; sfo{df /]l8of] n'ldaglnfo{ sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff, ljifoj:t' / cfly{s kdf klg dxœjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug' {eof]. /]l8of] sfo{qmd æxdf/ dr{jf/æ ;~rfng eof]. sfo{qmd æxdf/ dr{jf/æ lbg k ;f/0f ul/gyof]. To;df Pp6f g]kfnl efiffdf, h;df dr{jf/sf kl8f ;d:of, ;Defjgf / uf}/jsf kifx cgoif]qsf >f]tfnfo{ hfgsf/l lbg' lyof]. g]kfnl ;Qfn] l;+uf] dr{jf/lj?4 km}nfpsf] unt ;Gb]z lrg{ ' lyof]. csf] { lbg :yfglo efiffdf dr{jf/sf afl;gbfnfo{ hfu[t ug] {, k ]l/t ug] { / pglx nfo{ ;r]t ug] { sfo{qmd lyof]. vf;u/l dr{jf/sf] l;+rfonfo{ s]gb agfp/ l;+rfo / hfu/0f, l;+rfo / :jf:yo, lziff, cfo, /f]huf/nufot ljljw ljifodf l;+uf] dr{jf/nfo{ s]lgb t ul/psf] lyof]. 73

75 { dr{jf/sf afl;gbfsf] d'vo ;d:of Pp6f dfq 5}g.?kGb]xL h:tf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg lhnnfdf j6f uflj;df s]an # j6f dfq dfwolds ljbfno 5g\. dr{jf/sf afl;gbfn] l;+rfosf nflu vf]nfsf] kfgl ljb'tlo kdkn] tfg]/ l;+rfo ug'{k5{. ahf/ 6f9f 5. :jf:yosf] cj:yf p:t} 5. cem ljs/fn ;d:of kfgl k b"if0fsf] 5. dr{jf/ If]qsf!$ j6f uflj;df l;+rfosf] ; f]t Pp6f bfgj vf]nf xf]. of] vf]nfdf n'ldagl /f]8df /x]sf] æl/nfog; k]k/ ldnæ n] olt a9l k b"if0f u/fpsf] 5 ls Tof] kfgl rf}kfofnfo{ klg xflgsf/s 5 eg] v]tl klg laufl//x]sf] 5. Pp6f k' hlkltsf] lglxt :jfy{sf nflu l;+uf] /fho xhf/f} + hgtfsf] :jf:yo; u v]njf8 u/]sf] xfdln] b]vof} +. Tof] ljifonfo{ xfdln] dxœjsf ;fy p7fof} +. /]l8of] / :yfglo kqklqsfdf ;d]t p7fo;s]kl5 c? kqsf/x n] klg To;nfO{ dxœj lbg yfng'eof]. bfgj vf]nfsf] k b"if0f lgogq0f ug{ cyjf l/nfog; k]k/ ldnsf] kmf]xf]/ / /;fog ;f]em} vf]nfdf gkmfngsf nflu dr{jf/ l;+rfo hnpkef]qmf ;d"xn] :yfglo lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt, k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l, >d sfof{no / pbf]u ljefu;d]tdf k6s k6s ph'/l u/]. csf] { pbf]u lqj]0fl l8l:6n/ln] ;'?df gbl k b"lift u/fp klg kl5 cfkm\gf] kl/;/d} s]xl kf]v/l agfp/ kfgl lyu fpg] ub{yof]. t/ l/nfog; k]k/n] s]xl jf:tf u/]g. k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lb]lv k zf;g ldnsf ;fd' lgl/x b]lvgyof] dr{jf/jf;lx df cfqmf]z al9/x]sf] lyof]. otf l;+rfo u/]afkt pkef]qmfx n] ltg' {kg] { kf]t /fd f]; u p7]sf] lypg. kfgl kf]t ;+sng gepsf sf/0f ;ldlt /fd f]; u lqmofzln x'g ;s]sf] lypg. kfglkf]t gltg] {df :yfglo wgl ls;fgx g} a9l lyp. kf]t c;'nl ug' {kg] { d'vo ;d:ofnfo{ lg/fs/0f ug' {kg] { lyof]. csf] {lt/ gx/sf] cj:yfn] ubf{ sltko s[ifssf] v]tdf kfgl k'u]s} lypg. pglx lagfl;+rfo kf]t ltg{ afwo lyp. kf]t / l;+rfosf af/]df lgoldt /]l8of] cgtlqm{of u/]kl5 b'j} kifdf ;'wf/ b]lvg yfnof]. kf]t gltg] ls;fgx nfo{ ;fj{hlgs ug] { / kfgl gk'u]sf 7fp df kfgl k' ofpg' ;ldltnfo{ ;fj{hlgs?kdf afwo ug{ yfn]kl5 dr{jf/df kl/jt{g g} b]lvg yfnof]. /]l8of] sfo{qmdn] ubf{ gx/ ;'? epsf] ^ jif{df klxnf]k6s d]/f] v]tdf l;+rfo eof] egg] ls;fgx e]l6p eg], ^ jif{df ;a}egbf a9l kfglkf]t c;'nl epsf] Tof] jif{ xf] eg]/ cwoif thd'n d';ndfg egg' x'gyof]. ;fd'bflos If]qdf bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ jf cgtlqm{of ug] { cj;/ x' bf kl/jt{gsf nif0fx a9\b} hfg5g\ egg] Jofjxfl/s cg'ej xfdln] Toxf kfof} +. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] ol k s[ltsf :yfglo ;d:of / cfjzostfdf hf]8 lbg] xf] eg] ;d'bfosf] ptyfg / ljsf; ;Dej 5. xfd f nflu jf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu 7"nf ljifo xf]og ls :yfglo ljifo g} k d'v / dxœjk"0f{ x'g5g\. o;}df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] eljio lgwf{/0f x'g5. dr{jf/ If]qnfO{ xfonfo6 ug{ gof zjbfjnlsf] k of]u ;'? u of} +. d]rl dxfsfnl eg] h:t} ;f :s[lts If]qdf ædr{jf/ d':tfªæ egg] zjbsf] k of]u u of} +. xfn klg ljljw ;f+:s[lts klxrfg lbg] ;f+ullts k s[ltsf] sfo{qmdsf] gfd ædr{jf/ d':tfªæ /x]sf] 5. 74

76 /]l8of] n'ldaglsf] ;+:yfut ;+u7g o:tf] /x]sf] 5 ;fwf/0f ;ef ;~rfns ;ldlt n]vf ;ldlt ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt k jgws sfo{qmd cg'udg cgo pk;ldlt k fljlws zfvf n]vf k zf;g sfo{qmd zfvf 75

77 /]l8of] n'ldagl ;fktflxs k ;f/0f tflnsf ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ %M)) cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg cfwofltds cg'i7fg %M%) xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ ^M!% kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] kqklqsfsf] ;+ufn kqklqsfsf] ;+ufnf] ^M#% /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult &M)) /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ &M!% :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf :yfglo kqklqsf &M#) sfg"g ;DalGw v]n ;+;f/ hljg rqm ;x cl:ttj 3'Db}lkmb} { ;fktflxs ;=;dliff :yfglo kqklqsf *M)) ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ *M)% l5gf]kmfgf] Pstfsf] ufyf ;fifftds *M!% ;Dd hdsf] { xfd f] n'ldagl n'ldagl SjLh *M#) pbdl jftf{ lj1fg k ljlw cgt{b[li6 d]/f] b]z d]/f] uf}/j z}lifs rf}kf/l s[lif kl/jf/ :jf:yo (M)) xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ (M!) nf]s z'z]nl nf]s efvf nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s efvf gd:t] n'ldagl!)m)) ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/!)m!% l;gf] gu/l l;gf] gu/l l;gf] gu/l l;gf] gu/l l;gf] gu/l l;gf] gu/l ldgxfd uf]/fs ;+ud 76

78 !!M)) ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/ ;+llifkt xfn va/!!m)% l+v+r8l x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl lv+r8l x]nf] n'ldagl!!m)% l+v+r8l x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl x]nf] n'ldagl lv+r8l x]nf] g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn ef]hk'/lult uf]jzx/sxfn ef]hk'/l ult ef]hk'/l ult ef]hk'/l ult ef]hk'/lult uf]jzx/sxfn ef]hk'/l ult ef]hk'/l ult!m)) ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/!m)% nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn kfx'/ o'jf cfjfh bk{0f kk 86 sd xfd f]ult tkfosf] ;Gb]z dr{jf/ d':tfª dem]/l #M)) g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ #M!% n'ldagl sn Og n'ldagl sn Og n'ldagl sn Og n'ldagl sg]s;g n'ldagl sn Og n'ldagl sn Og n'ldagl sn Og $M)) ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ ;+lifkt xfnva/ $M)% hljg clg d tkfosf ult tkfosf ult tkfosf ult tkfosf ult tkfosf ult tkfosf ult %M)) xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ %M!)M nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl 77 77

79 ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ ^M)) ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ^M)% afn ;+;f/-sf]z]nl_ afn ;+;f/ afn ;+;f/ afn ;+;f/ afn ;+;f/ afn ;+;f/ afn ;+;f/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ g]kfn va/ ^M#) /]l8of] gf6s ;/f]sf/?k z}lifs lqj]0fl ;]/f]km]/f] kl/j]z du/ efiffsf] ;dfrf/ xfd f] jftfj/0f &M)) /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ &M!% ukmfggbsf] ukm xfd f]?kgb]xl xfd f] uf}/j lrgof/l cy{jfl0fho v]t vl/ofg c;nhf]8l cfdf /]l8of] klqsf xfd f] gu/ xfd f] zx/ ;fdlos rrf{ &M$% xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ xfn va/ *M)) nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl nf]s z'z]nl *M$% ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf (M!% z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql!)m)) ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/ ;+lifkt xfn va/!)m!% z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql z'e /fql!)m$% ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf ljljl; g]kfnl ;]jf!)m$% /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf /fql ;]jf ;dfktf 78 78

80 79

81 != P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld k frlg Oltxf; af]s]sf] tfg;]g ahf/sf] rrf{nfo{ cf]em]n kfg] { u/l rrf{df cfo/xg] 7fp xf], kfnkf lhnnfsf] dbgkf]v/f ufp ljsf; ;ldlt. kfnkf lhnnf / g]kfnsf c? sl/a $ xhf/ uflj;x sf nflu gd'gf ufp sf] gfd kfpsf s]xl ufp x dwo]df of] k5{. dbgkf]v/f u fdl0f ljsf;sf cfwf/df uflj;x dwo] lgs} cufl8 g} 5. 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljbfno k7fpg} k5{ eg]/ ufp n]x cfkm} + ;xeful ep/ ljbfno ;~rfng u/]sf lyp. dbgkf]v/fsf] klxrfg eg]sf] ;d'bfosf] PsLs[t / ;fd"lxs efjgf xf]. ufp ljsf; ;dlltsf lgjt{dfg cwoif odk ;fb kf08] dbgkf]v/fsf dfg5]x >dsf] ;Ddfg u5{g\ egg'x'g5, æxnf] hf]t]/ afx'gsf] hft hfg5 egg] s;}n] ;f]rb}gg\. lzifsn] klg cf/fdn] v]tl u/]/ cfkm} + ef/l af]sl tfg;]g nu]/ a]r5g\.æ odk ;fb kf08]sf cg';f/ dbgkf]v/]nl a]nf a]nfdf ljsf;sf af/] gof gof k otgx ug] { u5{g\. odk ;fb kf08] pbfx/0f lbp/} egg'x'g5, ædbgkf]v/fdf ;fd'bflos jg / ljbfnosf] ;f]r cfof] agof]. leq] klqsfsf] ;f]r cfof], k sflzt eof]. kfnkf lhnnfd} gepsf] xf6 ahf/sf] ;f]r kf]xf]/ ;fn xfdln] lgsfnof} +, Tof] klg ;'? ul/;s]sf 5f} +. cl8of] 6fj/sf] cjwf/0ff cfof], Tof] klg ;~rfng u of} +. /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff cfof] clxn] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5.Æ dbgkf]v/fdf /]l8of]sf] ;fnlt/ k j]z u/]sf] xf]. Tolta]nf dbgkf]v/fdf dlxnfx n] ;+ul7t ep/ df8l pktosf dlxnf cl8of] k ;f/0f s]gb sf] gfdaf6 cl8of] 6fj/ ;~rfng ul//x]sf lyp. dlxnfx kfnkf lhnnf df8l pktosfsf ljlegg P3f/ uflj;df /]s8{/ af]s]/ hfgy]. sfo{qmd agfp/ 7fp 7fp af6 dfosdf ahfp y]. cl8of] 6fj/af6 sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ubf{ g} olt k efjsf/l x' bf]/x]5 eg] /]l8of]af6} sfo{qmd rnfpg kfp s:tf] uha x'g] lyof] egg] ;f]r xfdlx df lyof].æ Ps}k6s w]/} 7fp df ;Gb]z k' ofpg kfp ;lhnf] x'gyof] egg] dbgkf]v/fs} ;f]dgfy cof{nnfo{ klg nfu]sf] lyof]. cl8of] 6fj/af6 x'g] k ;f/0f g} /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] hgdsf] k[i7e"ld xf] t/ /]l8of] :6];g g} vf]ng] ;f]rrflx dbgkf]v/]nlsf] cfkm\g} xf]og. ljsf; kqsfl/tfsf k j4{s ef/tbq sf]o/fnf, ljgo s;h", x]daxfb'/ lji6n] klg To;a]nf /]l8of] vf]ng ;Nnfx lbg'epsf] lyof]. /]l8of] :yfkgf ug] { s'/f ubf{ kl5 x6]sf dfg5]x klg k ]/0ff / xf};nf kfpkl5 aflx/ lg:s]. ufp sf w]/} ;b:o; u s'/fsfgl klg yflnof]. cgtodf ;/sf/nfo{ /]l8of] :6];g k ;f/0f cg'dlt lbg afwo kfg{sf nflu uflj;n] cg'dltsf nflu cfj]bg xfng] ufp :t/lo lg0f{o eof]. uflj;sf] kl/ifb\ a}7sdf x/]s jif{ /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { eg]/ lg0f{o ul/gyof]. cg'dlt kfog;s] klg :6];g ;~rfngfy{ % ;b:olo ;dllt u7g epsf] ] lyof]. of] ;ldltdf dbgkf]v/fsf ;f]dgfy cof{n, odk ;fb kf08], emk]gb hl;l, pld{nf l3ld/] / gu]gb kf08] x'g'x'gyof]. ufp kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf x/]s jif{ s'/f p7\yof] / ;]nfpg] uyof]{. sf7df8f} +df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmntf b]lv;s]sf dbgkf]v/fsf cu hx n] ufp ljsf; ;ldltaf6 /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { ;f]r tof/ kf/]. ;a}nfo{ nfu]sf] lyof], /]l8of] :6];g h;n] klg rnfpg ;S5. æxfdln] ;d'bfosf] lxt x'g], ;fdflhs kl/rfngdf dxœjk"0f{ e"ldsf /fvg], ptkll8t, dlxnf / hghfltx nfo{ 80

82 } cufl8 a9\g ptk ]l/t ug] { sfo{qmd ug' {k5{.æ emk]gb hl;lnufot :6];g :yfkgfdf ;+nug kbflwsf/lx ;'?b]lv g} /]l8of]sf] p2]zo s] xf] eg]/ k i6 x'g'x'gyof]. dbgkf]v/fsf afl;gbfn] uflj;sf] gfddf /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgfsf] tof/l ;'? u/]. of] a}7sdf ufp df /]l8of]nfo{ s;/l leœofpg] egg] 5nkmn epsf] lyof]. æa}7sdf xfd f]egbf uflj;sf gfddf cfj]bg xfnbf cg'dlt kfpg ck7]/f] x'g;s5 eg]/ g} o:tf] lg0f{o lnopsf] lyof],æ dbg/fh l3ld/]sf] syg ;fndf dbgkf]v/f uflj;n] /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu cfj]bg lbof]. t/ ttsfnlg ;~rf/dgql k blk g]kfn ufp n]x n] /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb}g egg] ;f]rfo /fvg'x'gyof]. æpxf xfd kf6l{sf g]tf x'g'xgyof], t/ pxf n] 7f8} /]l8of]sf] :jfldtj uflj;nfo{ lbg yfnof] eg] k fgtlo / Onfsfsf s'/f cfpg yfn5g\ To;}n] o:tf] /]l8of]sf] s'/f gug' {;\ egg'eof]æ lgjt{dfg cwoif odk ;fb kf08] :6];g :yfkgf ubf{tfsf kfp gkfpsf ;xof]usf] n]vfhf]vf /fvg'x'g5. dbgkf]v/f ;fn k';!& ut] ;~rf/ dgqfnoaf6 PkmPd!)^=( d]ufxh{df k ;f/0f ug{sf nflu /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] gfddf k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpsf] xf]. ;'?df :6];gsf] gfd /fvg] s'/fdf ;fgf]ltgf] ljjfb klg eof]. s]xln] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f egg] gfd g} /fvg'k5{ egg] bafa lbp eg] s]xln] dbgkf]v/f gfd Pp6} uflj;df ;Lldt x'g5 To;}n] /]l8of] kfnkf gfd /fvg'k5{ egg] ;'emfj klg lbpsf lyp. /]l8of] k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpkl5 ; f]t kl/rfng ug{ /]l8of] dbg kf]v/fn] k otg ;'? u of]. o;cl3 g} /]l8of] ;~rfng ul/;s]sf] ;+:yf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xdf ;Dks{ u of]. ;d"xn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdfkm{t o'g]:sf]df ;Dks{ u of]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf tnsfnlg :6];g Dofg]h/ tyf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs /3' d}gfnl egg'x'g5, o'g]:sf]; u ;Dks{ ubf{ pm ;xof]u ug{ tof/ t eof] t/ ;zt{. p;n] dbgkf]v/f uflj;; u /]l8of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf] cg'ej gepsf] x' bf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x o'g]:sf]n] ;xof]u ug]{ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ lhddf lng5 eg] o'g]:sf] ;xof]u ug{ tof/ epsf] hfgsf/l lbof]. of] s'/f xfdln] dbgkf]v/f uflj;sf kbflwsf/lnfo{ ;'gfof}+. pglx n] lg0f{o u/]/ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xnfo{ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul/lbg cg'/f]w u of]. To;kl5 o'g]:sf]df xfdln] k :tfj xfnof}+. kl/of]hgf :jls[t eof]. /, of] kl/of]hgf ;+rfngsf nflu g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn] dbgkf]v/f uflj;sf k ltlglw / ;d"xsf k ltlglw /fv]/ ;+o'qm sld6l u7g u of]. To;df dbgkf]v/fsf tkm{af6 uflj; cwoif odk ;fb kf08] / emk]gb hl;l tyf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf tkm{af6 /3' d}gfnl / cf]d v8\sf /xg'epsf] lyof]. oxl sld6ln] /]l8of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/l ;~rfngsf] emg8} 8]9 jif{kl5 dbgkf]v/f uflj;nfo{ /]l8of] kl/of]hgf x:tfgt/0f u of]. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] k ljlw k/lif0fsf kdf k ;f/0f ut] lbp ;f] Ps ah]/ % ldg]6df u/]sf] xf]. Ps ;o jf6 Ifdtfsf] 6«fG;ld6/af6 k ;f/0f x'g] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f sl/a $ nfv hgtfdfem k'ug ;S5. ;'?df b'o{ 3G6f, rf/ 3G6f, 5 3G6f, cf7 3G6f x' b} clxn] of] :6];g laxfg 5 ah] gf}dtl afhfsf] tfndf hfu5 eg] /flt ;f9] gf} ah] agb x'g5. 81

83 æ;'?df cg'dlt kfo;s]kl5 klg xfdln] of] /]l8of]nfo{ Psbd} xnsf kdf lnpsf lyof} +. xfdln] t ;f]r]sf lyof} + /]l8of] 8f]sfdf lnp/ dfosaf6 af]nb} lx+8\g] egg] ;f]r]sf lyof} +. kl5 kf] yfxf eof] Ps} 7fp af6 ug' {k5{ / of] 8f]sfdf lnp/ hfg ;Dej x' b}g.æ of] 8f]sf]df lnp/ lx+8\g] k ljlw xf]og egg] s'/f ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o Psk ;fb e08f/ln] w]/} ;dokl5 dfq} a' g'epsf] xf]. dbgkf]v/f uflj;n] cg'dltkq kfo;s]kl5 dbgkf]v/]nln] /]l8of] rnfo{ 5f8\5g\ egg] s;}nfo{ klg nfu]sf] lypg. /]l8of]sf kbflwsf/lx /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgfy{ cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg ;xof]ul xftx sf] vf]hl ub} { hf bf dbgkf]v/fsf] ;Dks{ o"g]:sf]; u eof]. :6];g Dofg]h/ u'0ffs/ cof{nsf cg';f/ æ:6'l8of] agfpg cfp b}g, sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ hfgb}gf} +. xfdlnfo{ /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu tflnd / ;fwg rflxof] eg]/ dfu clek ]/0ff, nio / clek ]/0ff ufp n] /]l8of] vf]ng'k5{ egg] dbgkf]v/]nlsf] cfkm\g} ;f]r xf]og. dbgkf]v/]nl cfkm} +n] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5f} + egg] snkgf klg u/]sf lypgg\. hgtfnfo{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfp b} pglx nfo{ ;"rgfsf] dflns agfpg ;Sof] eg] ufp sf] jf:tljs ljsf; x'g5 egg] s'/f dbgkf]v/fsf cu'jfx n] u fdl0f kqsfl/tf k j4{sx ef/tbq sf]o/fnf, ljgo s;h" / x]daxfb'/ lji6x sf] ;+utaf6 yfxf kfo;s]sf lyp. ufp df /]l8of] v'n]sf lypgg\ t/ vf]ng ;lsof] eg] uha x'g5 egg] ljzjf; w]/}df lyof]. u fdl0f kqsfl/tfsf cu hx ; usf] ;DaGw, pxf x sf] k ]/0ff g} /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f :yfkgfsf] alp xf]. 1fg, ;"rgf / dgf]/~hgn] hgtfnfo{ clwsf/ lbg5. o:tf] clwsf/ k hftflgqs ;+:sf/df dfq} kfog5. k hftflgqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; gx'gh]n ljsf; l:y/ x' b}g. oxl ;+:sf/sf] yfngl ug{ ufp df Pp6f /]l8of]sf] snkgf ul/psf] lyof]. dfgj ljsf;sf If]qdf cu'jf dbgkf]v/f uflj;n] ca Pp6f ljsf; ;xof]ul ;~rf/dfwod lsg gleœofpg] egg] s'/f p7]kl5 /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff cfpsf] xf]. nio s_ cfkm\gf] ufp j/k/sf 36gf, kl/j]z, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lifs, ef}uf]lns tyf ljljw kifsf] hfgsf/l u/fpg', v_ df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub} :j:y ;+:s[lttkm{ 8f] ofpg', u_ ;d'bfonfo{ ;"rgfsf] dflns agfo{ df}lns / dfgjclwsf/, ljs]gb Ls/0f, :jfoq zf;g, gllt lgdf{0f / sfof{gjogdf hg;xeflutf / :jfldtjaf]w u/fpg', 3_ u fdl0f hgtfdf cftd;ddfg, :jfledfg / cftdklxrfgsf] efjgf a9fpg', ª_ :yfglo njh / efiffsf] k of]u u/l lg/if/ hgtfsf nflu lziffsf] ; f]t agg', r_ o'jf zlqmnfo{ ljs[t x'gaf6 /f]sl /rgftds sfo{tkm{ pgd'v u/fpg', 82

84 { 5_ æs[lif, lziff, :jf:yo / /f]huf/, ko{6g;lxtsf] k"jf{wf/æ egg] kfnkf lhnnfsf] ljsf;sf] nio k"/f ug{ ' / h_ dlxnf ;zqmls/0f, n} +lus ;dfgtf, afnclwsf/h:tf ;dfgtfsf kifdf jsfnt ug{ '. { p2]zo dfly plnnlvt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nio k"/f ug{ ;+:yfn] lgdg p2]zox lnpsf] 5. s_ lziff, :jf:yo, jg, s[lif, jftfj/0f / hg;+vof;dagwl ljz]if sfo{qmdåf/f hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug] {, v_ ljsf;sf lgldt ;~rf/ egg] glltaf6 ;sf/ftds ;Gb]z ;d'bfodf k' ofo{ ljsf;df cu ;/ u/fpg], u_ dlxnf, ptkll8t, hghflt, afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf af/]sf sfo{qmd k ;f/0fdf hf]8 lbg], 3_ /]l8of] / ;d'bfoalr bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ k 0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug] {, ª_ /]l8of] sfo{qmd of]hgf ubf{ ;fdflhs / :yfglo ;xdlt h'6fpg], r_ /]l8of]nfo{ hgrf;f] / hljg;+ulsf kdf ;d'bfon] u x0f ug] ljifo agfpg], 5_ ljsf; of]hgfsf] kf/blz{tf tyf hg;xeflutfsf] dxœjaf/] ;' ;"lrt u/fpg], h_ kfnkf lhnnfsf] nf]s;+:s[lt / efsfx sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug] / em_ ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmnfO{ æof] d]/f] /]l8of] xf]æ egg] efjgf hufpg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljlegg sfo{qmdx ug]{. #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{qmd / hgzlqm #=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgf /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f uflj;åf/f ;~rflnt /]l8of] :6];g xf]. o;sf] k ;f/0f Ohfhtkqsf] :jfldtj dbgkf]v/f uflj;; u 5. /]l8of]n] ug] { cfdbfgl, vr{ / nufgl eg]sf] /]l8of]sf] ;DklQ xf]. /]l8of]sf] ;jf] {Rr lgsfo eg]sf] ufp kl/ifb\ xf]. ufp kl/ifb\sf] dftxtdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;ef 5. of] ;efdf kfnkf lhnnfsf ^% uflj;dwo] /]l8of]sf] t/+u uflj;sf cwoif, lhnnfsf ljlegg ;/sf/l, u}/;/sf/l sfof{nosf k ltlglwx, >f]tf, s[ifs, pbdlh:tf ;dfhsf x/]s kifsf JolQmx nfo{ lgdtofog5. jif{df Psk6s a:g] /]l8of] ;efn] /]l8of] ;~rfns ;ldltsf nflu k ltlglwx dgf]gog / lgjf{rg ug] u5{. dbgkf]v/f uflj;sf cwoifsf] cwoiftfdf!& ;b:olo ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ul/psf] 5, h'g /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;efsf] dftxtdf 5. of] ;ldltn] /]l8of]sf] :jfldtj kl/jt{g ug] {afx]s :6];gsf nflu h:tf];'s} lg0f{o lng ;S5. ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf lg0f{ox uflj;n] ;b/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. To;}u/L ;efn] :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] x/]s sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgsf nflu sfo{qmd cg'udg ;ldlt rog u5{. To;}u/L :6];gsf x/]s ultljlwx df glltut ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt klg u7g x'g5. 83

85 ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf glltut lg0f{ox sf] sfof{gjog ug{ / /]l8of]nfo{ lgoldt ;~rfng ug{sf nflu :6];g Dofg]h/ ;b:o ;lrj /xg] u/l % ;b:olo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;ldlt u7g ul/psf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/sf] dftxtdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf /]l8of] ;ldlt, k zf;g / k ;f/0f u/l # ljefu 5g\. -x]g' {xf];\ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf_ :yfglo :t/df hgtf; u ldn]/ sfd ub} { hf bf pglx sf cfjfhsf cfwf/df /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] cfkm\gf] ;~rfns ;ldltnfo{ cem a9l ;xefuld"ns agfpg vf]lh/x]sf] 5. t/ :yfglo lgsfosf] r'gfj x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] glltut lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ :6];g; u 5}g. r'gfj gep;dd oxl ;+/rgfdf af lwg' /]l8of]sf] afwotf 5. æt/ ca r'gfj ep klg gep klg of] ;+/rgfnfo{ kl/jt{g ug' {k5{ / /]l8of]nfo{ cem a9l ;xefuld"ns agfpg'k5{,æ :6];gsf ;+of]hs ;f]dgfy cof{n k lta4tf hfx]/ ug' {x'g5. gof ;+/rgfcg';f/ ca uflj; cwoifsf] cwoiftfdf, uflj; pkfwoif ;~rfns ;ldltsf] pkfwoif, :6];g Dofg]h/ :jtm ;lrj, :6];g ;+of]hs :jtm ;b:o x'g] u/l nlift uflj;sf cwoifsf tkm{af6 Pshgf, /]l8of]sf sd{rf/lsf tkm{af6 Pshgf /fvg] ;f]r :6];gn] agfpsf] 5. To;}u/L lhnnfdf sfo{/t cgt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx af6 Ps hgf, cfdf hgf, ptkll8t hghfltaf6 Ps hgf, uflj; dxf;+3 / lhlj; dxf;+3af6 Ps Ps hgf, ls;fg, ;fd'bflos pkef]qmf dxf;+3af6, u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf dxf;+3 cflbaf6 Ps Ps hgf hgf ;b:osf nflu lgjf{rg / dgf]gog ug] { dgl:ylt /]l8of]n] agfpsf] 5. To;}u/L ufp ufp df u7g epsf /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;+ul ;d"xaf6 k ltlglwtj ug] { u/l Ps hgf, ufp df u7g epsf /]l8of] d"n;ldlt / /]l8of] k ltlglwx af6 klg k ltlglwtj x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg vf]lhpsf] 5. ufp ufp df a}7s a;]/ a}7saf6 cfpsf ;'emfjx nfo{ nfu" gu/l x'gg egg] lgsof} {ndf k'lu;s]kl5 of] lg0f{odf k'lupsf] xf]. $ $ j6f /]l8of] :6];g epsf] 7fp df ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutflagf Psnsf 6] tl/sfn] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsgg / l6sg klg ;lsgg egg] /]l8of] ;~rfnsx n] a'lem;s]sf 5g\. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fnfo{ Joj:yfksLo lx;fan] klg ;f lrrs} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] agfpg] k lqmof yfngl eo;s]sf] 5. #=@ sfo{qmd /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f clxn] laxfg, lbp ;f] / ;f em u/l b}lgs ;jf!@ 3G6f k ;f/0f eo/x]sf] 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] k ;f/0f ljxfg ;f9] kf r ah] ;'? x'g5 / /flt ;f9] gf} ah] agb x'g5. :6];gn] lbjf k ;f/0f xfn;fn} yk u/]sf] xf]. laxfg ;f9] kf r ah]b]lv!) ah];dd k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdx df wd{;+:s[lt, ;dfrf/d"ns :yfglo ultljlw, sf7df8f} +af6 ljlegg ;+3 ;+:yfx n] ptkfbg u/]sf sfo{qmd / laxfgl ;+ult k ;f/0f ug] { ul/psf] 5. dwofgx!@ b]lv ;jf # ah];ddsf] k ;f/0fdf sf7df8f} +af6 ptkflbt ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g / ;+fullts sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f ug] { ul/psf] 5. 84

86 { ;f em kf r ah]b]lv /flt ;f9] gf} ah];ddsf] ;GWofsfnLg k ;f/0fdf :6];gsf u fdl0f k ltlglwx n] ptkfbg u/]sf sfo{qmd, du/ efiffsf] sfo{qmd, afnaflnsfsf nflu sfo{qmd, ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd, df8l pktosfnfo{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/g] /]l8of]sf] rlr{t sfo{qmd ædf8lsf] kfx'/æ nufot kqklqsfsf ;dfrf/ / :yfglo ultljlwx k ;f/0f ug]{ ul/psf] 5. :6];gdf sfo{/t kqsf/ / /]l8of]sdl{n] ;d'bfo; u} ldn]/ sfd ug]{ x' bf ;d'bfoleqsf >ldsb]lv gllt lgdf{0f tx;dd ;a} ju{sf cfjfhnfo{ ;d]6]/ sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ ul/psf] 5. b}lgs k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdx df cgtjf{tf{, :ynut l/kf]6{x, 6]lnkmf]g jftf{, lhnnfsf ljlegg wfld{s, ;f :s[lts :ynsf af/]df hfgsf/l, pbf]u Jofkf/ d]nf, :yfglo rf8kj{h:tf ljifoj:t'nfo{ ;d]6\g] ul/psf] 5. ljlegg cj;/x df /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] k ToIf k ;f/0f klg ug]{ u/]sf] 5. x/]s sfo{qmddf :6];gsf /]l8of] k ltlglw, ;Dks{ JolQm ;+ul ;d"x, lzifs, ljbfyl{, ls;fgx nfo{ klg ;"rgfsf] ; f]tsf kdf k of]u ug]{ ul/psf] 5. :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmddwo] ;"rgf / lziffd"ns sfo{qmd %) k ltzt 5 eg] %) k ltzt sfo{qmd dgf]/~hgftds 5g\. :6];gn] k ;f/0f ug] { dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmddf :yfglo nf]sult, g]kfnl ult ;+ult, ljlegg efiffefiflsf ultx ;d]l6g] ul/psf] 5. To;}u/L lziffd"ns sfo{qmddf wd{, ;+:s[lt, s[lif, jg, jftfj/0f, dlxnf, ptkll8t blnt cflbjf;l; u hf]l8psf ljifoj:t'nfo{ p7fog5. dfgjclwsf/, ;'zf;g, ågå Joj:yfkgh:tf ljifodf klg ljlegg sfo{qmd k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/faf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf] ;aegbf alnof] kif ;"rgfd"ns sfo{qmd xf]. :6];gn] b}lgs /fli6«o, :yfglo ;dfrf/x, ljsf; lgdf{0f, oftfoft, c:ktfnsf ;"rgfx, t/sf/lsf] b}lgs d"no, ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfx, ;fdflhs ;Gb]z, dflg; jf ;fdfg x/fp jf e]l Psf hfgsf/l, b'3{6gf, k fs[lts k sf]k cflbsf af/]df k ;f/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5. :6];gdf sfo{/t sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx n] /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f epsf cfkm\gf sfo{qmdn] kf/]sf k efjsf af/]df y'k } pbfx/0fx ;'gfpg] u5{g\. :yfkgfsfnb]lv sfo{/t ptkfbs /fh]z cof{nsf] cg'ejdf :6];gn] ptkfbg ug] { x/]s sfo{qmd kl/jt{gd'vl x'g] u5{g\. o;sf] ;fgf] pbfx/0f lb b} pxf egg'x'g5 æxfd f] lhnnfsf ;L8Lcf]n] ufo{ kfn]sf /x]5g\. laxfg a]n'sf b"w vfg] t/ lbp ;f]rflx ufo{ ahf/df 5f]l8lbg] u/]sf /x]5g\. ufo{n] ahf/sf dfg5]nfo{ b'mv lbg yfn]kl5 :6];gdf lr L cfof]. d ;L8Lcf]; u cgtjf{tf{ lng up. pxf n] ca ef]lnb]lv o:tf] ;d:of cfp b}g. t/ cgtjf{tf{ gu/f}+ egg'eof]. xfdln] kll8tsf] :j/dfq} ahfof}+. ef]lnkn6 t pxf n] ufo{nfo{ l/8l s6fpg nufpg'ep5.æ /]l8of]df æptkll8t cfjfhæ ;~rfng ug' { x'g] ;'s'd g]kfnln] sfo{qmddf æblntæ zab g} k of]u ug' x'gg. pxf sf] sfo{qmdn] hftlo 5'jf5"t / c;dfgtf lj/f]wl s'/fx p7fpg] u/]sf] 5. k fylds ljbfnosf lzifs ;'s'dn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yfn]kl5 sfo{qmd emg} k efjsf/l x'g yfn]sf] 5. c?n] sfd ug{ cfoh geg];dd ghfg] ;+:sf/df x's{g'epsf ;'s'd g]kfnl cfhsfn /]l8of]df l9nf] sfd ;'? ul/of] egl k5'tfpg yfng'epsf] 5. æsfo{qmdn] ptkll8tx nfo{ dlgb/ k j]z ug{ ;3fof]. ljjfx a tjgwdf 85

87 hf 8 /S;L geo{ gx'g] xfd } ;dfhsf JolQmx lv/ vfg yfn]sf 5g\. /S;L / emu8flagf ljjfx x'g yfn]sf] 5. Pp6f /]l8of] sfo{qmdn] Toxf egbf w]/} kl/jt{g s] g} kf] ug{ ;S5 / <Æ ;'s'd g]kfnlsf] k Zg 5. æ/]l8of]n] s] ug{ ;S5 <Æ egg] k Zgsf] hjfkmdf uflj; cwoif, lhlj; ;efklt, :6];g Dofg]h/b]lv :6];gsf s'g} klg kbflwsf/lsf] d'vaf6 Pp6} pbfx/0f cfp 5 :6];gn] a; b'3{6gfdf k/]sf dfg5]x sf] Hofg hf]ufpg v]n]sf] e"ldsf. /fh]z cof{n b'3{6gf / /]l8of]sf] e"ldsfsf] o;/l a]nllj:tf/ nufpg'x'g5 v:of}nl uflj;df a; kn6]sf] xfd f] /]l8of] ; ul ;d"xsf ;b:on] 6f9}af6 b]vg'ep5. pxf n] xfdlnfo{ kmf]g ug' {eof]. xfdln] of] yfxf kfpg] lalqs} xfd f ToxL If]qsf /]l8of] k ltlglwnfo{ v6fof} +. b'3{6gf epsf] cfwf 306f glatb} pxf ;a} a'em]/ :6];gdf cfok'ug'eof]. b'3{6gfsf af/]df pxf ; u /]l8of]af6 k ToIf s'/fsfgl u/]kl5 xfdln] ;Lwf 8LP;kLnfO{ kmf]g u of} +. pxf n] klg 6]lnkmf]gaf6} ;'lgg] u/l æn s]6f xf] b'3{6gf k/]5 t' uoxfn\æ eg]/ cfb]z lbg'eof]. To;kl5 xfdln] ld;g c:ktfndf kmf]g u of} + pkrf/sf nflu tof/ /xg eg]/. k'gm 36gf:yndf k'ubf :yfglo afl;gbfn] b'3{6gfdf k/]sf dfg5]sf] p4f/ ub} {/x]5g\. c:ktfn k'u]sf xfd f k ltlglwn] 3fOt] / Toxf eo/x]sf] pkrf/sf af/] hfgsf/l lbg yfn]. xfdln] /]l8of]af6 3fOt]x sf nflu /utsf] cfx\jfg u of} +. ahf/sf dfg5] /ut bfg ug{sf nflu c:ktfn k'u]. dbgkf]v/f ufp glhssf dfg5]x rflx psfnf] r9]/ :6];gdf cfok'u] / ;f]wg yfn], ævf]o{ sxf lbg] xf] /ut <Æ of] /]l8of]n] Joj:yfkgdf afx]s sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;dfhsf x/]s kifsf] k ltlglwtj x'g] u/l ptkll8t, cflbjf;l, dlxnfsf lxtdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub} { cfpsf] 5. æ:6];gn] ;d'bfosf s'/f ;'g]/, :yfglo cfjzostf a'em]/ To;}cg';f/ sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug] { / k ;f/0f ug] { epsfn] of] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf]. o;n] c?n] s] u5{g\ egbf klg ;d'bfon] s] eg5 egg] s'/fdf Wofg lbpsf] 5,Æ ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf lgjt{dfg lhlj; ;efklt emk]gb hl;l sfo{qmdsf af/]df egg] ug' {x'g5. #=# hgzlqm /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf hgzlqmsf] cfwf/ eg]sf :jo+;]js hgf :yfglo :jo+;]jsaf6 ;'? epsf] of] /]l8of]df clxn] hddfhddl!& hgf k"0f{sfnlg sd{rf/l 5g\. sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0fdf ;+nug /]l8of]sdl{x sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{g 5. :6];gdf sfo{/t /]l8of]sdl{x afx]s ;d'bfosf :jo+;]js / /]l8of] k ltlglwx n] klg sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug] { u/]sf 5g\. hgzlqm ptkfbgsf] ;a}egbf ck7]/f] kif eg]s} tflndsf] Joj:yf xf]. /]l8of] ufp df epsf] x'gfn] tflndsf cj;/x pknaw 5}gg\. To;}n] cfkm"nfo{ cfjzos hgzlqmsf] hf]xf] cfkm} + ug' {kg] { afwotf 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] hgzlqm kl/rfngnfo{ klg lbuf] agfpgsf nflu nlift If]qel/ :jo+;]js kl/rfng u/]sf] 5. :6];gn] æ/]l8of] nlift If]qÆ eg]/ 5' j6f uflj;df ufp sf ;dfh;]jl cyjf uflj; cwoifsf] ;+of]hstjdf d"n;ldlt u7g ul/psf] 5. x/]s uflj;df Ps hgf /]l8of] k ltlglw rog u/]/ k7fpsf] 5. To;}u/L ;f]xl uflj;af6 Ps hgf dlxnfnfo{ /]l8of] ;Dks{ JolQm 5flgPsf] 5. /]l8of] k ltlglw d"n;ldltsf] ;lrj xf] / /]l8of]sf nflu ufp df ;a}egbf ;lqmo JolQm. k ltlglwn] ufp df x'g] x/]s 86

88 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf hgzlqm / ; f]t kl/rfng u5{g\. /]l8of]n] uflj;sf d'2fx p7fpgsf nflu ol k ltlglwx af6} ækl/j]z af]n5æ egg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. /]l8of]df dlxnfx sf] ;lqmotf a9fpgsf nflu 5flgPsf ;Dks{ JolQmx n] ufp sf ;dfrf/ /]l8of]df k7fpg], cfkm\gf] uflj;df ;+ul ;d"x u7g ug] {, pglx nfo{ kl/rfng ug] {, ufp df ;fdflhs tyf /rgftds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u5{g\. :6];gn] efjl hgzlqmsf kdf clxn]sf :jo+;]jsx sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul//x]sf] 5. /]l8of] ]n] pglx nfo{ af]ng / sfo{qmd agfpg l;sfp 5. æo:tf] ;fd"lxs / ;fd'bflos efjgfs} sf/0f clxn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f of] l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5 ls, o;n] Ps}k6s xhf/ hgf :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug{ ;S5,Æ :6];gsf ;+of]hs ;f]dgfy cof{nsf] bfal 5. $= >f]tf k frlg P]ltxfl;s dxœj af]s]sf] kfnkf lhnnfsf] k"j{df gjnk/f;l, klzrddf c3f{vf rl / u'ndl, pq/df :ofª\hf, u'ndl, tgx' tyf blif0fdf?kgb]xl / gjnk/f;l lhnnf k5{g\. kfnkf lhnnfsf] s'n hg;+vofsf] emg8} xhf/ 3/w'/L /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nlift >f]tf x'g\. /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f Ifdtf, t/+u ;'lgg] If]q / ef}uf]lns cj:yf x]/]/ cfkm\gf >f]tfnfo{ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] ] # efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5. clxn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf k d'v nlift j6f 5g\. o;nfo{ jif] {gl % % uflj;sf b/n] a9fp b} hfg] gllt :6];gsf] 5. /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f epsf sfo{qmdaf6 kl/jt{g cfof] cfpg x]g{sf nflu :6];gn] lglzrt If]qnfO{ dfq} sfo{qmd nlift u/]sf] 5. /]l8of] ;'lgg] t/ k efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ g;lsg] / k ToIf sfd ug{ g;sg] If]qnfO{ bf]; f] / k ;f/0f t/+u k'ug] If]q u/l /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf >f]tfnfo{ tlg ju{df ljefhg ul/psf] 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f kfnkfdf afx]s u'ndl, afun'ª, kj{t, :ofª\hf, DofUbL,?kGb]xL, c3f{vf rl, gjnk/f;l lhnnfdf ;d]t ;'Gg ;lsg5. o;/l nlift If]q / l5d]sl lhnnfdf ;d]t u/]/ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf >f]tf emg8} & nfv epsf] c'gdfg :6];gsf] 5. kfnkf lhnnfsf kqsf/ e'jg s];ln] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf >f]tfsf af/]df n]v]sf 5g\, æof] /]l8of] kf rtf/] xf]6ndf ;+ultdo /ft latfpg]x sf nflu xf]og, lxgbl, c+u ]hldf em'dg]x sf nflu xf]og. of] t 3f ;L, v]tfnf, xnl, uf]7fnf, s[ifs, el/of, afn, j[4, dlxnf, ljkgg ju{ / ptkll8t hghfltx sf nflu xf]. cvaf/, 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]af6 jl~rt t/ cfkm\gf ufp 7fp sf 1fg, ;"rgf / ljsf; ;dfrf/ ;'Gg rfxg]x sf nflu xf].æ s[lifdf cfwfl/t kfnkf lhnnfsf nueu () k ltzt hg;+vof g} of] /]l8of]sf k d'v >f]tf x'g\. t/ of] /]l8of]n] o'jfk':tfnfo{ ;d]6\g eg] TolQ ;s]sf] 5}g. hfltut lx;fan] /]l8of]sf >f]tf eg]sf lhnnfsf du/, afx'g If]qL, ljzjsdf{, g]jf/, s'dfn, 7s'/L cflb x'g\. ;lqmo >f]tfx ;+ul7t ep/ ufp ufp df æ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;+ul ;d"xæ u7g ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. :jtm:km"t{ kdf v'n]sf o:tf ;+ul ;d"xx sf] ;+Vof clxn] ^) k'ug nfu]sf] 5. :6];gn] rflx 87

89 { uflj;sf /]l8of] k ltlglwdfkm{t v'n]sf >f]tf SnanfO{ dfq} cflwsfl/s dfgotf lbg] u/]sf] 5. :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmd lgoldt ;'Gg]afx]s ;+ul ;d"x n] cfkm\g} jflif{s of]hgf agfp/ sfd ug] { u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of]n] afx]s pglx nfo{ :yfglo ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs sfddf kl/rfng ug] { u/]sf 5g\. %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf ;'?df /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 w]/} kfnkfnlx nfo{ nfu]sf] lyof], of] dbgkf]v/]nlsf] dfq} /]l8of] xf]. Tolta]nf dbgkf]v/fsf x/]s ljsf; k of;x nfo{ /fhgllts b[li6n] x]g] ul/gyof]. s]xln] t /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fnfo{ sdo'lgi6sf] /]l8of];d]t egg af sl /fv]gg\. ;d'bfosf] elgp klg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fnfo{ x]g] { b[li6sf]0f g} km/s km/s lyp. t/ clxn] /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng epsf] kf r jif{df w]/}sf] ;f]rfodf kl/jt{g cfpsf] 5. klxnf jf:t} gug] {x clxn] æxfd f] cfjfh af]ng] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f xfd f] klg /]l8of] xf], xfdl klg ;xeful x'g kfpg'k5{æ egg yfn]sf 5g\. :6];gn] cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd / Joj:yfkg b'j}nfo{ ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/ agfpsfn] ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmsf] d'vaf6 o:tf] ;'lgg yfn]sf] xf]. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug] { hgzlqmsf] :yfol d]?b08 eg]sf] ufp sf /]l8of] k ltlglw / /]l8of] ;Dks{ JolQm j6f uflj;sf /]l8of] k ltlglwn] kfn}kfnf] ptkfbg ug] { sfo{qmd ækl/j]z af]n5æ df uflj;sf ultljlw, ljsf; lgdf{0f / Toxf sf ;d:ofsf af/]df s'/f x'g5. To;}u/L x/]s uflj;df /x]sf /]l8of] ;Dks{ JolQmn] cfkm\gf] j/k/ epsf 36gfnfO{ t'?gt} /]l8of]df ;~rf/ u5{g\ / /]l8of]af6 Tof] s'/f ;dfrf/sf kdf x/]ssf 3/3/df k'u5. /]l8of]df dlxnf ;xelutf a9fpgsf nflu ;a} /]l8of] ;Dks{ JolQmx dlxnf /f]lhpsf] 5, h;sf] ;+Vof ljlegg uflj;df hgf 5. sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ OR5's ;d'bfosf hf];'s} klg plrt sf/0f;lxtsf] k :tfj lnp/ :6];gdf upkl5 emg\ pt;fxl ep/ kms{g5g\, lsgls :6];gn] /]l8of] sfo{qmd rnfpg pglx nfo{ :jls[lt lbg5. clxn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] ljlegg hfthflt, ptkll8t ju{, s[ifs, jg ;ldlt, cfdf ;d"xnufotsf ;d'bfonfo{ /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu v'nf d~r k bfg u/]sf] 5. k ;f/0f Ohfhtsf] :jfldtj ufp ljsf; ;dllt; u /x] klg of] /]l8of] k"0f{ kdf :jtgq / :jfoq ep/ ;xefuld"ns tl/sfn] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5. /]l8of] sfo{qmddf dfq} ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf ep/ k'ub}g egg] ;f]rn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;d'bfosf x/]s ju{sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg yfn]sf]] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ u'0ffs/ cof{nsf] egfo 5, æ/]l8of] s'g} Ps JolQm jf s'g} Ps lglzrt ;d"xsf] /x/n] rng] s'/f xf]og, /]l8of] rnfpg t ;aegbf klxnf hgtfn] rfx]sf] 5 ls 5}g Tof] s'/f a'em\g'k5{.æ /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ ufp kl/ifb\sf] dftxtdf u7g epsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;d'bfosf ljljw If]qsf JolQmx nfo{ ;+nug ul/psf] 5.!& ;b:olo ;~rfns ;ldltdf cfdf ;d"x, jg ;d"x, pbf]uklt, ptkll8t, u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx, :yfglo lgsfosf k ltlglwx u/l ;d'bfosf] k ltlglwtj g} w]/} /x]sf] 5. 88

90 /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfkg klg ;xefuld"ns agfp/ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fnfo{ ufp n]x sf] k ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf?kdf ljsf; ug{ vf]lhpsf] 5. :yfglo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g g;s]sfn] kl/dflh{t / cem} a9l ;xeflutfd"ns u/fpg vf]lhpsf] ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lspsf] 5}g. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] cfkm"nfo{ dfof ug] { lxt};lx / ;d'bfosf JolQmx ; u bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ug{ / :6];gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] ;+/rgf v8f ug{sf nflu ;b:otf ljt/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. cfhljg, dfgfy{ / ;fwf/0f u/l # y/l ;b:otf ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5. clxn] :6];gsf ;o ;b:o 5g\. To;}u/L :6];gsf sfo{qmd lgoldt ;'g]/ k ltlqmof lbg / :yfglo txdf /]l8of]sf] lxtdf sfd ug{ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;+ul ;d"x klg u7g epsf 5g\. /]l8of] ;b:o / ;+ul ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgf k ltlglw 5fg]/ ;~rfns ;ldltdf n}hfg] tof/l :6];gn] ul//x]sf] 5. :6];gsf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf ; u} cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpgsf nflu klg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] ;d'bfonfo{ g} kl/rfng u/]sf] 5. /]l8of]sf] cfkm\g} ejg agfpgsf nflu cfjzos /sd hddf ug{ ;d'bfosf JolQmx n] ;fd"lxs dxfo1 u/]sf lyp. clxn] kfnkf ufp ljsf; ;ldltdf /]l8of]sf ;Dks{ JolQmx n] d'i7lbfg ;+sng u/]/ :6];gdf k7folbg] u/]sf 5g\. :6];gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg'k5{ eg]/ ;d'bfo cfkm} + :6];gsf nflu cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg yfng' ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / kl/rfngsf lx;fan] gd'gf sfd xf]. /]l8of]nfo{ ;d'bfos} agfpg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] sfo{qmd, Joj:yfkg / cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg]h:tf /]l8of]sf] ;a} If]qdf ;d'bfonfo{ uf]nagw ug] { sfd ul//x]sf] 5. oxl ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf sf/0f kfnkf lhnnfdf /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;'Gg] dfwodegbf a9l ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfwod ag]sf] 5. ^= :6];gsf] lg/gt/tf dbgkf]v/f ufp ljsf; ;ldltn] /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng ug] { cg'dlt lno;s]kl5 ;a}nfo{ 8/ nfu]sf] lyof] /]l8of] v'ng] / agb x'g] Ps}k6s x'g5 eg]/. uflj;n] ;/sf/n] jif] {gl 5' ofpg] lglzrt /sd ljsf; lgdf{0fdf vr{ u5{ ls /]l8of]df nufgl u5{ eg]/ dbgkf]v/]nln] x]l//x]sf lyp. s;}nfo{ klg nfu]sf] lypg dbgkf]v/f ufp sf] lz/fgdf cjl:yt /]l8of] ;~rfngsf nflu cfly{s ; f]t ;lhn} h'6\5 eg]/. :6];g :yfkgf epsf] % jif{kl5 clxn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu cfkm\g} ljljw ; f]tx kfpsf] 5. :6];gsf] clxn] cfdbfglsf] d'vo ; f]t eg]sf] k fof]lht sfo{qmd xf]. :yfglo ;+3 ;+:yfx sf] k fof]hg / sf7df8f} +df ptkfbg epsf ljlegg sfo{qmdx :6];gn] k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. To;}u/L :yfglo ptkfbgsf lj1fkgx / c? ;fdflhs ;Gb]zx k ;f/0f u/]/ ut jif{ :6];gn] b'o{ nfv?k}of cfdbfgl u/]sf] lyof]. of] jif{ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] lj1fkgaf6} % nfv?k}of p7fpg] nio lnpsf] 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] clxn] tnadf dfq} dfl;s %% xhf/?k}of vr{ ug] { u/]sf] 5. o;/l sd{rf/lsf] tna / :6];gsf] cgo b}lgs sfdsf nflu dfl;s Ps nfv?k}of ;Dd vr{ ug] { u/]sf] 5. ædfl;s $ % nfv vr{ ug{ ;lsg] 89

91 { cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 dfq} xfdlnfo{ :yflotjsf nflu s'g} 8/ x' b}g,æ :6];gsf n]vfkfn tyf ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrj /d]z cof{n c8\sn sf6\g'x'g5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] cfly{s cfdbfglsf j}slnks ; f]tx tof/ kf/]sf] x'gfn] lj1fkgdf dfq} lge{/ /xg'kg] { cj:yf 5}g. clxn];dd /]l8of]n] ax'/fli6«o sdkglsf k]o kbfy{ / rfprfp, la:s'6h:tf ptkfbgsf] lj1fkg ahfpgnfo{ rf;f] /fv]sf] 5}g. /, slxn]sfxl+ :6];gdf o:tf lj1fkg ahfpgsf nflu cfpg] k :tfjx nfo{ ;d]t /]l8of]n] c:jlsf/ u/]sf] 5. jflif{s Ps nfv %& xhf/ a/fa/sf] rfprfpsf] lj1fkg ug] { k :tfj cfkm\gf] 6]a'nsf] 3/f{af6 lgsfnb} :6];g Dofg]h/ u'0ffs/ cof{n uf}/jsf ;fy egg] ug' {x'g5, æxfdln] of] k :tfj c:jlsf/ u of} +.Æ of] lg0f{oaf6 :6];g Dofg]h/dfq xf]og ;~rfns ;ldltsf clwsf+z kbflwsf/lx bª 5g\. rfprfpsf] lj1fkg gahfpg] :6];gsf] lg0f{o ;'gfp bf lj1fkgbftfaf6 vfpsf] ufnl u'0ffs/ cof{n o;/l ;Demg'x'G5, ælj1fkg gahfpg] egg] xfd f] lg0f{o 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;'gfolbpkl5 tkfo{x /fli6«o pbf]usf] 3f 6L lgdf]7\g kfpg'x'gg, tkfo{x nfo{ lj1fkg ahfp lbg egg] clwsf/} 5}g egg] s'/f klg cfof]. ha/h:tl bafa lbg] sf]l;; klg eof]. d}n] rfprfpsf] lj1fkg ahfp/ ufp n]nfo{ tkfo{x sf] 3/df epsf] ds} e df; ufo{ e} +;LnfO{ Vjfpg'xf];\, rfprfp cfkm" vfg'xf];\, egbf s;sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f x'g5 < egg] k ltk Zg u/]kl5 s:tf] dfg5] /x]5 eg]/ kmf]g /flvlbp. pglx nfo{ nfu]sf] lyof] xf]nf c? :6];gn] h:t} k};fsf] d'v x]/]/ xfdln] v'?ss lj1fkg ahfp 5f} + egg].æ x'g t ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu lglzrt lj1fkg gllt gepsf sf/0f /]l8of]nfo{ of] ahfpg x'g] / of] gx'g] egg] s]xl afwotf 5}g. t/ ;d'bfok lt pq/bfol :6];g epsf sf/0f g} o:tf] lg0f{o /]l8of] Joj:yfkgn] lnpsf] 5. dbgkf]v/f klxn]b]lv g} ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf lx;fan] gd'gf ufp xf]. b]zsf ljlegg 7fp af6 gd'gf ufp x]g{ jif} {gl ;of} + 6f]nL cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. dbgkf]v/f cfpgsf nflu clxn] csf] { cfsif{0f ylkpsf] 5 /]l8of]. :6];g e d0fdf cfpg]x ; u lglzrt e d0f z'ns lng] ul/psf] 5. o;n] klg s]xl xb;dd cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg e/y]u u/]sf] 5. clxn] dbgkf]v/f uflj;n] dfq} xf]og, kfnkf lhnnfleq nlift If]qdf kg] j6} uflj;n] /]l8of]sf nflu jflif{s ah]6 5' ofpg yfn]sf 5g\. To;}u/L lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 klg /]l8of]sf nflu ah]6 5' ofpg] ul/psf] 5. dbgkf]v/f ufp ljsf; ;ldltdf epsf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]qmf ;ldltn] klg cfkm\gf] cfdbfglaf6 /]l8of]sf nflu lglzrt /sd 5' ofpg] u/]sf 5g\. /]l8of] cfkm} +n] :yfglo ult ;+ultsf] k j4{g ug] { / cfdbfglsf] j}slnks ; f]t tof/ kfg{sf nflu ultsf Sof;]6 ptkfbg ug] { u/]sf] 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] ptkfbg u/]sf] b'o{j6f ;f ullts PNad ahf/df cfo;s]sf] 5. To;}u/L a]nfa]nfdf cfof]hgf ul/g] ljljw ;f :s[lts sfo{qmdx af6 klg /sd ;+sng ug] ul/psf] 5. dbgkf]v/f ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf lgjt{dfg cwoif odk ;fb kf08]sf ljrf/df /]l8of]n] >f]tfnfo{ k ToIf kmfobf gk' ofpg] / pglx n] klg :6];gsf nflu nufgl gug] { xf] eg] /]l8of] l6sb}g. æ:6];g ;~rfngsf nflu d]/f] klg nufgl k/]sf] 5 eg]/ xfdln] d'i7lbfgsf] cleofg ;'? u/]sf 5f} +. lbgsf] Psd'7L 90

92 + rfdn hf]ulnfo{ 5' ofpg] xfd f] k'/fgf] rng h:t} /]l8of]sf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg ;Sof} + eg] xfdl jif] {gl xhf/f}?k}of p7fpg ;S5f} +. o;/l g} /]l8of] lbuf] x'g5.æ odk ;fb kf08]; u h:t} /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf x/]s kbflwsf/l; u cf 6 5. lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf lgjt{dfg ;efklt emk]gb hl;l /]l8of]nfo{ lbuf] agfpg ;d'bfoaf6 epsf] pt;fxaf6 k efljt x'g'x'g5. æb'o{ jif{cl3 xfdln] /]l8of]sf nflu cfkm\g} 3/ agfpg] cleofgdf dxfo1 cfof]hgf u of} +. Tolta]nf ljlegg wd{ / hfthfltsf] a:tl epsf] lhnnfdf wd{sf] cf8 lnp/ /sd ;+sng ubf{ /]l8of]sf] klxrfgdf c;/ ug{ ;S5 egg] s'/f p7]sf] lyof]. of] /]l8of] wd{ dfgg], wd{ gdfgg] / ljlegg wd{ dfgg]x sf] /]l8of] xf] egg] s'/f t dxfo1af6 p7]sf] /sdaf6} c8\sn sf6\g ;S5f} +. xfdln] To;eGbf cl3 cfof]hgf u/]sf $ j6f dxfo1af6 p7]sf] egbf w]/} u'0ff /sd /]l8of]sf nflu ;+sng eof].æ pxf sf] ljrf/df :6];gsf] sfo{qmd / Joj:yfkgsf] dflns ;d'bfonfo{ g} agfpg] xf] eg] ;+:yf lbuf] agfpg slq uf xf] 5}g. s/f]8f} +?k}of xft k/] klg ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf epg eg] :6];g lbuf] x' b}g egg] cg'ej dbgkf]v/]nln] ul/;s]sf 5g\. To;}n] kf r jif{cl3 dbgkf]v/f / df8l pktosfsf nflu dfq} v'n]sf] /]l8of] clxn] kfnkf j6f uflj;sf] /]l8of] agg ;kmn epsf] 5. æolb of] :6];gnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;d'bfo nfu]g, pglx sf] dg lhtg ;lspg eg] of] /]l8of] Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];gsf] df]8]ndf hfg5. To;}n] of] x'gaf6 /f]sg klg hgtfsf] dg lhtg sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5f} +.Æ t/sf/l a]r]/ jflif{s # nfv cfdbfgl ug' { x'g] ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf ls;fg Psk ;fb e08f/l cfkm"nfo{ Tof] cfdbfglaf6 # xhf/ sf6]/ lbg s'g} ck7]/f] gepsf] atfpg'x'g5. casf] % jif{df :6];gn] cfkm\gf cfhljg ;b:ox sf] xhf/ k' ofpg] nio lnpsf] 5. Pshgf ;b:oaf6 ;b:otf z'ns:j k lnog]! xhf/?k}of klg :6];gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] /fd f] ; f]t xf]. clxn] :6];gnfO{ lbuf] agfpgsf nflu eo/x]sf k of;x ;kmn ep eg] /]l8of] rnfpg ;d'bfoaf6} k};f cf]ol/g5 eg] ljzjf; 5. :6];g ;+of]hs ;f]dgfy cof{nsf] cfzf 5, æhgtfsf alrdf hgtfsf s'/f ug] { /]l8of]nfo{ t ;xof]u ug' {k of] lg!æ &= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu o;sf] gfd g} ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl xf]. dbgkf]v/f ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf] gfddf Gjf/g ul/psf] of] :6];gsf] t/+u kfnkf lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]gnufot uflj; / kfnkf lhnnf j/k/sf s]xl l5d]s lhnnfx ;Dd klg ;'lgg5. t/ ;'? ;'?df of] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/]nlsf] dfq} xf]og egg] k dfl0ft ug{ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] w]/} k of; ug' {k of]. ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf] gfddf :6];gsf] k ;f/0f cg'dlt lng ;lhnf] x'g5 eg]/ k :tfj ug' { x'g] uflj; cwoif odk ;fb kf08] / dbgkf]v/faf6} lgjf{lrt ep/ lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt x'g'epsf emk]gb hl;ln] w]/} kfnkfnlsf] s'/f ;'Gg' k/]sf] lyof]. ædbgkf]v/f gfdn] /]l8of] ;'Gg] >f]tfnfo{ s]xl km/s kfg] { t 91

93 ] { { xf]og t/ c? uflj;sf dfg5]x ; u /sd dfu u of] eg] dbgkf]v/f uflj;sf] /]l8of]nfo{ lsg ;xof]u ug] egg] s'/f cfp.æ gfdn] :6];gaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdnfo{ s]xl km/s kb} {g egg] s'/f ;d'bfon] ann ann a' g yfn]sf] odk ;fb atfpg'x'g5. ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos / Jofkfl/s jf :yfglo /]l8of]nfo{ :ki6 tl/sfn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5}g. s:tf] :6];gnfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] egg] / cg'dlt ln bfsf avt k ;f/0f cg'dltkqdf sfo{qmdsf af/]df s]xl klg pnn]v gul/psf sf/0f :6];gx n] :yfglo cfjzostfcg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub} { cfpsf 5g\. s'g 7fp df sltj6f /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu cg'dlt lbg] egg] s'/f klg lglzrt ;fndf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] dlgqkl/ifb\n] Ps}k6s w]/} /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ k ;f/0f cg'dlt lbpkl5 Ps} 7fp df b'o{j6f;dd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf x'g] tof/l eo/x]sf] 5. of] ; u} k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpsf Jofkfl/s /]l8of]; usf] k lt:kwf{ t csf] { r'gf}tl 5 b}5. kfnkf lhnnfdf dfq} b'o{j6f Jofkfl/s :6];g ylkpsf 5g\ eg] d'lqmgfy PkmPd, /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f h:t} ;dfg p2]zo /fv]/ vf]lnpsf] 5, t/ o;sf] k ;f/0f cg'dltkq uflj;sf] gfddf geo{ ;xsf/lsf] gfddf 5. hgd'vl / hg;]jl eoof] eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;d'bfodf l6sg s'g} ck7]/f] 5}g egg] efjgfdf ;~rflnt /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf kbflwsf/lnfo{ clxn]sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl g} kfnkfdf ;'? x'g] tof/ldf h'6]sf # j6f gof :6];g; usf] k lt:kwf{ xf]. ;fd'bflos, ;xsf/l / Jofkfl/s :6];gsf alr km/s 5' ofpg] sfd >f]tfsf] xf] egg'x'g] ;~rfns ;ldltsf cwoif odk ;fb kf08] Pp6} /]l8of] ;~rfng x'g uf xf] eo/x]sf] cj:yfdf kfnkfdf $ $ j6f :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu cg'dlt lbg' cgf}7f] dfgg'x'g5. æca xfdln] sfddf k lt:kwf{ ug'{k5{. /]l8of]sf sfo{qmdnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg'k5{. gof kl/j]zdf af Rg l;sb} hfg'k of]. gof :6];g v'n] egb}df xfdl jjf{b x'g] egg] s'/} 5}g.Æ >f]tfn] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fafx]s c? /]l8of]df d]/f] nufgl 5}g To;}n] d]/f] ;dy{g 5}g eg5g\ \ egg] s'/fdf odk ;fb kf08] 9'Ss x'g'x'g5. ol j[xt r'gf}tlx afx]s /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf k fljlws, sfo{qmd / ljljw ;+:yfut r'gf}tlx 5g\. &=! k fljlws r'gf}tl / JojwfgM /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu k fljlws ;Lk aflx/af6 cfpsf lj1x n] l;sfpsf x'g\. k ljlwut lx;fan] of] /]l8of] lgs} k5fl8 5. sfo{qmd ptkfbg k ;f/0fsf nflu :6];g; u Ps ;]6dfq} k fljlws pks/0f 5. epsf ;fdfg k'/fgf eo;s]sf 5g\. hu]8f 6«fG;ld6/ / :6'l8of]sf pks/0f vl/b ug' :6];gsf nflu r'gf}tl xf]. :6];gn] /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf If]qdf cfpsf kl5nnf cfw'lgs pks/0fx h8fg u/]/ wgl / ul/aalrsf] vf8n k'g{ af sl g} 5. ; u; u} sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug{ / :jo+;]jsx sf nflu sfd ug{ j}slnks :6'l8of]sf] cfjzostf :6];gnfO{ 5. :6];gn] xfn;fn} # lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f]df cfkm} nfv?k}of vr{ u/l tf/ tfg]/ Ps nfog 6]lnkmf]g kfpsf] 5. :6];gnfO{ cem} a9l ;xefuld"ns agfpg / ;"rgfx ttsfn} >f]tfsf dfemdf k' ofpgsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ;a}egbf ;:tf] / ;lhnf] dfwod xf]. :6];gsf nflu yk k fljlws r'gf}tl eg]sf] /]l8of]sf nflu 92

94 jf # j6f 6]lnkmf]g nfog lng'kg] { 5. ; u; u} Od]n OG6/g]6 rnfpgsf nflu klg j}slnks 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfjzostf :6];gnfO{ 5. cl8of] 6fj/af6 cfkm\gf] ;~rf/ Oltxf;sf] yfngl u/]sf] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] ca Od]n OG6/g]6 klg rnfpg yfng'k5{. :6];gnfO{ a9l ;d'bfod'vl agfpg vf]lhpsf] 5. t/ :6];g; u kof{kt lkmn8 /]s8{/x 5}gg\. clxn] :6];gdf pknao pks/0fx k'/fgf eo;s]sf 5g\ eg] u'0f:t/lo klg 5}gg\. :6];gsf nflu clxn]sf] r'gf}tl eg]sf] /]l8of]df sfo{/t ;a} /]l8of]sdl{x nfo{ Ps Ps /]s8{/ pknaw u/fpg' xf]. cln dxtjfsf+ifl of]hgf ep klg clxn] /]l8of]n] nlift If]q eg]/ sfd j6} uflj;df Ps Ps /]s8{/ lbp/ rnfpg l;sfpg] xf] eg] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] cem w]/} ;d'bfosf :j/x k ;f/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5. :6];gdf kof{kt sdko'6/ / sdko'6/df sfd ug] { tflndk fkt bif hgzlqm :6];g; u ep klg clxn];dd l8lh6n k ljlw :6];gdf k j]z u/fopsf] 5}g. t/ clxn] :6];gd} epsf s]xl k ljlwsf] k of]u u/]/ sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug] { xf] eg] klg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] sfo{qmdx sf] k fljlws u'0f:t/ /fd f] x'g] lyof]. /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmd, lj1fkg / ;Gb]zx sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ gnofpg] xf] eg] c? :6];g; u k lt:kwf{ ug{ ck7]/f] x'g] 5. &=@ sfo{qmd r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f clxn] b}lgs ;jf!@ 3G6f k ;f/0fdf 5. /]l8of]n] xfn}dfq lbp ;f]sf] # 3G6f k ;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] xf]. ca cfpg] gof Jofkfl/s :6];gx n] lbgel/ g} k ;f/0f ug] { 5g\. ;'? ;'?df ol :6];gx n] k ;f/0f ug] { sfo{qmd; u /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] k lt:kwf{ ug' {kg] { 5. o;sf nflu :6];gdf sfo{/t hgzlqmn] cfkm\gf] biftf / Ifdtf j[l4 ug' {k5{. sfo{qmdnfo{ cem k efjsf/l agfpg'k5{. k lt:kwf{; u g8/fo{ lhtgsf nflu k otgzln /xg'k5{. k lt:kwf{; u n8\g rflxg] xltof/ eg]sf] biftf / ;Lk xf]. o;sf nflu :6];gn] lgoldt tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug' { cfjzos 5. tflndsf] of]hgf ubf{ /]l8of]sf k ltlglw / ;Dks{ JolQmx df klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff / sfo{qmd ptkfbg;dagwl ;Lk ljsf; ub} { nfg' h?/l 5. :6];gdf tnal / :jo+;]jl lx;fan] sfo{/t hgzlqmnfo{ cfkm\gf] :6];gk lt akmfbf/ / bl3{sfn;dd sfd ug] { jftfj/0f tof/ kfg' { :6];gsf nflu ttsfnsf] r'gf}tl xf]. # j6f gof :6];gsf nflu cfjzos hgzlqm kfnkfaf6} k"/f ug' {kg] { cj:yf epsfn] ] hgzlqmsf] rf]/l x'g] ;Defjgf t 5 b}5. c? :6];g; u k lt:kwf{df hfgsf nflu /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f; u kof{kt ult; ultsf] ;+sng 5}g. t/ of] cefjnfo{ :6];gn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. ahf/df pknaw gof / k'/fgf ult ;+sng u/]/ :6];gsf] ;+ult nfoa ]/L el/e/fp kfg' { klg :6];gnfO{ eg]h:tf] ;lhnf] 5}g. &=# ;+:yfut r'gf}tl clxn]sf] cj:yfdf /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu ;+:yfut r'gf}tl eg]sf] /]l8of];dagwl ;/sf/l gllt / /j}of xf]. ;/sf/n] /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ :jls[lt lb bf Jofkfl/s jf ;fd'bflos eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] u/]sf] 5}g. 93

95 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfo{ kl/eflift u/]/ o;nfo{ ;xof]ul efjgfn] gx]/];dd x/lx;fan] Jofkfl/s :6];g; u k lt:kwf{df /xg'kg] { afwotf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ /lx/xg5. lj1fkg glltsf] cefjsf sf/0f :6];g cfkm} +n] s] ahfpg] / s] gahfpg] egg] ljifodf :jlg0f{o ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5. /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] lj1fkg k ;f/0f ub} {g, gfkmf vf]hb}g egg] clxn]sf] klxrfgsf cfwf/df ljlegg ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u kfo/x]sf] 5. oxl l:yltdf cfkm\gf] c8fg /flv/xg' klg :6];gsf nflu r'gf}tl xf]. ;/sf/nfo{ bafa lbp/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx n] eg;f/ ;'ljwfdf pks/0f vl/b ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{. To;}u/L 6«fG;ld6/df ltg' {kg] { jflif{s /f]on6l ;/sf/af6 ldgfxf u/fpg]tkm{ sbd rfng'k5{. o;sf nflu ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;fd"lxs k of; x'g' h?/l 5. /fhgllts lgsfosf] :jfldtjdf ;~rflnt /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;+:yfut r'gf}tl eg]sf] /fhgllts k lta4tf g} xf]. lgjf{lrt hgk ltlglw gepsf] cj:yfdf k'/fg} k ltlglwn] x]g] { / To:t} cj:yfdf ufp n] tf]s]sf] JolQm cwoif x'g] Joj:yf clxn] /]l8of]sf] ljwfgdf ul/psf] 5. /]l8of]sf x/]s gllt ufp kl/ifb\n] cg'df]bg ug' {k5{. clxn];dd of] :6];g ;dembf/ldf rn]sf] 5. lgjf{lrt hgk ltlglwx sf] cefjdf klg lagfx:tif]k /]l8of] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5. o;sf] sfg'gl :jfldtj uflj;sf] xftdf ep klg Tof]eGbf dfly p7]/ /]l8of]sf af/]df ;f]rg] jftfj/0f agfo/fvg'kg] { cj:yf 5. olb o:tf] ;f]lrpg eg] /]l8of] lau G5. /]l8of] agb x'g' dbgkf]v/]nlsf] dfq} 3f6f xf]og. /]l8of] :6];g sfo{qmd, Joj:yfkg, nufgl / cfdbfglsf lx;fan] kf/bzl{ x'g'k5{. cfgtl/s / afx\o n]vfk/lif0f u/fp/, ;a}sf nflu of] ;fj{hlgs ul/lbg'k5{, rfx] tl JolQm :6];g Joj:yfkg; u k ToIf kdf ;+nug x'g\ jf ck ToIf lx;fan]. ;a} s'/f Ps}rf]l6 x'g g;sg] x'gfn] lg/fzfhgs s'/f u/] of] /]l8of] rnb}g egg] s'/f :6];gsf ;~rfns / ;d'bfon] klg a'em]sf 5g\. /]l8of]sf] dxœjnfo{ a' b} upkl5 kl/jt{g klg ; u; u} cfp bf]/x]5 egg] cg'ej dbgkf]v/]nl; u 5. /]l8of] :6];g kl/jt{gzln x'g'k5{ / g]t[tjdf /x]sfn] gof lk 9Lsf nflu 7fp agfolbg'k5{. gep sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf ;Lldt ;Lk olqs} ;]nfp/ hfg]5. % jif{ :6];g Dofg]h/sf?kdf sfd u/]sf] / /]l8of] :yfkgfsf nflu cfkm"n] u/]sf] d]xgt ;Dem b} u'0ffs/ cof{n cfhsfn ;fd'bflos /]l8of] hgtfn] g} rnfpg'kg] { /x]5 egg] lgisif{df k'ug'epsf] 5. pxf sf] cg'ej 5, æ;d'bfo; u kx' r 5 eg] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ ck7]/f] /x]g5. o;sf nflu /]l8of] ;~rfngk"j{ g} To; If]qdf /]l8of]sf] cfjzostf 5 ls 5}g egg] a' g' h?/l /x]5.æ 94

96 ' } ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf /]l8of]sf] cfk\mg} ejg u'?k ;fb e /fo{ xfd f] ;dfhdf cem} klg ;Ktfx, o1 cflbdf pkf;gf u/l >Ldb\efujt ;'g] k'0o sdfog5 / wd{ x'g5 egg] ljzjf; ug] {x w]/} 5g\. dxfo1 u/]/ wd{ klg sdfpg] / ufp sf] ljsf;sf lgldt cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg] dbgkf]v/fdf xfd f] ;fd"lxs cleofg alg;s]sf] lyof]. xfdln] $) ;fnb]lv clxn];dd % j6f o:tf o1 ul/;s]sf 5f}+. ;fnsf] xf]. d åf/sfwfdaf6 kms{ b} lyp. /]nsf] l8aafdf a;]/ ;f]rb} lyp, kms] {kl5 klxn]h:t} Pp6f ;fd"lxs dxfo1 cfof]hgf ug' { knf{. dnfo{ ljrf/ cfof] o;k6ssf] dxfo1af6 p7]sf] /sd lsg /]l8of]sf nflu ;dk0f{ gug] { < ;fd'bflos efjgfaf6 v'n]sf] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] cfkm\g} ejg agfpg ;fd"lxs dxfo1 ;~rfng ug] { lgwf] ub} { d ufp cfok'u]. rf/wfdaf6 kms] {sf] ef]lnkn6} lgjt{dfg uflj; cwoif odk ;fb kf08]nfo{ e]6]/ æp kf08]afa' d}n] /]l8of]sf nflu ejg agfpg dxfo1 ug] { snk]/ cfpsf] 5'. ls uflj;n] ;xof]u ug' { k of] xfdl cfof]hgf u5f} { gep tkfo{x cfof]hgf ug' {xf];\ xfdl ;xof]u u5f} {,Æ eg]. ufp ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf ;/;Nnfx eof]. dxfo1af6 p7]sf] /sd /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] cfkm\g} :6];g ejg lgdf{0f ug{ vr{ ug] { lgwf] eof]. To;kl5 t'?gt} dxfo1 ;~rfngsf nflu $)! ;b:olo d"n;ldlt klg u7g ul/of]. dxfo1sf nflu jqmfsf] vf]hl x'g yfnof]. dlxnf k'?if a/fa/ xf} + egg] hdfgfdf xfdln] lgwf] u of} + o1sf nflu dlxnf jfrs g} vf]hg]. vf]hl ub} { hf bf xfdln] zflgt ;'j]blnfo{ km]nf kf of} +. pxf klg /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ o1 cfof]hgf ul/psf] yfxf kfp/ pt;flxt x'g'eof]. ;+s6sfnsf a]nfdf klg lgs} /dfonf] jftfj/0fdf dxfo1 ;DkGg eof]. o1df cfpsf eqmhgx nfo{ ;f em k ;fb af l8gyof]. ;a} hfthflt, ptkll8t, sd{rf/l, dlxnf k'?if ;a}sf] ;xeflutf /fd }; u eof]. ;a}n] cf cfkm\gf] ur5]cg';f/ ;xof]u u/]. ;Dd lbg]nfo{ /l;b lbof}+. dxfo1sf] ;ft lbgdf xfdln] ;a} vr{ s6fp/ emg8} ;f9] b'o{ nfv?k}of arfof} +. klxnfsf] o1af6 ar]sf] ^# xhf/;d]t u/]/ sl/a # nfv?k}of /]l8of]nfo{ x:tfgt/0f u of} +. xfdl dbgkf]v/fsf a"9fx n] kf/bzl{ tl/sfn] of] sfd u/]sf xf+ +. /]l8of]nfo{ ;d'bfon] g} x'sf{pg] xf] / lr/sfn;dd rnfpg] xf]. xfdln] dxfo1 ;~rfng u/l /]l8of]nfo{ ;xof]u u/]/ gof k':tfx nfo{ af6f] b]vfolbpsf xf} +. xfdln] u/]kl5 /]l8of]nfo{ ck7\of/f] k/]sf a]nf kl5sf k':tfn] klg ug'{k5{

97 { d'i7lbfg klxnf klxnfsf w]/} dfg5]x ;+o'qm kl/jf/df a:y]. *!) hgfsf] kl/jf/nfo{ b}lgs Ps 5fsdf sdtldf klg # dfgf cgg kfsyof]. oxl cggsf] efuaf6 a]nf a]nfdf 3/df leiff dfug cfpg]nfo{ lbg laxfgsf] Ps 5fssf] Ps d'7l 5' fp/ /flvgyof]. o:tf] rng g]kfnlx sf] k'/fgf] rng xf]. lbglbg} PsPs d'7lsf b/n] hddf epsf] cgg hf]ul cfp/ Psd'i7 nfgy]. cggsf] 8fnLaf6 b}lgs Ps d'7l lgsfnbf s;}sf] klg k]6 sfl6b}gyof]. hf]uln] klg cfp/ cfkm\gf] efusf] cgg 9'Ss; u lnp/ hfg kfp y]. b}lgs Ps d'7lsf] artn]!) lbgdf Pshgfsf nflu k"/f lbgsf] 5fs tof/ x'gyof]. o:tf] k'/fgf] rngnfo{ d'i7lbfg elgg5. o:t} bfg ug]{ k'/fgf] rngnfo{ k'g/fj[lq u/]/ /]l8of]nfo{ l6sfpgsf nflu d'i7lbfg u/]/ /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu cfly{s ; f]t h'6fpg yflnpsf] 5. ;d'bfoaf6 hddf epsf] cgg ;+sng ug{, laqml ug{ lgs} 7"nf] k zf;lgs emgem6 Aoxf]g' {kg] x'g5. /]l8of]egbf cufl8 klg ljbfno ;~rfng ug{ d'i7lbfg ;+sng ubf{ ef]u]sf] cg'ejnfo{ klg ;d]6]/ cgg bfgnfo{ /sddf kl/jt{g ul/psf] 5. clxn] dbgkf]v/f uflj;;d]t /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f /fd f]; u ;'lgg] uflj;x df Ps jif{sf nflu b'o{?k}of, Ps?k}of, krf; k};f, krrl; k};f lbg5' egg] JolQmx ;of} + 5g\. of] /sd nlift uflj;df epsf /]l8of] ;ldlt, pk;ldlt, /]l8of] k ltlglwx n] ;+sng u/]/ /]l8of] :6];gdf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g\. cfkm" /x'gh]n cfkm"n] / cfkm\gf] z]ifkl5 zfvf ;Gtfg 5f]/fgfltn] lbg5g\ egg] ljzjf; w]/}df 5. dbgkf]v/f ;fd'bfosf] /]l8of] epsf gftfn] o;sf] lg/gt/tf ;d'bfos} nufgldf 5. d'i7lbfgn] lg/gt/tf kfo/fvof] eg] x/]s j6f uflj;af6 p7fpg ;lsg] nfvf} +?k}of /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf nflu d'vo cfdbfglsf] ; f]t agg] 5. sfo{qmd ;'lglbg]afx]s /]l8of]sf >f]tf / nufgldf klg k ToIf ;xeful eolbp eg] of] :6];g lbuf] x'g5 egg] s'/fdf dbgkf]v/]nl ljzj:t 5g\. 96

98 ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f ;f+u7lgs :j k ufp kl/ifb\ uflj; ;f/]d ;ef ;+rfns ;ldlt ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt ;+rfns ;ldlt sfo{qmd cg'udg ;ldlt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;ldlt k zf;g /]l8of] ;xof]u ;ldlt k ;f/0f /]l8of] k ltlglw ;Dks{ JolQm > f]tf Sna /]l8of] k"0f{sflns k ltlglw :j+o;]js ;Dks{ sd{rf/l JolQm cf+lzs :jo+;]js sd{rf/l 97

99 98;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f!)^=( ;fktflxs sfo{qmd Ps emns k eftsfnlg k ;f/0f tflnsf cfotjf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M@) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut kfsf k':tf ufp 7fp sf vj/ l5gf]kmfgf] ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf ;f]daf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M@) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut ptkll8t cfjfh /fli6«o ult cfnf]kfnf] ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf d+unaf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M@) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut ;+rf] lj;+rf] /fli6«o ult ckf+u ;r]tgf ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf 98

100 j'waf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut dlxnf ;+rf/ /fli6«o ult cfjfh ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf ljlxaf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut ;flxto k ltef /fli6«o ult cfw'lgs ult ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf z\qmaf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M@) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut cfçg} kf}/v cfçg} uf}/a /fli6«o ult ;xcl:ttj ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf zlgaf/ %M#) %M#% ^M)) ^M$) ^M$% &M)) &M@) &M#) &M$% *M)) *M$% (M)) (=!%!) cf/de wfld{s sfo{qmd sfofs}/g l;h{gftds clejolqm, ;]/f]km]/f]df cfh :yfglo ultlj ;dfrf/ /fli6«o lut dlxnf ;+;f/ /fli6«o ult ;+ufnf] ugyg :yfglo ;fotsf] ultljlw j]nf 99 99

101 lbjfsfnlg k ;f/0ff #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f ;dfkt

102 #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f #M)) #M!% cf/de g]kfn va/ nf]s y'ªuf ;bfjxf/ cfw'lgs ult :yfglo snfsf/sf ult gof k':tfsf ult cg'/f]w rnlrqsf ult g]kfn va/ k ;f/0f ;dfkt

103 ;fo{sfnlg k ;f/0f tflnsf cfotaf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 sfg'ªnfd nf]s efsf :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ cfw'lgs ult g]kfn bk{0f hljgsf] uf]/]6f]df klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt ;f]daf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 nf]s efsf nf]s efsf :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ c;n zf;g g]kfn bk{0f cg'/f]wsf c+h'nl klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt d+unaf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 s'/f v; f ld7f gfglsf] af]nl :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ cfw'lgs ult g]kfn bk{0f l;h{gf ;+lut klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt j'waf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 vf]h va/ afn km/njf/l :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ :j:yo hljgsf nflu vfg]kfgl / ;kmfo{ g]kfn bk{0f hljgsf] uf]/]6f]df klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt

104 ljxaf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 s'/f v; f ld7f afn km'njf/l :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ lbuf] ljsf; ;'zf;g g]kfn bk{0f l;h{gf ;+ult klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt z'qmaf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 vf]h va/ nf]s efsf :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ jfbljjfb xfd f] jg g]kfn bk{0f cg'/f]wsf c+h'nl klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt zlgaf/ %M)) %M)% %M#) ^M)) ^M#) ^M$% &M)) &M@) *M)) *M#) (M)) (M!% (M#) cf/de nf]s kl/j]z af]n5 nf]s h'xf/l afn km'njf/l :yfglo ultlj dfl8sf] kfx'/ ;dfrf/ cfw'lgs ult g]kfn bk{0f cf:yfsf ult klqsfsf] s'/f :yfglo k ;f/0f ultljlw ;dfkt

105 104

106 105

107 != P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld kf]v/f pktosf /fhwfgl sf7df8f} + ;x/af6 ;o lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f k5{. ;d'b L ;txaf6 ( ;o ld6/ cunf] :yfgdf /x]sf] of] pktosfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df nueu 8]9 nfv hg;+vof k fs[lts jftfj/0fdf /dfo/x]sf 5g\. wjnflu/l, cggk"0f{ / df5fk'r5«] To;}u/L km]jf,?kf clg a]ugf; tfndf kg] { ol lxdr'nlx sf] 5fof n] jif] {gl xhf/f} + :jb]zl tyf ljb]zl ko{6snfo{ cfslif{t ug] { u/]sf] 5. ;g\!(^) sf] cgtolt/ ;8sn] kf]v/fnfo{ sf7df8f} + / ;'gf}nl; u hf]8]kl5 of] ;x/ If]qLo ;b/d'sfdsf kdf ljsf; x'g yfnof]. 5f]6f] ;dodf :s'n, c:ktfn ag], ;/sf/l ejgx lgdf{0f ep, cfjfbl a9\g yfnof] / xjfo{ ;'ljwf klg k'uof]. jif{cufl8 kf]v/f afun'ª ;8s lgdf{0f epkl5 ;'if'kt Jofkfl/s s]gb sf kdf /x]sf] kf]v/f ko{6slo ;x/df kl/0ft eof]. /fhwfgl ;x/; usf] b 't ;Dks{, nfx'/] ;+:s[lt / klzrdfx sf] ;+utn] kf]v/fnfo{ c? ;x/x sf] bf hf]df w]/} l56f] cfw'lgsls/0ftkm{ nu]sf] xf]. o;}tfsf hfkfg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf % ljsf; If]qdf /]l8of] g]kfnsf] If]qLo k ;f/0f s]gb x v'n]. kf]v/fdf klg /]l8of] g]kfn ldl8od j]esf] krf;f} + ld6/ cunf] PG6]gf 7l8of]. ;6{j]edf ;'Gg'kg] { /]l8of] g]kfnsf] l;ugn To;kl5 :ki6 ;'lgg yfnof]. cf ugd} :yfkgf epsf] /]l8of]n] 3/cf ugs} s'/f u5{ egg] w]/}nfo{ nfu]sf] lyof]. t/ 3G6f ;~rfng x'g] If]qLo sfo{qmddf klg If]qLo ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / cfjfhx ;d]l6g'sf] ; f dgf]/~hgn] k >o ;fnkl5 ahf/df 5fPsf klqsfx sf] ] Pp6f k d'v ahf/ eg]sf] kf]v/f pktosf klg lyof]. sf7df8f}+df 5flkPsf x/]s b}lgs klqsfx laxfg ( ah];dd kf]v/f k'lu;sy]. ljb]zl 6]lnlehg Rofgnx ;x/sf 3/ 3/df k'ug yfn]sf lyp. t/ kf]v/fs} af/]df s'/f ug] { ljb'tlo ;~rf/dfwodsf] k j]z ;fn g} s'g' {k of]. lghl / ;fd' 'bflos lx;fan] km}ln/x]sf] PkmPd :6];gx sf] ;~hfn kf]v/f cfok'ubf lgs} 7"nf] eof]. Toltv]/ kf]v/fdf nueu Ps} ;dodf % j6f PkmPd :6];gn] nfo;]g; kfp df5fk'r5«], kf]v/f, klzrdf~rn, cggk"0f{ / lxdr'nl PkmPd :6];g. klzrdf~rn PkmPdn] cg'dlt lnp/ klg k ;f/0f ug{ ;s]g. c? $ j6f :6];g Pscsf{sf k lt:kwl{ ag]/ t 5f8d5f8 ul//x]sf 5g\. t/ of] k lt:kwf{df Pp6}dfq ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 5, lxdr'nl PkmPd. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ffcg'?k kf]v/f PkmPd ax'p2]zolo ;xsf/l ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt lxdr'nl PkmPdn] ;fndf k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpsf] xf]. /]l8of] vf]ng] p2]zo /fv]/ ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ u/] klg /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu cfjzos sfg'gl 1fg s;}nfo{ lypg. Tolta]nfsf] s'/f ;Dem b} ;+:yfks cwoif n]vaxfb'/ u'?ª egg'x'g5, æcfj]bg s;/l lbg] xf], cg'dlt lngsf nflu k' ofpg'kg] { k lqmof s] xf] xfdldwo] s;}nfo{ yfxf lypg.æ /]l8of] :6];gsf] cg'dlt k lqmof k' ofpgsf nflu sf7df8f} +sf Pshgf ;~rf/lj1sf] ;xof]u lnopsf] lyof]. t/ ;+:yfksdwo]sf Ps z]/axfb'/ u'?ªsf] u'gf;f] 5 æxfd f] cgle1tfsf] kmfobf p7foof].æ To;} sf/0f PkmPd k ;f/0f ug{ cg'dlt kfpg] lxdr'nl klxnf] :6];g ep klg k ;f/0fdf rflx df5fk'r5«] PkmPdn] pl5gof].æ of] s'/fn] kf]v/fdf ;~rflnt ;a} PkmPd :6];gx df s'g} g s'g} kdf klxnf] x'g] k lt:kwf{ rln/x]sf] efg x'g5. 106

108 ;xsf/l lgodcg';f/ ;+:yf vf]ngsf hgf ;b:ox cfjzos k5{. ;'?df n]vaxfb'/ u'?ª / pqd /]UdL a;]/ s:tf] k s[ltsf] /]l8of] :6];g vf]ng], s] s;/l ug] { egg] ;fdfgo vfsf tof/ kfl/psf] lyof]. efjgftds ;DaGw epsf ;fylefox ; u ;}4flGts ;xdlt epkl5 lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] cjwf/0ff cfpsf] xf]. o:tf] :6];gdf sf] sf] ;xofql x'g ;S5g\ eg]/ JolQmx sf] gfdfjnl tof/ kfg{ yflnof]. /, tl JolQmx ; u s'/fsfgl yflnof].!) xhf/b]lv %) xhf/?k}of sf z]o/ lsgg hgf kf]v/]nl e]nf epkl5 kf]v/f PkmPd ax'p2]zo ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8 btf{ eof]. ;d"xdf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, lzifs, Jofkf/L, kqsf/ / ;dfh;]jl ;a} ;dfhsf ;a} kifnfo{ ;d]6\g] sf]l;; ul/psf] lyof]. æxfdl ;a}; u pt;fx / hf u/ t lyof] t/ /]l8of];dagwl 1fg lypg,æ of] n]vaxfb'/ u'?ªsf] :jlsf/f]lqm xf]. cfj]bg lbpsf] Ps jif{kl5 dfq} kf]v/f PkmPd ax'p2]zo ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8n] k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpsf] xf]. t/ cs} { gfddf. kf]v/f PkmPdsf] gfddf csf] { Jofkfl/s ;+:yfnfo{ nfo;]g; ljt/0f eo;s]sf] x'gfn] kf]v/f PkmPd ax'p2]zo ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ ;~rf/ dgqfnon] sn ;fog kl/jt{g ug{ nufof]. gfd} kl/jt{g epkl5 lxdr'nln] kfpsf] k ;f/0f lk msj]g;l!)& d]ufxh{ vf/]h u/]/ (@=@ lboof]. oxl+af6 hgd eof] lxdr'nl PkmPdsf]. nfo;]g; lng] k lqmof, k fljlws kf6f], /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfngsf] 1fg s;}nfo{ lypg. :6];g vf]ng] cf 6 / hf u/ epkl5 ;xof]u ug] { xhf/ kfog5g\ egg] ;f]r]/ n]vaxfb'/ u'?ª, hljg u'?ª, pqd /]UdL, kf]ifgfy zdf{ / s'z'ds]zj k/fh'nlsf] 6f]nL sf7df8f} +lt/ nfu]sf] lyof]. lxdr'nln] k ;f/0f cg'dltadf]lhd Pshgf jl/i7 k fljlwssf] ;Nnfxdf %)) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ dufoof]. t/ oxf klg nfk/afxl g} eof]. b'mv u/]/ lemsfpsf] 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtf jf6 kf] k/]5. sfo{qmd k d'v s'z'ds]zj k/fh'nlnufot ;~rfnsx lxdr'nlsf] t/+u s'g s'g 7fp df k'u]sf] 5 eg]/ xftdf /]l8of] ;]6 lnp/ kf]v/f 8'Ng yfn]. æk/lif0f k ;f/0f ubf{ lxdr'nlsf] t/+u xfdln] ;f]r]hlt 7fp df gk'u]kl5 kms] {/ cfp/ k fljlwsnfo{ 6«fG;ld6/ x]g{ nufpkl5 kf] yfxf eof] % ;o jf6 x'g'kg] jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ /x]5.æ 6«fG;ld6/sf sf/0f lxdr'nlsf] k ;f/0f ;do ^ dlxgf k/ ws]lnpsf] lyof]. To;dfly ;'?d} lbpsf] lk msj]g;l PkmPd!)& dgqfnon] kl/jt{g ul/lbpkl5 k ;f/0f ;'? x'g csf] { % dlxgf nfuof]. ;+:yfksdwo]sf Ps z]/axfb'/ u'?ªsf] cg'ej o:tf] 5, æxfdln] :6];g :yfkgfsf] bf}/fgdf l;s]sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] s'/f eg]sf] c?sf] v' fdf pleg' x' bf] /x]g5. cfkm} + l;s]/ cufl8 a9\g'kg] {df ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] lhddf c?nfo{ nufof} +. kfonf kfonfdf xfd f] cgle1tfsf] kmfobf n'l6psf] 5. c?sf] e/ kbf{ sfdsf] cg'udg x' bf] /x]g5. 6«fG;ld6/ gjls/0f ;dodf gu/]sfn] xfdln] hl/jfgf:j k %) xhf/?k}of ;d]t lt of} +. sfd ub} { hf bf kf] yfxf eof] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] rnfpg t lgs} uf xf] x' bf] /x]5.æ lxdr'nln] k ;f/0f cg'dlt kfpkl5 :6'l8of] lgdf{0f ug{ yflnpsf] lyof]. :6'l8of] lgdf{0f ;s];dd sd vr{df tof/ ug] { eg]/ 3/3/af6 k/fn cf];fl/psf] lyof]. :6];gsf] 6fj/;d]t kf]v/f OlGhlgol/ª sn]hsf] js{;kdf tof/ epsf] lyof]. 107

109 lxdr'nl ;fn ut]b]lv cf}krfl/s k ;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] xf]. klxnf] lbgsf] k/lif0f k ;f/0fsf nflu /]l8of] g]kfnsf] If]qLo k ;f/0fdf sfo{/t blks l;njfn / k"0f{rgb l3ld/]nfo{ lgdtofopsf] lyof]. b}lgs tlg 3G6fsf b/n] k/lif0f k ;f/0fdf sl/a # dlxgf ult ahfpkl5 ;fn c;f/!# ut]af6 cf}krfl/s k ;f/0f cf/de u/]sf] xf]. ;'?df!! 3G6faf6 k ;f/0f yflnsf] lxdr'nl clxn] laxfg ;f9] kf r ah]b]lv /flt!) ah];dd u/l b}lgs ;f9] ;f]x 3G6f k ;f/0fdf clek ]/0ff, nio / clek ]/0ff kf]v/fdf Toltv]/ lghl :t/af6 /]l8of] :6];g v'ln;s]sf lypgg\. sf7df8f} +af6 hfg] klqsf, ;/sf/l :jfldtjsf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehg, :yfglo kdf k sflzt ;Lldt klqsfafx]s ljb]zl 6]lnlehg Rofgnx n] g} ;"rgf / dgf]/~hgsf] cfjzostf k"/f ul//x]sf lyp. ;dfrf/sf nflu t ;/sf/l :jfldtjsf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgd} e/ kg' {kyof] {. t/ kf]v/fsf] :yfglo ;"rgf / ;dfrf/ ol dfwodsf] k fyldstfdf kb} {gy]. /]l8of] 3G6] If]qLo k ;f/0fn] ;f+ullts sfo{qmddfq} k ;f/0f uyof] {. o:tf] cj:yfdf kf]v/fsf s]xl a'l4hljlx nfo{ nfu]sf] lyof], b]zsf c? 7fp df v'n]sf /]l8of] :6];g h:t} oxf klg xfd f] cfjfh ;'lglbg] /]l8of] x'g'k5{. To;kl5 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] dfq} To:tf] cfjzostf k"/f ug{ ;S5 egg] ;xdlt ag]sf] lyof]. u08sl c~rn nf]s ;+:s[ltsf lx;fan] lgs} wgl If]q xf]. kf]v/fdf ljlegg hfthfltsf] a:tl 5. o:tf] ;d'bfodf /]l8of]af6 r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd lbg ;Sof] ] eg] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsg5 To;}n] Pp6f ;fd"lxs /]l8of] rflxg5 egg] efjgfaf6 lxdr'nlsf] hgd epsf] nio ;+:yfsf ljlegg JolQmx ; u epsf] s'/fsfglsf cfwf/df lgdg niosf ;fy lxdr'nl PkmPd ;~rfng ul/psf] b]lvg5. ;d'bfodf lziff, ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] cfjzostf k"/f u/fpg] / pglx sf] clejolqmsf] dfwod agg], ;fd'bflos ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] ;"rgf / k ]/0ffsf] ; f]t agg] / ax'njfbl ;dfhsf] ljsf; p2]zo dfly pnn]lvt nio k"/f ug{ :6];gn] ljlegg p2]zo lnpsf] 5. :yfglo snf, nf]s ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / k rf/ k ;f/ ug] {, ;dfhdf b}lgs x'g] ljlegg ultljlw / 36gfx nfo{ ;dfrf/sf kdf k ;f/0f ug] { / ;';"lrt x'g ;3fpg], 108

110 { ;fd"lxs sfdsf] ;'?jft ug] {, ;dfhdf /x]sf] ul/al, a]/f]huf/l, clziff / ;fdflhs e]befjlj?4 r]tgf hufpg], ;d'ggt, zflgtk"0f{ ;dfhsf] :yfkgfdf 6]jf k' ofpg], :jf:yo, jftfj/0f, sfg'g, afnaflnsf, dlxnf, ptkll8t / ckf+ux sf] clwsf/ ;'lglzrt ug{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug] {, efiff ;flxtosf] ljsf; ug]{ / cfwofltds lrgtgsf] yfngl ug{ ;xof]u ug]{. #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{qmd / hgzlqm #=! ;+:yfut ;+/rgf ;xsf/l lgodcg';f/ ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ ug{ ;b:o x'g'k5{. oxl lgodcg';f/ btf{ epsf] kf]v/f PkmPd ax'p2]zo ;xsf/l ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt lxdr'nl hgf z]o/wgl 5g\. of] g} lxdr'nlsf] ;fwf/0f;ef xf]. ;fwf/0f;ef jif{df Psk6s a:g] u5{. ;fwf/0f;efn] jif{el/sf] cfojoo, s/, /fh:j / :6];g ;~rfng;dagwl gllt lgod agfpg] / ;+:yfsf efjl /0fgLlt tof/ ug] { u5{. ;fwf/0f;ef ;+:yfsf] ;a}egbf zlqmzfnl lgsfo xf]. :6];g Dofg]h/ /]l8of]sf] sfo{sf/l k d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. jt{dfg cj:yfdf lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf o:tf] 5M ;fwf/0f;ef ;~rfns ;ldlt :6];g Dofg]h/ sfo{qmd ;+of]hs ahf/ Joj:yfks n]vf k zf;g ;dfrf/ ;+of]hs sfo{qmd ;~rfns ;xfos ;xfos l/kf]6{/x k fljlws kfn] lkog :yfglo ;+jfbbftf ;fwf/0f;efn] :6];g ;~rfngsf nflu & ;b:olo ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5. ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s dlxgfdf Psk6s a:g] u/]sf] 5. a}7sn] sd{rf/lsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug] { / cfufdl dlxgfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/ ug]{ u5{. #=@ sfo{qmd lxdr'nl PkmPdn] laxfg ;f9] kf r ah]b]lv /flt!) ah];dd u/l b}lgs ;f9] ;f]x 3G6f k ;f/0f ug] u/]sf] 5. sfo{qmdnfo{ laxfgl k ;f/0f, lbp ;f]sf] k ;f/0f / a]n'sf u/l # efudf ljefhg ul/psf]

111 lxdr'nldf laxfg k ;f/0f x'g] clwsf+z sfo{qmd ;"rgfd"ns x'g] u5{g\. lbp ;f]df dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ul/g5 eg] a]n'sfsf sfo{qmdx ;"rgfd"ns dgf]/~hgftds x'g] u5{g\. laxfgl k ;f/0fdf cem};dd lxgbl cyjf c+u ]hl ult k ;f/0f ul/psf] 5}g. lxdr'nl PkmPdn] ljlegg cfw'lgs, nf]s, k'/fgf, kk ultdf cfwfl/t ;f+ullts sfo{qmddf afx]s cgtjf{t{fdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx klg k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. lxdr'nl PkmPddf laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;dd k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmddwo] pnn]v ug} { kg] { sfo{qmdx sf af/]df tn rrf{ ul/psf] 5. /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf epb]lv g} ;~rfngdf /x]sf] Pp6f sfo{qmd ækf]v/]nl p8fgæ xf]. of] sfo{qmddf kf]v/f If]qsf snfsf/sf] dfq} ult k ;f/0f ul/g5. kf]v/f / u08sl If]qsf ufos snfsf/x nfo{ kl/lrt u/fpg] of] sfo{qmd lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] k rlnt b}lgs sfo{qmd xf]. lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] csf] { cfsif{0f eg]sf] :yfglo efiffefifl / hghfltsf sfo{qmd x'g\. x/]s laxfg ;jf ;ft ah]b]lv * ah];dd $% ldg]6sf] ;do :yfglo efiffefifl, hghflt / blnt ptkll8tx sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5. /, sfo{qmdsf] gfd lbopsf] 5, æhghflt d~ræ. clxn] sfo{qmd hghflt d~r u'?ª, du/, g]jf/x n] ;~rfng ug] { u/]sf 5g\. blnt ptkll8tx sf] sfo{qmd klg oxl ;dodf g} ;~rfng x' b} cfpsf] 5. ædgsf] JoyfÆ ljb]l;psf g]kfnlsf kl/jf/k lt nlift sfo{qmd xf]. of] ljb]zaf6 kms] {sf, ljb]z hfg nfu]sf JolQmsf ;fy} Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx nfo{ nlift u/]/ tof/ kfl/psf] sfo{qmd xf]. of] sfo{qmddf >d clwsf/lx, ljb]z up/ kms] {sf, ljb]z hfg nfu]sfx ; u s'/fsfgl ug] { ul/psf] 5. ægf/l ultljlwæ ;ftfel/ kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf dlxnf; u ;DalGwt ;dfrf/x sf] sfo{qmd xf]. gf/l cfjfhdf ljlegg If]qdf nfu]sf dlxnfx sf] cgtjf{tf{, afnaflnsf / o'jtlsf ljlegg ;d:ofx sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/g5. ufp sf dlxnfx sf] ;f]rfodf kl/jt{g Nofpg' g} of] sfo{qmdsf] k d'v p2]zo xf]. sfo{qmd ;~rflnsf d'gf s' j/sf] syg 5 æs'6f] sf]bfnf] af]sg], uf]7 / efg;fdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g] xf]og dlxnfx aflx/l sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ egg] a'emfpg' g} of] sfo{qmdsf] nio jif{b]lv lgoldt kdf k ;f/0f eo/x]sf] sfo{qmdsf] k efjsf] pbfx/0f lb b} d'gf s' j/ egg'x'g5, æh'g kl/jt{g d}n] ddf kfpsl 5' Tof] kl/jt{g c? dlxnfdf klg cjzo cfpsf] x'g'k5{.æ of] sfo{qmdsf] p2]zo klg ToxL xf]. d of] :6];gdf sfd gu/]sf] ep d]/f] 1fg, d]/f] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf dfq} ;Lldt x'gyof], t/ oxf sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 1fgsf] e08f/ km}lnpsf] 5 / of] kmfobf bf]xf]/f] 5. d}n] klg l;s]sl 5' / c? dlxnfn] klg sfo{qmdaf6 kmfobf kfpsf 5g\. t/ ;+s'lrt ;dfhdf dlxnf;dagwl sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ TolQ ;lhnf] eg] 5}g. dlxnf; u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug' { g} olt 7"nf] ;d:of x' bf] /x]5 eg] jf:tjd} dlxnfn] s:tf ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ egg] s'/f snkgf ug{ klg uf xf] 5, d'gfsf] cg'ej 5. lxdr'nl PkmPdaf6 b}lgs!) j6f ljlegg ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx k ;f/0f x' b} cfpsf 5g\. :6];gsf cfkm\g} ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx laxfgdf kf}g] 5 ah] / gf} ah], lbp ah] / kf}g] kf r ah] clg /flt ;jf gf} ah] k ;f/0f x'g5g\. ol ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx ptkfbg ug{ ;dfrf/ ljefudf k"0f{sfnlg ( hgf 110

112 ;~rf/sdl{ sfo{/t 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] tof/ u/]sf] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf] klg lxdr'nlaf6 laxfg ;jf 5 ah] k ;f/0f x'g5. o;afx]s :6];gaf6 /]l8of] g]kfnsf] laxfg / ;f emsf] ;ft ah]sf] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g klg k ;f/0f x'g5. lbp ;f]!@ / # ah]rflx sf7df8f} +df sdo'lgs];g sg{/n] ptkfbg ug] { ;dfrf/ klg k ;f/0f x' b} u/]sf] 5. o;/l cfkm} +n] ptkfbg ug] { % a'n]l6g / :6];g aflx/sf % u/l hddf hddl!) j6f ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g lxdr'nlaf6 k ;f/0f x' b} cfpsf] 5. lxdr'nl PdPdn] /flt kf}g] gf} ah] alal;l g]kfnl ;]jfsf] sfo{qmd klg k ;f/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5. #=# hgzlqm lxdr'nl PkmPdsf nflu hgzlqmsf] ; f]t eg]s} sf:slsf] l5d]sl lhnnfaf6 prr cwoogsf jif] { o'jfx x'g\. :6];gdf ;+nug /]l8of]sdl{x sf] cg'xf/ s]nfp b} hfg] xf] eg] () k ltzt o'jf g} 5g\. :6];g; u /x]sf] $% hgfsf] hgzlqmdwo] sfo{qmd zfvfdf!% hgf / ;dfrf/ zfvfdfdf & hgf k"0f{sfnlg kdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. af sl ;a} :jo+;]jssf kdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. :jo+;]jsx n] w]/}h;f] ;fktflxs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { u/]sf 5g\. lxdr'nl PkmPdaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] ;a} sfo{qmd k ToIf epsf sf/0f :6];gn] ] s'g} klg sfo{qmd k"j{ptkfbg u/]/ k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5}g. sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug{sf nflu lkmn8 pks/0f / ptkfbg :6'l8of]sf] cefjdf klxn] g} /]s8{ u/]/ sfo{qmdx ptkfbg x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\. To;}n] ult ;+ult, n]v / :6'l8of] cgtjf{tf{df cfwfl/t ep/ lxdr'nln] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. /]s8] {8 sfo{qmd gepsf sf/0f g} wf/fk jfx af]ng ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ g} hgzlqm rog ug] { cfwf/ agfopsf] 5. lxdr'nldf sfo{/t *!) hgf /]l8of]sdl{n] sf7df8f} +l:yt /]l8of] ;u/dfyf / jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf] ;xof]udf tflnd kfpsf 5g\. o:tf tflndx df efu lng cj;/ kfpg] k :tf]tfx n] tflnd lnpkl5 clgjfo{ kdf :6];gsf c?nfo{ tflnd lbg'kg] { Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. o;afx]s :6];g cfkm}+n] klg a]nf a]nfdf k :tf]tfsf] tflnd cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ lbnlk /fo{ egg'x'g5, ækf]v/fdf clxn] Jofj;flos lx;fan] /]l8of];dagwl tflnd lbg] s]gb x v'n]sf 5g\. t/ o:tf tflnd s]gb df lbog] tflnd k :t'ltdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g5. o:tf tflnd s]gb af6 ptkflbt hgzlqm lxdr'nlsf nflu pko'qm x' b}gg\.æ $= >f]tf kf]v/f ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] wgl ynf] xf]. oxf a fdx0f, If]qL, du/, u'?ª, g]jf/, ysfnlx sf] afx'notf 5. of] pktosfdf klxn]b]lv a;f]jf; ug] { ;d'bfo cem} klg s[lif k]zfd} lge{/ 5g\. t/ u'?ª, du/, If]qLx sf] k d'v k]zf eg]sf] ;}lgsdf etl{ x'g] / nfx'/] agg] xf]. ysfnlx xf]6n Joj;fodf Jo:t 5g\ eg] g]jf/x agb Jofkf/df nfu]sf 5g\. kf]v/f ;x/ lxdfnkfl/af6 cfpsf ltaatlog z/0ffyl{b]lv t/fo{jf;l;ddsf] a;f]af; :yn xf]. lxdr'nl PkmPdsf k fylds >f]tf eg]sf kf]v/f pktosfjf;l g} x'g\. 111

113 t/ sf:sl lhnnfafx]s kj{t, :ofª\hf, tgx' / afun'ªdf klg lxdr'nl PkmPd ;'Gg ;lsg5. o;sf t/+ux dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;l, e/tk'/;dd k'ug] / >f]tfn] lgoldt sfo{qmd ;'g]/ lr L k7fpg] u/]sf] clen]v :6];gdf kfog5. ef}lts kdf lxdr'nl PkmPd kf]v/f ;x/af6} k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5. :6];gn] ;}4flGts kdf cfkm\gf nlift >f]tf ;x/l If]qsf epsf] :jlsf/] klg clwsf+z sfo{qmd u fdl0f >f]tfnfo{ nlift u/]/ tof/ kfg] { ul/psf] 5. æxfdl ;f ullts sfo{qmddf c? /]l8of]; u k lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gf} +. xfd f sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx clwsf+z ufp 3/sf g} 5g\ To;}n] xfd f >f]tf ufp df w]/} 5g\ / ;x/df sd.æ :6];g Dofg]h/ lbnlk /fo{sf] syg 5. lxdr'nl PkmPdsf sfo{qmdx ;x/l / u fdl0f e]usf >f]tfx nfo{ nlift u/]/ tof/ u/] klg clwsf+z kmf]g / lr Lkqx ufp lt/af6 g} cfpg] u/]sf] sfo{qmd k :tf]tfx :jlsf5{g\. lxdr'nldf ;oegbf a9l lr L / To;}sf] xf/fxf/ldf >f]tfsf] kmf]g cfpg] u/]sf] bfal :6];gsf] 5. :6];gsf] k ;f/0f kx' r, sfo{qmdsf af/]df k ltlqmof lngsf nflu lgoldt kdf :ynut ;j] {If0f :6];gn] ug] { u/]sf] 5. k ;f/0fdf ;+nug JolQmx sf:sl lhnnfsf ljlegg 7fp df up/ >f]tfx ; u k ToIf e]63f6 ug] { u/]sf 5g\. o:tf] ;j] {If0fn] k :tf]tfx sf] cg'udg ug{ klg :6];gnfO{ ;lhnf] epsf] sfo{qmd ;+of]hs sdn k/fh'nl atfpg'x'g5. lxdr'nlaf6 k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdsf af/]df lgoldt k ltlqmof lng] ;+ogq tof/ ug{ / :yfglo ;dfrf/sf] ; f]tsf nflu lxdr'nl /]l8of] >f]tf Sna u7g ug{ klg yflnpsf] 5. clxn];dd sf:sl / tgx' df u/l lxdr'nlsf cfwf bh{g >f]tf Sna u7g eo;s]sf 5g\. :6];gsf kbflwsf/lx n] cfkm\gf] :6];gsf] kl/ro æpd]/ gf3]sf udel/ lsl;dsf >f]tf epsf] /]l8of]æ eg]/ lbg] ug' {epsf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ lbnlk /fo{ ut lxp bsf] cg'ej o;/l ;'gfpg'x'g5, æ>f]tfsf] dfkb08 5}g h:tf] nfu5. xfn} epsf] ldl8of sk km'6an k ltof]lutfdf cggk"0f{ PkmPd; u epsf] emu8fdf xfd f k :tf]tf s'l6p. v]nf8lnfo{ s'6]sf] lgx' df Kof/flkm6df >f]tf >f]tfalr s'6fs'6 x'g yfnof]. Tolta]nf g} xfdlnfo{ yfxf eof] xfdlnfo{ ;xof]u ug] { / b'mv kbf{ cufl8 a9\g] >f]tfsf] sdl 5}g eg]/.æ %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;xeflutfnfo{ b'o{ lsl;dn] x]g]{ ul/g5 sfo{qmd / Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf. sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0fdf sl/a b'o{ bh{g :jo+;]js sfo{/t ep klg :6];gn] pxf x nfo{ ;xeflutfsf] l;4fgtegbf cfly{s ; f]tsf] cefjdf lgmz'ns sfddf nufpsf] b]lvg5. :6];gsf] ef}lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f u'0f:t/lo hgzlqm /fvg klg ;s]sf] 5}g / ;d'bfonfo{ ;xeful u/fpg klg ;s]sf] 5}g. sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'g rfxg] JolQmn] ;~rfns ;ldltdf cfj]bg lbpkl5 k :tfj k]z ug]{ JolQmsf] Ifdtf / sfdsf] d"nof+sg ul/;s]kl5 dfq} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ lbog] ul/psf] 5. sfo{qmdsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ k fof]hs lnp/ cfpg] JolQmx k fyldstfdf kg]{ x'gfn] :6];gsf] gllt g} ;xeflutfsf nflu c8\rg ag]sf]

114 ;+:yf btf{ ubf{ ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx nfo{ ;d]6\g vf]lhpsf] lyof]. :6];gsf] ljsf;; u} z]o/ ykb} hfg] / ;d'bfosf x/]s If]qsf JolQmx nfo{ :6];gsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeful u/fp b} nu]sf] epdfq} lxdr'nln] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] klxrfg kfpg ;SYof]. t/ o;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. :6];gsf ;~rfns ;b:ox ;lqmo x'g'sf] ; f lgl:qmo x' b}5g\. To;}u/L :6];gnfO{ lgoldth;f] kl//xg] ;+s6sf a]nf cufl8 ;g]{ z]o/wglx sf] $ hgfdf ;Lldt 5. :6];gn] xfn} Pp6f /fd f] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 ;fwf/0f z]o/ yk ub} { hfg] / :6];gsf nflu ljsnkx tof/ kfb} { hfg]. clxn] JolQmutafx]s ;+:yfut ;b:otf klg v'nf ul/psf] 5. xfn} df5fk'r5«] ;xsf/l ;+:yf lxdr'nl; u cfj4 eo;s]sf] 5 eg] z]o/ k'u]sf] 5. t/ :6];gsf nflu Pp6f ck7\of/f] t 5 b}5 hfltut ;+3 ;+:yfx sf] dfq} clws ;lqmotfn] lxdr'nlsf] klxrfg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] egbf klg lglzrt hfthfltsf nflu v'n]sf] /]l8of] :6];g eg]/ kl/lrt x'g yfng'. :6];gn] ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu ;fdflhs ;"rgf, JolQm x/fpsf jf e]l Psf ;"rgf lgmz'ns k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. To;}u/L a]nf a]nfdf kg] { /utsf] ;+s6 / b}jl ljklqsf a]nf ;]jfd"ns ;Gb]zx lgmz'ns kdf k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. s]xl ;docl3 :6];gn] sf:sl lhnnfs} Pshgf d'6' /f]ul lvdf e'h]nsf] pkrf/sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ cfx\jfg u/]/ *) xhf/?k}of h'6folbpsf] lyof]. ^= :6];gsf] lg/gt/tf kl5nnf] Ps jif{df :6];g cfkm} +n] 3/ef8f, lah'nl, 6]lnkmf]g / tnanfo{ rflxg] /sd p7fo/x]sf] 5. dd{t ;Dxf/sf nflu lrgtf ug' {kb} {g. lj1fkg, sfo{qmd k fof]hg / ;do a]r]afkt :6];gn] dfl;s ^) xhf/ p7fo/x]sf] 5. dfl;s Ps nfv?k}of dwo] af sl /sd nufglstf{n] g} xfng'k5{. of] /sdafx]s sl/a ;jf b'o{ nfv?k}of /fh:j ;/sf/nfo{ a'emfpg'k5{. ;fd'bflos ep/ klg ;fd'bflos klxrfg gx'g' g} lxdr'nlsf] lg/gt/tfsf nflu ;+s6 xf]. laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;ddsf sfo{qmd ;'Gbf nfu5 Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];g ;'lg/x]sf] 5'. :6];gn] sfo{qmdsf lx;fan] / Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutfsf lx;fan] æof] d]/f] /]l8of] :6];g xf]æ egg] cfwf/ tof/ u/]sf] 5}g. lxdr'nl PkmPd s] cfwf/df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf] egg] s'/f :6];gdf sfo{/t clwsf+z /]l8of]sdl{x nfo{ klg yfxf 5}g. ko{6slo zx/ kf]v/f Jofkfl/s / ;fdflhs lx;fan] w]/} ;Defjgf epsf] 7fp xf]. sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf] rf;f]sf ljifoj:t'x ;d]6\g'k5{. ;d'bfosf w]/}egbf w]/} JolQmnfO{ :6];gn] ;d]6\g'k5{ clg dfq} lxdr'nl PkmPd c? Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];g; u k lt:kwf{ ug' {kb} {. :6];g :yfkgf u/]sf] # jif{kl5 ;+:yfks cwoif n]vaxfb'/ u'?ªsf] cg'ej 5, æoxf JolQm JolQm ep/dfq /]l8of] :6];g ;~rfng ug{ ;ls bf] /x]g5. o;f] ubf{ ;fdflhsegbf klg JolQmut :jfy{ a9l x' bf] /x]5. :6];gsf] :yflotj / lg/gt/tfsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ x'g'kbf] { /x]5 egg] s'/f t ann a' g yflnpsf] 5.Æ jf:tljs kd} ;fd'bflos efjgfn] ;~rfng x'g] xf] eg] lxdr'nl PkmPdsf nflu k z:t ;Defjgf 5g\. 113

115 lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] lg/gt/tf; u hf]l8psf] csf] { k Zg xf] clxn] eo/x]sf af sl # / lgs6 eljiod} cfpg} nfu]sf] Od]h Rofgn PkmPdsf] s]gb Lo sfo{qmd. Pp6} kf]v/ldf df5f dfg{ uf xf] x'g5. lglzrt 7fp sf nflu sltj6f /]l8of] :6];g egg] ;~rf/ dgqfnosf] gllt k :6 gepsf sf/0f lxdr'nl PkmPddfq} xf]og kf]v/fsf c? Jofkfl/s p2]zon] v'n]sf :6];gnfO{ klg *!)?k}of k ltldg]6df em/]sf] k lt:kwl{ ahf/ wfgg wf} wf} 5. of] k lt:kwf{af6 argsf nflu lxdr'nln] bl3{sfnlg /0fgLlt, nio, p2]zo / :6];gsf] ld;g ;Dk"0f{ kf]v/]nl ;d'bfosf] lbdfudf gk' ofo{ ;'v} 5}g. ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/df :yfkgf epsf cfwf/df dfq} s'g} klg /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ ;fd'bflos egg ldnb}g. ;d'bfo; u k ToIf ;xeful ep/ pglx sf cfjfh k ;f/0f ug] { / :6];gsf x/]s gllt lg0f{o pglx sf] ;xeflutfdf lng] epkl5 dfq} Pp6f :6];gn] ;d'bfosf] dfof kfpg ;S5. To;kl5 lg/gt/tfdf cj/f]w cfpg] egg] g} x' b}g. lxdr'nl PkmPdn] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx sf] ptkfbg z}nl kl/jt{g gug] { xf] / ;d'bfosf cfjfhnfo{ kx' r glbg] xf] eg] :6];gn] lg/gt/tf kfpg'sf] ; f k lt:kwf{d} cndln/xg' ' kg] { x'g5. :yfglo Jofkf/Lx lxdr'nl PkmPd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf] To;}n] lj1fkg lbg kb} {g eg]/ 6fg{ vf]h5g\. :6];gn] clxn] k fof]lht sfo{qmd, lj1fkgaf6 x'g] cfdbfgl / z]o/xf]n8/x sf] nufglaf6 vr{ wflg/x]sf] 5. cfhsf] ef]ln kmfobf kfog] cfzfdf nufgl u/]sf clwsf+z z]o/wglx Aofh kfog];d]t s'g} ;+s]t gb]v]kl5 cfhsfn lgl:qmo ep/ a;]sf 5g\. n]vaxfb'/ u'?ªsf] lgisif{ 5 æof] /]l8of] eg]sf] t uhasf] ;+;f/ /x]5 vf]n]kl5 agb ug} { uf xf].æ &= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg lxdr'nl PkmPdsf cufl8 r'gf}tl g} r'gf}tl 5g\. :6];gsf nflu ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl eg]sf] g} lxdr'nlsf] klxrfg xf]. s'g} lglzrt nio / p2]zolagf /sd afn'jfdf kfgl vgofp;/x vgofp b} hfg] xf] eg] :6];gn] t]; f] jif{ t kf/ unf{ t/ t/ rf}yf] jif{b]lv rng ;Sb}g. ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / ;xof]ulagf :6];gsf] eljio lbuf] 5}g egg] s'/f ;+:yfksx nfo{ ann dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] 5. :6];gsf cufl8sf r'gf}tlx nfo{ k fljlws, sfo{qmd / ;+:yfut u/l tlg ju{df /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsg5. &=! k fljlws r'gf}tl / Jojwfg lxdr'nl PkmPdsf] ejg kf]v/fl:yt gof a;kfs{sf] alrdf 5. laxfg lem;ld;]b]lv g} ahg] a;sf k ;/ xg{ / of/{3'//{ cfjfhn] sfd ug] { jftfj/0f g} 5}g. cfly{s ; f]tsf] cefjsf sf/0f hu]8f k fljlws ;fdfgx pknaw 5}gg\. sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug{sf] nflu j}slnks :6'l8of] 5}g. :ynut cgtjf{tf{ / ;fdu Lx tof/ kfg{sf nflu lkmn8 /]s8{/ Pp6f klg 5}gg\. :6];g :yfkgf ubf{ vl/b ul/psf Ps ;]6 :6'l8of]sf k fljlws ;fdfgx k'/fgf eo;s]sf 5g\. Pp6f ;fdfg lalu P klg :6];g agb ug' {kg] { cj:yf cfpg ;S5. 114

116 j}slnks 6«fG;ld6/sf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5}g. b}lgs!& 3G6f k ;f/0f x'g] :6];gsf] 6«fG;ld6/ hlta]nf klg lau g ;S5. jif] {gl!% k ltztsf b/n] a9\b} hfg] 3/ef8f :6];gn] y]ug} g;sg] cj:yfdf 5. :6];gsf] cfkm\g} ejg agfpg' clxn]sf] ;a}egbf ;lhnf] ljsnk b]lvp klg cfly{s ; f]tsf] cefj t oyfjt\ g} 5. &=@ sfo{qmddf r'gf}tl h;/l of] :6];g ejg a;kfs{ glhs} /x]sf] 5. To;/L g} :6];gdf sfd ug{ cfpg] JolQmx sf nflu of] PkmPd Pp6f a;kfs{ h:t} epsf] 5. cfpg] s]xl ;odsf] cg'ej a6'ng] clg cfkm\gf] eljiosf nflu cgt} hfg]. oxf sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] r'gf}tl eg]sf] sfd ug{ cfpg] hgzlqmnfo{ nfdf] ;do;dd l6sfpg ;Sg'. tflndk fkt hgzlqmsf] cefj kf]v/fsf x/]s :6];gx nfo{ 5. lxdr'nlsf nflu cfkm} + tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]/ bif hgzlqm ptkfbg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. kf]v/fsf :yfglo tflnd s]gb x n] ptkfbg u/]sf] hgzlqm klg u'0f:t/lo 5}g. /]l8of]df sfd u/]/ u'hf/f rng] ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. /]l8of]df af]ng] /x/ epsfx nfo{ cfkm\gf] Ifdtf k/lif0f ug] {, l;sg] 7fp epsf] 5 lxdr'nl PkmPd. clwsf+z JolQmx c?n] /]l8of]df sfo{qmd rnfpsf] ;'g]sf] e/df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ OR5's epsf] k :tfj lnp/ cfp 5g\. ;f ullts sfo{qmds} e/df rn]sf] of] /]l8of] :6];gdf kof{kt ultx 5}gg\. epsf ultx klg nfoa ]/Lsf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;sbf rf]/l epsf 5g\. ef}lts cj:yf / ;fdfgsf] cefjsf sf/0f :6];g cfkm} +n] s'g} sfo{qmd k ;f/0f k"j{ ptkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g. sfo{qmd k ToIf rnfpg'kg] { afwotfn] sfo{qmd ptkfbgsf] kf6f] oxf sf /]l8of]sdl{n] cem} a' g ;s]sf 5}gg\. pglx nfo{ 1fg 5 t s]an dfoscufl8 a;]/ af]ng]. lxdr'nlsf] csf] { r'gf}tl eg]sf] ;d'bfod'vl k ;f/0f k"j{sfo{qmd ptkfbg ug' { xf]. &=# ;+:yfut r'gf}tl 6«fG;ld6/sf] ltg' {k5{. gof z]o/ ykg] of]hgf, ca %) xhf/sf] ; f!) xhf/?k}of ug] { / w]/}egbf w]/}nfo{ ;d]6\g] of]hgf. nfx'/]x cfhsf] ef]ln k ltkmn vf]hg] epsfn] nufgl ug{ OR5's 5}gg\. cfkm\g} ejg agfpg] nio. o;n] dfl;s 3/ef8fdf nfug] /sd klg hf]ufpg ;lsg] / Pp6f :yflotj lbg]. cfkm\g} ejgsf] vf rf] 5. vr{ s;/l wfgg] egg] g} d"n ;d:of xf]. hxf kftnf] pxl kmf6\5 eg]h:tf] epsf] 5 lxdr'nlsf] xfnt. ;fdfg x/fpg], nfk/afxl x'g] u/]sf] 5. bflotjaf]w g t ;d'bfonfo{ epsf] 5 g t oxf sfd ug] {x nfo{. Pstn] lsg gxf];\, Ps} /f]kgldf lsg gxf];\ 3/ t gagfo{ ;'v} 5}g. 115

117 3/ agfpg ;d'bfoaf6} /sd p7fpg] nio 5 t/ Tof]eGbf cufl8 >f]tfsf] dg lhtg' cfjzos 5. sfo{qmd / ;xeflutf b'j} lx;fan] lxdr'nln] >f]tfsf] dg lhtg af sl 5. nufglsf] ljt/0f, clxn];dd Ps} hgfsf] zf]vsf sf/0f rn]sf] /]l8of] :6];g. jif} {lkr5] 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;jf b'o{ nfv?k}of /fh:j s;/l ltg]{ egg] ;d:of x'g5. ;b:otf ;+Vof a9fpg]. hgf k'lu;sof]. o;kflnb]lv ;+:yfut ;b:otf klg v'nf ul/psf] 5. gfkmfd"ns gep klg :6];g ;~rfng ug{ / nufglsf] Jofh p7fpgsf nflu klg cfdbfgl bl/nf] ahfpg h?/l 5. :6];g ca tkfo{ sd{rf/lx ldn]/ rnfpg';\, xfdlnfo{ gfkmf klg lbg' kb} {g / nufgl ug{ klg ;s];dd gegg';\ egg] s'/f cfpsf] 5. dfs] {l6ª sdhf]/ 5. ahf/df k lt:kwf{ 5 lj1fkgsf] /]6 *?k}of k ltldg]6;dd k'u]sf] lyof]. lxdr'nlnfo{ lsg lj1fkg lbg] egg] k Zg ubf{ g Joj;foLx ; u pq/ 5 t g :6];g; u g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] egg]afx]s. nufglstf{sf] Jofh klg lkmtf{ ug{ uf xf] 5.!% xhf/ dfl;s ef8f ltg' {k5{. ahf/df lj1fkg lb b}gg\ 3"; Vjfpg kg] { cj:yf 5 lj1fkg ahfp bf. ærf/ xhf/sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu k fof]hg NofP/ Ps xhf/ ar5 eg] s;/l tna Vjfpg] <Æ SofDk; k9\g] ljbfyl{x nfo{ ks]6 vr{ / ;Lk lbp/ sltgh]n rn5 < tna k d'vsf] ;fdfgo clws[t :t/sf] / To;d'lgsf kbx df Go"gtd tna vfp/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. ptk ]/0ff s] < :yfglo ahf/df up/ k"0f{k lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd rnfpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. dfof ug] {x s]xln] dfq} cfkm} + :6];gdf cfp/ lbg] u/]sf 5g\. Pp6f hftsf] Pp6f ju{df dfq} ;Lldt x'g vf]h]sf] xf] ls egg] cf/f]k c? :6];gn] nufp 5g\. u'?ªx dfq}. hftlo ;+:yfx du/, u'?ª ;dfhaf6 ;xof]u kfo/x]sf]. :yfol cy{; f]tsf] cefj

118 { d}n] csf] { klg untl u/] + n]vaxfb'/ u'?ª d}n] jif{ /fli6«o cgt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx df sfd u/] +. zf]v k"/f ug{ ] lx;fan] kqsfl/tf u/] +. kf]v/fdf ;fktflxs klqsf rnfp. sf7df8f} +af6 k sfzg x'g] Pp6f b}lgs klqsfdf nufgl u/]sf] /sd 8'a]kl5 ca klqsfdf sbflk nufgl ulb{g eg]/ sfg ;dft]/ a;]sf] lyp. t/ kf]v/fdf Pp6f /]l8of] :6];g vf]ng'k5{ egg] s'/fx ;fylx af6 cfpg yfnof]. /]l8of] :6];g t vf]ng] t/ s:tf] < cfkm"nfo{ s]xl klg yfxf lypg. cfj]bgsf nflu ;~rf/ dgqfnodf hf bf Toltv]/sf ;~rf/dgqln] ;d]t Jofkfl/s :6];g agfpg';\ n]vaxfb'/hl eg]/ egg'epsf] lyof]. w]/} ;fylefon] w]/} ;Nnfx lbp. kf]v/fsf c? klg Jofkf/Lx n] PkmPdsf nflu lgj]bg lbpsf x'gfn] ;xsf/l df]8ndf uoof] eg] ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx nfo{ ;d]6\g ;lsg5 egg] s'/f cfof]. o;}df ;xdlt epkl5 ;xsf/l btf{ ug{ hgfsf] gfdfjnl tof/ ug{ yflnof]. /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu sf] sf] ;xof]ul x'g5g\ egg] gfdfjnl tof/ ubf{ lzifs, snfsdl{, OlGhlgo/, Jofkf/L ;dfh;]jl, kqsf/, /fhgllt1 /f]lhof]. clg ;xsf/l btf{ u of}+. t/ s'g} klg ;b:onfo{ /]l8of]sf] af/]df s]xl klg yfxf lypg. xfdln] /]l8of] :6];g vf]ngsf nflu dlxgfsf] $ $ xhf/sf] b/n] ^ dlxgf nufp/ /sd hddf u/]/ k ;f/0f cg'dlt lngsf nflu vr{ u of}+. % nfv?k}of, Tof] klg 3";:j k. :6];g :yfkgf ug{ #) nfv vr{ eof]. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu cg'dlt ln bf lsg 3"; Vjfpg'k5{ / < egg] k Zg cfpg ;S5. t/ xfdln] g t ;xl dfg5]sf] ;xof]u kfof} + g t ;Nnfx g}. xfdl ;'?b]lv g} unt JolQmx sf] ;Nnfxdf km:of} +. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb 5 egg] s'/f t xfdlnfo{ yfx} lypg. v' f lrlknp/ hfg'kg] { 7fp egbf aflx/ uop5. ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf tof/ kfbf{ klg csf] { untl eof]. ljb]zl sfof{nodf a6'n]sf] cg'ej pkof]u u/]/ lxdr'nlnfo{ kf]v/fsf] >]i7 :6];g agfp 5' egg] nfu]sf] lyof]. t/, ;f]r]h:tf] x'g ;s]g. z]o/ ;b:ox dwo] kqsf/nfo{ sfo{qmd k d'v agfof} +. To;}u/L ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] sfd / :6];g k d'vsf] bflotj c? ;b:onfo{ ;'ldkof]. t/ tna y]ug ;lspg. ;fylx n] tna vfg a}+saf6 lnpsf] C0f;d]t d}n] d]/f] ;DklQ a]r]/ ltg' {k of]. of] ef/ y]ug g;s]kl5 k'/fgf] ;+/rgf etsfp/ clxn] :6];gsf] lhddf gof dfg5]nfo{ lbpsf 5f} +. clxn] z]o/wgln] tna lnp/ :6];gsf] b}lgs sfddf ;xeful x'g gkfpg] lg0f{o epsf] 5. :6];gsf] ljsf;; u} ;xsf/lsf ;b:o a9fp/ :6];gnfO{ cem ;xefuld"ns agfp b} hfg'kg] xf]. cem egg'kbf{ :6];gsf] ;fd'bflosls/0f x'g'kg] { xf]. t/ clxn] k'/fgf z]o/wglx klg lgl:qmo h:t} epsf 5g\. of] /]l8of] egg] lrh t uhasf] /x]5 hlt a' of] Tolt ulx/f]. 117

119 b[li6ljxlgx n] ;~rfng ug] { sfo{qmd æb[li6r]tgfæ >LsfGt ;fksf]6f gd:sf/ d >LsfGt ;fksf]6f. d]/f] 3/ sf:sl lhnnfsf] y'dfsf]6df k5{. t/ d]/f] clxn]sf] a;fo{ + kf]v/fdf 5. d clxn] jif{ ep. d]/f] a'afn] csl{ cfdf leœofpkl5 d]/l cfdf klg x] nfdf kl/g\ / d klg. ufp df k9\g] n]vg] cj;/ klg gkfpg] / o;} a;] klg s]xl ug{ g;sg] epsfn] d cj;/sf] vf]hldf kf]v/f em/]. d]xgt ul/of], kl9of] t/ s]xl u/f} + egg] d]/f] leql rfxgf a' g] ;lhn} e]l6pgg\. d]/f] cfjfh /]l8of]af6 ;'g]s} e/df d s:tf] 5' egg] tkfo{n] yfxf kfpg ;Sg'x'Gg. t/ d}n] tkfo{nfo{ lrgg] dfwod g} tkfo{sf] cfjfh xf]. xfdl cfdg];fdg] eof} + eg] tkfo{n] dnfo{ b]vg'x'g5 xf]nf t/ d}n] b]vg] eg]sf] d]/f] leql cf vfn] dfq} xf]. oxl cfjfhn] tkfo{ / xfdlnfo{ glhs NofPsf] 5. Pscsf{sf] dgsf] efjgf a' g] agfpsf] 5. oxl cfjfhsf] dfwod xf], /]l8of]. tlg jif{cl3 kf]v/fdf Ps}rf]l6 rf/j6f PkmPd :6];g v'n]. To;kl5 xfdlnfo{ klg nfuof] xfdlh:tf b[li6ljxlgx sf] cfjfh /]l8of]n] ;'Gg]5 / Tof] cfjfh tkfo{;dd k' ofpg] 5f} +. oxl c7f]6 af]s]/ ;fyl /lj bjf8l / d :6];gx rxfg{ yfnof} +. df5fk'r5«], cggk"0f{ / kf]v/f PkmPdn] xfd f] cfjfh g;'g]kl5 xfdl lxdr'nldf cfok'uof} +. :6];gsf cwoif n]vaxfb'/ u'?ªn] xfd f] k :tfj ;'g]kl5 gd'gf sfo{qmd tof/ ug{ lbg nufp/ tof/ u/]sf] gd'gf sfo{qmd :6];gsf ;a} ;fylx n] dg k/fpkl5 g} ;'? epsf] xf] sfo{qmd æb[li6r]tgfæ. b[li6ljxlg cfkm} +n] rnfpsf] of] klxnf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd xf]. ;'?df!% ldg]6, cfwf 3G6f x' j}zfvb]lv of] sfo{qmd ;fktflxs?kdf Ps 3G6f k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] ;fpg dlxgfb]lv of] sfo{qmd d / zf]ef kf}8]n ldn]/ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5f} +. ;'? ;'?df sfo{qmddf ;dfrf/ / ljlegg JolQmx ; u s'/fsfgl ;d]l6g] ep klg clxn] of] sfo{qmdsf] bfo/f km/s epsf] 5. clxn] sfo{qmd ckf+ux sf sfg'gl ;d:of / ;dfwfg vf]hg ;3fpg], pglx sf nflu cj;/ vf]lhlbg] ynf] ag]sf] 5. of] sfo{qmddf ckf+uk lt ul/g] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ljlegg JolQmx ; usf] s'/fsfgl klg xfdln] ;d]6\g] u/]sf 5f} +. sfo{qmd æb[li6r]tgfæ n] b[li6ljxlgnufot c? ckf+ux sf xsclwsf/sf s'/f, ckf+u;dagwl sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx sf af/]df hfgsf/l, :jf:yo ;Nnfx / pmhf{ k bfg u5{. a ]nlnlk k9\g lgs} l9nf] x'g] epsfn] xfdlnfo{ cfkm"n] ;'g]sf s'/f g} egg'kg] { afwotf 5. ;'? ;'?df t xfdl ;dfrf/x Sof;]6df /]s8{ u/]kl5 bf]xf] ofo t]x ofo{ ;'GYof} + clg dfq} k ;f/0fdf hfg] 118

120 cf 6 cfp Yof]. t/ clxn] :6'l8of]df l5/]kl5 Ps 3G6f lat]sf] kqf] g} x' b}g. n]v]sf] s'/f sfuhdf gx]/l efiff ldnfp/ af]ng] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ dnfo{ # jif{ nfuof]. of] sfo{qmdn] b[li6ljxlgx nfo{ xf};nf ug{ ;S5f} egg] cf 6 lbpsf] 5. /, b[li6r]tgfsf] ;kmntf eg]s} oxl xf]. of] sfo{qmd k ;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 kf]v/fs} csf] { :6];g cggk"0f{ PkmPddf klg b[li6ljxlgx n] s]xl ;dosf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf lyp. t/ Tof] lbuf] x'g ;s]g. d}n] ;'g]sf] 5', xfn /]l8of] ;u/dfyf, d]6«f] PkmPd / g]kfn jg 6]lnlehg Rofgndf b[li6ljxlgx n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. tlg jif{sf] d]/f] cg'ejdf of] sfo{qmd ;'g]/ cleefjsx df ckf+u 5f]/f5f/Lk lt ug] { Jojxf/ kl/jt{g x'g yfn]sf] 5. ckf+ux sf xsclwsf/ / sfg'gl pkrf/sf pkfox sf af/]df hfu/0f NofPsf] 5. sfo{qmddf cfpg] kq, 6]lnkmf]g / k ToIf e]63f6sf cj;/df kfpg] k ltlqmofnfo{ cfwf/ dfgg] xf] eg] cfk\mgf] ju{sf dfg5]sf] :t/ / r]tgf psfl;psf] 5. ;fdflhs Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpsf] / b[li6ljxlgx sf] kl/ro g} kl/jt{g epsf] cg'ej xfdln] u/]sf 5f} +. t/ xfdl olqd} ;Gt'i6 eg] 5}gf}+. 7"nf] kl/jt{gsf nflu cem w]/} ug{ af sl

121 lxdr'nl Pkm=Pd= d]ufxh{ ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ %M#) cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf cfwofltds pkf;gf %M$% ^M!% lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g ^M!% ^M#% xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf xfd f] vfn8f] ;u/dfyf ^M#% &M)) :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg :jb]z ufg &M)) &M!% s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ &M!% *M)) u'?ª efif / ;+:s[lt lxdr'nl u]i6 du/ efiff / ;+:s[lt g]jf/l sfo{qmd ;xcl:ttj ;u/dfyf cfrf/ ljrf/ cfjfh *M)) (M)) e~hofªsf ;';]nl ;flxto ofqf e~hofªsf ;';]nl e~hofªsf ;';]nl e~hofªsf ;';]nl e~hofªsf ;';]nl b[li6 r]tgf (M)) (M!% lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g (M!%!)M)) kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg kf]v/]nl p8fg!)m))!!m)) ;+ult cfefzkm]d; ;+ult cfefzkm]d; ;+ult cfefzkm]d; ;+ult cfefzkm]d; ;+ult cfefzkm]d; ;+ult cfefzkm]d; kk P:k ];!!M))!@M)) cfxf g'8n; k fof]hg lxdr'nl kmf]g 6fOd lxdr'nl kmf]g 6fOd lxdr'nl kmf]g 6fOd lxdr'nl kmf]g 6fOd lxdr'nl kmf]g 6fOd lhlgo; Ps]8dL!@M))!@M!% lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g!@m!%!m)) Do"lhsn al6\; Do"lhsn al6\; ;/ud ;/ud ;/ud Do"lhsn al6\; afn j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; j]:6g{ 6«ofS; 120

122 lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g j]:6g{ #M)) tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ tkfo{sf] /f]hfo{ lds; sn]szg #M)) $M)) em/gf / em+sf/ ;+ult /x/ Do'lhs P6 ly Do'lhs P6 ly Do'lhs P6 ly Do'lhs P6 ly t/ $M)) $M$% kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g kk sn]s;g $M$% %M)) lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g %M)) %M#) tkfosf] rfxgf ;Lg] dxn k'ikf~hnl hghftl d~r xfd f] :jf:yo l5gf]kmfgf] lds; kk %M#) ^M)) gf/l cfjfh klxrfg k'ikf~hnl bk{0f s[lif afn r]tgf :jf:yo ^M)) &M)) ufp a];l ufp a];l ufp a];l uf]w'nl ;f km uf]w'nl ;f km rf}tf/l k]6ldf cfkm\g} efvf &M)) &M!% s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ s]lgb o ;dfrf/ &M!% &M#) /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult /fli6«o ult &M#) *M)) ;]/f]km]/f] c;n zf;g tkfosf] ;d:of o'jf v'nb'nl k ltef a]gfd t/]nl *M)) *M#% sel sel sel sel sel sel ;f+ultls :kgbg ;f+ultls :kgbg ;f+ultls :kgbg ;f+ultls :kgbg *M#% (M!% jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf jljl;l g]kfnl ;]jf (M!% (M#) lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g lxdr'nl a'n]l6g (M#)!)M)) ufp vfg] syf s' ';'d s' ';'d s' ';'d uhn P ;fo/l uhn P ;fo/l dgsf sf]z]nl 121

123 122

124 123

125 != P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;sf qmddf sf7df8f}+df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;kmntfsf] pbfx/0f k :t't ul/;s]sf] lyof]. ;d'bfosf nflu ;d'bfoaf6 ;~rflnt /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;d'bfosf cfjfh 3GsfO/x]sf] lyof]. oxl qmddf cfkm\gf] Pp6f ld;g ;kmn epkl5 b]zsf ljlegg efudf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgnfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] p2]zo /fv]/ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ lt/ cfk\mgf] ;lrjfnodf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb :yfkgf u of]. of] s]gb n] b]zsf ljlegg efudf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgfsf nflu k ]l/t ug]{, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnodf lgj]bg lbg cfjzos k :tfj tof/ ul/lbg], ljz]if1tf / k fljlws ;xof]u pknaw u/fpg] sfo{ ;'? ul/;s]sf] lyof]. oxl ;xof]us} qmddf dl0fu fd,?kgb]xldf /]l8of] n'ldagl / dbgkf]v/f, kfnkfdf /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fsf] k ;f/0f ;'? eo;s]sf] lyof]. b]zs} 7"nf] pktosf bfª cfd;~rf/sf dfwodaf6 c5'tf] lypg. bfªdf Pp6f b}lgs, Pp6f cw{;fktflxs /!) j6f ;fktflxs klqsf k sflzt eo/x]sf lyp. t}klg bª\ufnlx n] ;'Gg] g]kfnl /]l8of] eg] k/ /fhwfglsf] l;+xb/af/af6 k ;fl/t /fhoåf/f k ;fl/t /]l8of] g]kfndfq} lyof]. l5d]sl /fi6«ef/tsf] pq/ k b]z tyf laxf/df ;~rflnt s]xl ldl8od j]esf lxgbl tyf cgo ef/tlo efiffdf ;~rflnt /]l8of]x bfªjf;lsf nflu j}slnks /]l8of] lyp. ;6{j]edf ;~rflnt alal;l g]kfnl ;]jf, cn OlG8of /]l8of]sf] g]kfnl ;]jf, /]l8of] rfogf tyf /]l8of] d:sf]sf g]kfnl ;]jf klg bª\ufnlx n] ;'Gg ;Sg] j}slnks /]l8of]x lyp. kqklqsfsf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ epsf sf/0f logsf] ljt/0f ;+Vof pnn]vo lypg eg] bfª pktosfjf;l ufp n] / ljs6 kxf8jf;lx ;dif ol klqsf k'ub}gy]. klqsfsf] kx' r epsf :yfgx df klg sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf epsf JolQmx klqsf k9\gaf6 jl~rt g} lyp. /fhwfgl sf7df8f} +af6 k ;fl/t /fhoåf/f ;~rflnt /]l8of] g]kfnn] sflndf6lsf] uf]ne] +8fsf] efp k ;f/ uyof]{. sf7df8f}+sf] df};dsf] s'/f uyof]{. sf7df8f}+df 3fd em'lnsg] / c:tfpg] ;do ;'gfp Yof]. bfªjf;lx cfkm\gf ;d:of, cg'ej, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf s'/f ;'Gg kfp b}gy]. k~rfotsfndf k~rfotl Joj:yfn] g]kfnl df6f]df cfkm\gf] cf}lrto k'li6 ug{ k~rfotsf] hgd bfª b]pv'/lsf] k/dk/fut k~r /fvg] rngaf6 epsf] xf] eg]/ k rf/ ug] { qmddf /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 bfªsf] gfd ;'g]sf lyp eg] klxn] /fli6«o k~rfotdf clg k hftgqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 ;+;b\df bfªsf k ltlglwn] af]n]sf s]xl c+z /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 ;'Gg kfp y]. o;sf nflu ;+;b\ g} a;]sf] x'g'kyof] {. /fli6«o k ;f/0f epsf sf/0f cl3kl5 /]l8of] g]kfnn] bfªsf s'/f ug{ ;Dej klg lypg. alal;l g]kfnl ;]jfnufotsf ljb]zl /]l8of]sf cgt/f{li6«o :t/sf cfkm\g} Ph]G8f x'g] epsf sf/0f bfªsf s'/f p7fpg] s'/} epg. of] l:yltdf ;d'bfon] ;d'bfos} nflu ;~rfng ug] { / ;d'bfos} nflu ;dlk{t /]l8of]sf] cfjzostf bfªdf lyof]. t/ k ljlwsf] 1fgsf cefjdf bfªjf;l of] ;]jf ;~rfng ug] { ;f]rfo agfpg ;ls/x]sf lypgg\. 124

126 + bfªdf /]l8of]sf] s'/f ug' {kbf{ :yfglo o'jf kqsf/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] gfp cfkm} + hf]l8p/ cfp 5. blw/fd ;'j]bl :yfglo txdf a;]/ kqsfl/tf ug] { qmddf /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 k ;fl/t 36gf / ljrf/df bfª k ltlglwsf kdf sfd ug' {x'gyof]. df]km;ndf a;]/ /fhwfgldf d'sfd epsf ;~rf/dfwodnfo{ ;dfrf/ k7fpg] :yfglo kqsf/x n] ef]u]sf] kl8f blw/fd ;'j]blsf nflu klg ;dfg lyof] cfkm\gf If]qsf ;dfrf/n] :yfg} gkfpg], kfp klg gfddfqsf]. æ36gf / ljrf/df bfªsf] ;dfrf/ k ;f/ e}lbp x'gyof] egg] nfuyof] t/ ;a}lt/sf nflu efu k' ofp bf k fom ;do g} gkfog]. o;af6 dg b'vyof].æ Toltv]/ df]km;nsf c? kqsf/nfo{ h:t} blw/fd ;'j]bl; u dg b'vg]afx]s csf] { ljsnk klg lypg. æ@)%$ ;fndf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f sf7df8f} +df ;'? epkl5 a]nfa]nfdf sf7df8f} + hf bf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ;'Gy] +. o:t} /]l8of] bfªdf klg ah] x'gyof] egg] nfuyof] t/ s;/l s] u/]/ ahg] egg] yfxf lypg dgdf s'/f /fvb} kmls{gy] +,Æ blw/fd ;'j]bl /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfngsf] alp ljrf/lt/ kms{g'kbf{ o;/l ;Demg'x'G5. sf7df8f} +df a;]/ kqsfl/tf ul//xg'epsf kqsf/ eul/y of]ul; u ;/;Nnfx eof]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnl; u e]63f6 eof]. pxf x n] /]l8of] :yfkgfsf nflu k ]/0ff ykg'eof] / ;xsfo{sf nflu jrg lbg'eof]. bfª pktosf b'o{ efudf ljeflht 5. blif0fkl b]pv'/l / pq/kl bfª. bfªleq b'o{j6f gu/kflnsf c6fpsf 5g\. k"j{kl lqe'jggu/ gu/kflnsf / klzrdkl t'n;lk'/. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l lqe'jggu/ gu/kflnsfdf :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. To;sf nflu :ju{åf/l ;~rf/ s]gb gfdsf] u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf u7g eof]. oxl s]gb sf] :jfldtjdf /]l8of] :ju{åf/l hgdg] kssf eof]. 3f]/fxL bfª lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf]. ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLd} /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o eof]. sfg'gl k lqmof cl3 a9\of]. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfkgfsf c;f]h % ut] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnodf k :tfj;lxt lgj]bg btf{ eof]. bfªjf;lx dwo] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /}yfg] cflbjf;l yf hflt /x]sf 5g\ eg] pq/kl sf l5d]sl lhnnfx M Ko"7fg,?s'd, ;Nofg, /f]nkf cflbaf6 a;fo ;/fosf qmddf em/]sf afx'g, If]qL, 7s'/L, du/ cflb w]/} klxn]b]lv g} a;f]af; ub} { cfpsf 5g\. /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] Ko"7fgsf] rlr{t tly{:yn :ju{åf/lsf gfdaf6 h'/foof]. hltv]/ bfªdf /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfkgf ug] { k of; blw/fd ;'j]blx ub} {lyp, Tolt g} v]/ % jif{cl3b]lv /fholj?4 ;z:q n8\b} cfpsf] g]skf dfcf]jfbl bfªdf cfqmd0f ug] { tof/ldf h'6]sf] lyof]. bfª jf:tjd} dfcf]jfblx sf] pb\ud:yn / /fhwfglsf kdf lrlg b} cfpsf] lyof]. dfcf]jfblsf] k efjif]q bfªdf /]l8of] :yfkgf ubf{ s] s:tf la gafwf cfpg ;Snfg\ egg] cg'dfgdfq} lyof] o;sf ;+:yfksx nfo{. t/ k ;f/0f Ohfht kfpkl5 hlta]nf /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ] pks/0f;lxtsf] OlGhlgo/x sf] 6f]nL sf7df8f} +af6 bfª hfg lx+8\of], ToxL a]nf dfcf]jfblsf] ;z:q 5fkfdf/ ;d"xn] 3f]/fxLdf cfqmd0f u of]. Tof] lbg d+l;/ * ut]sf] /flt. To;kl5 bfª lx+l8;s]sf] 6f]nL pks/0f;lxt sf7df8f} kmls{of]. /fhgllts l:ylt o:tf] lyof]. 125

127 t]; f] jif{ k'u]sf] yfx} epg blw/fd ;'j]bl :6];g Dofg]h/ cwoif /]l8of] :ju{åf/l bfª pktosfdf lghl If]qaf6 ;~rflnt /]l8of] æ/]l8of] :ju{åf/læ sf] cfjfh u'~hg jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5. /fhwfgl sf7df8f} +n] pkef]u ub} { cfpsf] ef}lts ;'ljwf ctofw'lgs / j}1flgs k ljlw; u ckl/lrt bfª pktosf / cf;kf;sf] If]qdf a;f]jf; ug] { ;j{;fwf/0f clxn] cfkm\gf] dflns ep/ /fhwfgldf ;Lldt /]l8of] k ljlw ;~rfng ug{ kfpsf]df v';l 5g\. ;/sf/l /]l8of] æ/]l8of] g]kfnæ sf] dfq cfjfh ;'Gg ljjz bfª pktosfjf;ln] cfh PkmPd JofG8s} ep klg cfkm\g} efiff, ;+:s[lt, cfkm\gf dgsf s'/f, cfkm\g} jl/kl/sf ;/f]sf/sf 36gf ;'Gg kfpsf 5g\. bfª pktosfjf;lsf nflu of] cj;/ ;xh kdf k fkt epsf] xf]og. o;sf nflu g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnl / xfn alal;l g]kfnl ;]jfdf sfo{/t kqsf/ ;fyl eul/y of]ulsf] clj:d/0flo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5. df]km;ndf /x]/ 5fkf kqsfl/tf ug]{ Jofj;flos kqsf/sf] x}l;otdf / Pp6} lhnnfsf] afl;gbf epsfn] pxf x dwo] eul/y of]ulhl; u d]/f] lgs} cl3b]lv lrghfg lyof]. pxf sf7df8f}+df a;]/ ljlegg ;~rf/dfwoddf /x]/ kqsfl/tf ug'{x'gyof]. sf7df8f}+ cfp bf hf bf e]63f6 eo{ g} ;fnlt/ s} s'/f xf], pxf blif0f Pl;ofs} klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] æ/]l8of] ;u/dfyfæ df kqsf/sf kdf sfd ug'{ x'gyof]. To;a]nf s'/}s'/fdf bfª pktosfdf klg Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ kfp bfªjf;lsf] ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] :t/ psfl;g ;SYof] egg] xfdl b'o{alr 5nkmn rn]sf] lyof]. xfd f] of] kl/snkgf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnlsf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj, k f]t;fxg kfp/ ;fsf/ x'g ;s]sf] lyof]. pxf n] /]l8of] ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/l :jls[lt lng k"/f ug'{kg]{ cf}krfl/s sfuhl k lqmofafx]s klg ljlegg If]qaf6 k fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]u;d]t h'6folbp/ ltl/g;sg' u'0f nufpg' epsf] 5. o;}u/l ttsfnlg hn; f]t dgql jnb]j zdf{ dhu} +ofn] klg bfªdf /]l8of] ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbnfpg cfkm\gf] /fhgllts k efjnfo{ xltof/sf kdf k of]u ug' {k/]sf] lyof]. pxf n] cfkm\gf ;dsfnlg ;~rf/dgql hok sfzk ;fb u'ktf; u lgs}k6s eg;'g ug' {k/]sf] lyof]. To;a]nfsf ;~rf/dgql hok sfz u'ktf xfd f] dfucg';f/ bfªdf!)) jf6sf] /]l8of] ;~rfng ug] { cg'dlt lbg OR5's x'g'x'gyof]. t/ csf] {lt/ pxf n] ;'g;/l lhnnfsf] e] +8]6f/sf nflu sflgtk'/ PkmPd k flnnfo{!) lsnf]jf6sf] /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug{ kfpg] cg'dlt lbo;sg'epsf] lyof]. ;/sf/l cf]xf]bfsf] cf8df ;a}lt/sf bafa, cfu xnfo{ ttsfnlg ;~rf/dgql 126

128 u'ktfn] ntofp klg pxf kl5 ;~rf/dgql x'g k'ug'epsf lzj/fh hf]zlsf] ;bfzotfn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfng ug{ ;lspsf] xf]. cfu x k"jf{u x glltut k lqmof cflb em} + emd]nf kf/ u/]/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/l t]; f] jif{ k j]z ug{ ;kmn epsf] 5. t/ o;sf cufl8 ckm} + glltut ;d:of, cfly{s ;d:of, k fljlws ;d:ofnufot ghflg bf] lsl;dsf /fhgllts / ;fdflhs ;d:of t]l;{psf 5g\. u}/gfkmfd'vl epsf] hfgbfhfgb} klg gfkmfsf nflu v'n]sf Jofkfl/s /]l8of]s} xf/df /fv]/ ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] Ohfhtkq gjls/0f z'ns tf]lslbgfn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;~rfnsx n] lgs} 7"nf] cfly{s ;+s6 em]ng k/]sf] 5. sfo{qmd ptkfbg vr{, :6];g ;~rfng vr{, sd{rf/lnfo{ tna, cgo k zf;lgs vr{ wfgg o:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] s'g} lgoldt cfly{s ; f]t x' b}g. bfg bftjodf g} e/ kg' {kg] { l:ylt sfod} 5. h;n] ubf{ /]l8of] :6];gx sf] lg/gt/tf cljlr5ggtf jf :yflotjdfly k Zg p7\g] lj8dagfk"0f{ cj:yf x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g. of] g} g]kfndf xfn ;~rfng eo/x]sf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] d'vo ;d:of xf]. o;afx]s :yfglo txdf /fhgllts, j}rfl/s ;Gt'ng sfod /fvg] sfo{ csf] { hl6n ;d:of xf]. k To]s /fhgllts bn cfkm\g} OR5f / :jfy{cg' k /]l8of] rnf];\ egg] rfxg5g\. To:t} ljljwtfk"0f{ hfltut, ;f+:s[lts :jfy{ cflb alr ;Gt'ng sfod /fvg] r'gf}tl klg ljbdfg 5g\. o:t} ;d:ofx alr klg /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] xfn b}lgs!) 306f sfod{qmd k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. laxfg ^ b]lv!) ah];dd / ck/fx\g # b]lv a]n'sl ( ah];dd ;dfrf/, ;Gb]z Pj+ ;"rgf;dagwl /! 306f ult;+ult lbog] ul/psf] 5 eg] ck/fx\g # b]lv ;f em % ah];dd, * b]lv ( ah];dd ult;+ult / % b]lv * ah];dd ljlegg lsl;dsf sfo{qmd lbog] ;fn k';b]lv b}lgs kdf nfug] u/]sf] skm\o' { /]l8of]sf nflu ca ;fdfgo eo;s]sf] 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;+s6sfndf :yfkgf eof], ;+s6sfnd} x'ls{of] / ;+s6sfnd} nf]slk o eof] klg. To;}n] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro'6sf] æuf]kfnbf; kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/æ af6 ;Ddflgt klg eof]. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfng epkl5 bfªdf ;"rgf, ;Gb]z / ;xl ;dfrf/ lbg] cflwsfl/s lgsfosf kdf kl/lrt eo;s]sf] 5. o'uf} +b]lv lkln;psf ljwjf dlxnfsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ;~rflnt æcleofgæ nfo{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] Pp6f cleofgsf kdf lnpsf] 5 eg] bfªsf cflbjf;l yf ;d'bfosf] kx' r /]l8of] k ljlwdf klg xf];\ eg]/ yf efiffdf ;~rfng x'g] æsljnfæ b}lgs sfo{qmdn] yf hfltsf ctogt pt;fx yk]sf] 5. ;'?df!)) jf6sf] Pp6f 6«fG;ld6/af6 ;'? u/]sf] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l; u clxn] %)) jf6sf] Pp6f j6f :6'l8of] / cgo pks/0f j6f epsf 5g\. ca /]l8of] :ju{åf/l pks/0fsf lx;fan] s]xl alnof] epsf] 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l %)) jf6 k'u]kl5 bfªsf $ l5d]sl lhnnf uflj;, /f]nkfsf!% uflj;, Ko"7fgsf!) uflj; / af s]sf * uflj;;dd ;'Gg ;lsg] epsf] 5. hg;+vofsf] b[li6sf]0faf6!! nfv;dd >f]tf k'u]sf] 5. /]l8of]af6 g]kfnl cltl/qm yf, vfd, cawl efiffdf klg sfo{qmd k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf]

129 /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] k ;f/0f ug] { sfo{qmddf oxf sf >f]tfsf] ctogt pt;fx /x]sf] 5. b}lgs sl/a % ;o lr7lx cfpg] u5{g\ /]l8of]sf nflu sfo{/t sl/a %@ hgf hgf :jo+;]js /!% hgf cnksfnlg ;~rf/sdl{ 5g\ eg]!& hgf k"0f{sfnlg /x]sf 5g\. k ltzt dlxnfsf ;fy} yf, du/, If]qL / blnt hfltsf ;~rf/sdl{ klg sfo{/t 5g\.!= bfªdf 3lGsof] ;j{yf gf}nf] ] c;f]hdf lgj]bg lbpkl5 /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] Ohfhtsf nflu ^ dlxgf kv{g'k of]. Toltv]/ hok sfzk ;fb u'ktf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dgql lyp. pgsf] gfd 3"; lnp/dfq} nfo;]g; lbg] dgqlsf gfddf rlr{t eo;s]sf] lyof]. pgl /x'gh]n rn]sf] rrf{cg';f/ g} cgo kx' r gepsf ;+:yfn] h:t} /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] klg nfo;]g; kfpg ;s]g. t/ dlgqd08ndf cfpsf] kl/jt{gsf sf/0f lzj/fh hf]zl ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dgql ag]nuq} /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] k ;f/0f Ohfht kfof]. o;sf nflu g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb n] ;/sf/;dif k]z ug' {kg] { lgj]bgb]lv cfly{s, Jofj;flos / k fljlws k :tfj tof/ ul/lbg] sfo{ u of]. ;fy} Jofj;flos / k fljlws ;xof]u pknaw u/fof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] Pshgf ptkfbs / Pshgf k fljlwsnfo{ av'08f]n, nlntk'/l:yt cfkm\g} dlxgf;dd lgmz'ns tflnd lbof]. of] tflndkl5 /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;Defljt sfo{qmd ptkfbsx nfo{ lvkg] sfd sf] d+l;/d} k/lif0f k ;f/0f ug] { ;f]rfo ep klg dfcf]jfblåf/f ul/psf] bfª cfqmd0fkl5 /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] k/lif0f k ;f/0f k';;dd ws]lnof]. PG6]gf hf]l8;s]sf] lypg t/ :6'l8of] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 3/sf] 5td} PG6]gf c8\ofp/ k/lif0f k ;f/0f ul/of]. k'; ( ut] bfª pktosfdf ;j{yf gf}nf] / legb} cfjfh u'lghof] æof] /fktl c~rnsf] bfª lhnnfsf] 3f]/fxLaf6 k ;f/0f x'g nfusf] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l xf]. of] /]l8of] PkmPd JofG8df!)@ bzdnj * d]ufxh{df ;'Gg ;lsg5. >f]tfx clxn] tkfo{x n] ;'lg/x]sf] /]l8of]df PkmPd n]v]sf] x'g5. Tof] PkmPd n]v]sf] JofG8df /fv]/ /]l8of]sf] ld6/ 3'dfpg'eof] eg]!)@ /!)# sf] 5]p5fpdf of] /]l8of] ;'Gg ;lsg5. sxf sxf ;'lgpsf] 5, Tof] s[kof kmf]g gda/ %^)!^$ df va/ ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f} +.Æ Toltv]/ hddf!% hgf bªufnl ;~rf/sdl{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfng ug{ h'6]sf lyp. lgoldt tnal ;~rf/sdl{sf] ;+Vof eg] s]an * lyof]. /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] klxnf] cg'ej :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl o;/l JoQm ug' {x'g5 æklxnf]kn6 /]l8of] ahbf Ps jif{sf] ysfg la;foof] h:tf] nfuof]. Ps jif{el/sf] bf}8w"k / v6fosf] Pp6f r/0f k"/f eof] h:tf] nfuof]. klxnf] lbgsf] k ;f/0fdf cfjfh cfof] ls cfpg eg]/ hf Rg gf/fo0fuf]kfnsf] :j/df Pp6f ult ahfoof]. laxfgsf] ;do lyof]. (M#) b]lv!) ah];dd nuftf/ ult ahfof} +. of] cfwf 306fsf] alrdf 8]9 ;o kmf]g :6'l8of]df k fkt ep. xfdln] ;'Gof} + eg]/ dfg5]n] kmf]g u/]. xfdln] lj1fkg klg u/]sf lypgf}+. To;kl5 :jfdl efujtfggb lu/lsf] cfzlj{rg k ;f/ ul/of].æ -dwoklzrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klzrdf~rndf kg] { lhnnfx M bfª, Ko"7fg, /f]nkf,?s'd, 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'dnf, sflnsf]6, h'dnf, hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg, af s], alb{of, b}n]v, afh'/f, c5fd, 8f]6L, s}nfnl, s~rgk'/, 88]nw'/f, a}t8l, bfr' {nf / aemfª_ 128

130 /]l8of] :ju{åf/l v'ng'cl3 dwoklzrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klzrdf~rndf :jtgq /]l8of] g} lypg. o;cy{df /]l8of] :ju{åf/l dwoklzrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klzrdf~rnd} klxnf] :jtgq k ;f/0f ;]jf x'g k'uof]. klxnf] lbgsf] k ;f/0f /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ToxL cfwf 306fd} la;fof]. clg PG6]gf hf]8\g] sfd eof]. tlg lbghlt 306fdfq} k ;f/ eof]. To;kl5 laxfg ^M#) b]lv ( ;Dd / a]n'sf $ ah]b]lv & ah];dd u/l b}lgs ;f9] % 306f k ;f/ x'g yfnof]. kmfu'g ( b]lv o;n] lgoldt k ;f/0f yfnof]. clxn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l b}lgs!) 306f k ;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5. æ/]l8of] ahg yfn]kl5 s]xln] /fd f] ef] eg] t/ s]xln] rflx $ lbgnfo{ t xf] lg To;kl5 agb e}xfn5 lg klg eg], t/ /]l8of] agb x'g lbpsf 5}gf} +,Æ :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl clek ]/0ff, nio / clek ]/0ff /]l8of] :f~rfngsf] clek ]/0ff s] xf] t < egg] s'/f ubf{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf ;+:yfks cwoif tyf :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] egfo o:tf] 5, æbfªsf] ;f}l8of/ uflj;cgtu{t rf]/ ufp df d]/f] cfk\mgf] s]xl huuf lyof]. wfg e/fpg d Toxf hfgy]+. slxn]sxl+ ToxL ;'Tg'kYof]{. Toxf d b]vy]+ lbg/ft cflbjf;l yf x sfd uy]{. pglx df ;fdflhs r]tgf lypg. cfk\mgf clwsf/sf s'/f s]xl klg yfxf kfp b}gy]. ;/;kmfo lypg. ofp ofp arrf s/fp y]. :s'n k7fpg] rng lypg. dnfo{ logsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsg5 xf]nf egg] nfuyof]. t/ Tolts} Tof] ;f]rfo ba]/ a:yof]. csf] {rflx dnfo{ /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 d]/f] lhnnf bfªsf s'/f cfpg\ eg]/ nfuyof]. t/ To:tf] x' b}gyof]. dnfo{ cfk\mg} 7fp df /]l8of] e}lbp s:tf] x'gyof] h:tf] nfuyof]. t/ of] s'/f klg dgd} ba]/ a;]sf] lyof]. sf7df8f} +df /]l8of] ;u/dfyf ah]sf] ;'g]kl5 / eul/y of]ul clg /3' d}gfnlnfo{ e]6]kl5 d]/f tl dgd} ba]sf b'o6} OR5f a9l hfu]/ cfp / /]l8of] :ju{åf/l hgdg] cfwf/ ag].æ jf:tjdf ;'?df /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfkgfsf] clek ]/0ff :yfglo yf hfltsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ / :yfglo kg epcg' k g} clxn] o;n] :yfglo ;dfrf/, sfo{qmd, :yfglo k ltefsf] vf]hl, ;+:s[lt / efiffsf] ptyfg tyf :yfglo ;d:ofsf] phfu/ ug] { / ;dfwfg vf]hg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5. :yfglo txdf /x]sf] ;'if'kt r]tgfnfo{ hufpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5. :yfglo hgtfsf] af]nlsf] k ltlglwtj ul//x]sf] nio /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] cfkm\gf]af/]df clxn];dd s'g} cflwsfl/s a f];/ jf kq tof/ u/]sf] 5}g. o;n] cfkm\gf] nio / p2]zo of] xf] eg]/ k sflzt;d]t u/]sf] 5}g. t/ o;sf ;~rfnsx cfkm\g} vfnsf nioaf6 k ]l/t /x]sf 5g\. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf ;+:yfks :6];g Dofg]h/ / cwoif blw/fd ;'j]blsf cg';f/ of] /]l8of]sf nio o;k sf/ 5g\M 129

131 { { s_ k hftgqk lt :yfglo txdf hgcf:yf hufpg', v_ dfgjclwsf/sf] k ;f/ k rf/ ug' / o;k lt ;Ddfg ug] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug' {, u_ :yfglo hgtfdf cfk\mgf] clwsf/ / st{jok lt ;r]t u/fpg', 3_ bfªsf] uf}/j hg:t/df af 8\g' / ;+:s[lt, efiff / z}nlnfo{ a9fjf lbg' / ª_ ;d'ggt d'n's agg Pp6f ep klg O 6f ykg k otgzln p2]zo /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ckgfpsf p2]zox o:tf 5g\M s_ /]l8of] k ;f/0f k ljlw; u :yfglo hgtfnfo{ 3'nldn u/fpg], v_ ctofw'lgs ;~rf/dfwod /]l8of]sf] k of]u u/l hgtfnfo{ ttsfn} ;';"lrt u/fpg], u_ ågå Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k' ofpg], 3_ /]l8of]nfo{ ;a} ju{sf JolQmx sf] ;femf d~rsf kdf ljsf; ug] {, ª_ :yfglo txdf ;a}vfnsf gful/s r]tgf j[l4 u/fpg], r_ ;/sf/, :yfglo lgsfo / :yfglo hgtfalr k'nsf] sfd ug] {, 5_ lk5l8psf] yf hfltsf] ptyfgdf ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug] {, h_ :yfglo efiff, ;+:s[lt, snf, k ltef, :yfglokg / uf}/jsf] ;+/If0f / k rf/ k ;f/ ug] {, em_ ;dfhnfo{ ;sf/ftds kl/jt{gsf] lbzflt/ cufl8 a9fp b} :yfglo ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu clek ]/0ff hufpg], `_ dlxnf clwsf/, n} +lus ;dtf, afnclwsf/, lk5l8psf ju{ / hfltsf] ptyfg / clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu jsfnt ug] {, `_ ;dfhnfo{ ;bfrf/l agfo{ e i6frf/nufotsf ljs[ltlj?4df hgdt tof/ ug] {, 6_ :j:y dgf]/ghg, ;xl ;"rgf / ljzn]if0f k ;f/ u/l hgtfsf] ;'Gg kfpg] / hfgg kfpg] df}lns clwsf/nfo{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] / 7_ ax'bnlo k hftgq / ax'njfbnfo{ a9fjf lbg]. #= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf /]l8of] :ju{åf/l, :ju{åf/l ;~rf/ s]gb åf/f ;~rflnt 5. s]gb Pp6f u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf xf]. of] s]gb df $) hgf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\. ( ;b:olo sfo{;ldlt 5fGgsf nflu x/]s % jif{df lgjf{rg x'g] ub{5. ;fwf/0f;ef ;+:yfsf] ;a}egbf zlqmzfnl lgsfo xf] eg] ;+:yfsf] sfo{sf/l ;ldltn] /]l8of]sf] gllt tyf of]hgf to ub{5. k agw lgb]{zs :6];g Dofg]h/ /]l8of]sf] sfo{sf/l k d'v /xg] Joj:yf

132 #=! sfo{qmd /]l8of] :ju{åf/l clxn] b}lgs!) 306f k ;f/ eo/x]sf] 5. o;n] cfk\mgf]!) 306] k ;f/0fdf laxfg ^ b]lv!) ah];dd / ck/fx\g # b]lv a]n'sl ( ah];dd ;dfrf/, ;Gb]z Pj+ ;"rgf;dagwl sfo{qmdx k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. ck/fx\g # b]lv ;f em % ah];dd / a]n'sf * b]lv ( ah];dd ult ;+ult k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. o;n] ;f em % b]lv * ah];dd eg] ljlegg ;fdflhs sfo{qmd k ;f/ ug] { u/]sf] 5. xf:ojo+uoftds sfo{qmd Rjf:;r':;, yf efiffsf] b}lgs sfo{qmd sljnf lgs} nf]slk o sfo{qmd x'g\. /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] clxn] b}lgs % j6f ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k ;f/ ul//x]sf] 5. ol a'n]l6gx laxfg &M#) / (M%%, lbp ;f] #M)) tyf a]n'sl ^M)) / *M%% ah] k ;f/ x'g] ub{5g\. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs ljk'n kf]v/]nsf] cg'ejdf /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;dfrf/ k ;f/ u/]kl5 To;sf] k efj kg] { u/]sf] 5. o;sf] pbfx/0f lb b} pxf egg'x'g5m æs]xl lbgcufl8sf] 36gf xf]. jg;dagwl Pp6f ;dfrf/ xfdln] k ;f/0f u of} + / Toxf sf7 rf]/l epsf], cj}wflgs sfd epsf] egg] ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f eof]. /, To;df :jo+ jg sfof{nosf 8LPkmcf]sf] klg ;+nugtf 5 egg] s'/f xfd f] ; f]tn] e] fof]. Tof] ;dfrf/ xfdln] k ;f/0f u of}. To;sf] ef]lnkn6} To;df ;+nug elgpsf 8LPkmcf]n] cfkm\gf jg k fljlwsx 306] k'hl{ sf6]/ cfkm" rf]lvg] k of; u/].æ ;fy} /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] afnaflnsfnfo{ ;d]6]/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { u/]sf] 5. ;flxto, ;'zf;g, cfwofltds, :jf:yo, jftfj/0f, s[lif, ;+:s[lt / ko{6g, blnt cflb h:tf ljifodf ;d]t o;n] sfo{qmd ptkfbg k ;f/0f ug] { u/]sf] 5. sfo{qmd Rjf:;r':;sf ;~rfns cd/ ;'j]blsf cg';f/ of] fo{qmdn] p7fpsf ;d:ofaf6 hgtf ;';"lrt epsf 5g\ / To:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug] { k of; :yfglo lgsfox n] ug] { u/]sf 5g\. h:t}m lau ]sf] a;kfs{af/] sfo{qmddf cfjfh p7fpkl5 a;kfs{sf vfn8fv'n8l k'l/p. ets]sf] af6f]af/] sfo{qmdaf6 hfgsf/l lbpkl5 af6f] agof]. sfo{qmdsf] k efjsfl/tfaf/] csf]{ pbfx/0f lb b} ;~rfns cd/ ;'j]bl egg'x'g5, æbfªl:yt gfkl zfvfdf Ps sd{rf/ln] %))?k}of 3"; lnpsf] yfxf kfof} +. To;kl5 xfdln] sfo{qmdaf6 egof} +, P efo Û of] s] u/]sf] Û %))?k}of klg 3"; lng]. sfd klg gul/lbg] < of] s] u/]sf] < csf] { lbg t Tof] sd{rf/ln] k};f klg kmsf{olbp5. sfd klg t'?gt} ul/lbp5.æ yf efiffdf ;~rflnt b}lgs sfo{qmd sljnfsf] k efj yf ;d'bfodf lgs} ;zqm 5. bfªsf] j;gtk'/ lgjf;l #) jifl{o ls;fg ljho rf}w/l b}lgs $ 306f /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;'Gg] ug' {x'g5. pxf egg'x'g5, æof] /]l8of]n] xfd f cfkm\gf s'/f eg5. d ;dfrf/, ;"rgf / ultsf nflu /]l8of] ;'G5'. of] /]l8of]n] 1fg, ;"rgf / dgf]/ghg lbg5. xfd f] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9fpg klg o;n] ;3fPsf] 5. xfd f ;fgf s]6fs]6lnfo{ ljbfnodf egf{ ug{ o;n] xf};nf lbpsf] 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf cg';f/, sljnf sfo{qmdn] yf hfltdf xf};nf yk]sf] 5. cfkm\gf] clwsf/ / st{joaf/] pglx ;hu epsf 5g\. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] tof/ u/]sf] laxfg ^M!% ah]sf] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf] /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;f]em} k ;f/ ub{5. o;af6 ef]lnkn6dfq} /fli6«o:t/sf cvaf/ k'ug] bfªdf laxfg ;a]/} cf]5\ofgd} tfhf va/ ;'g]/ t?tfhf agg] afgl a;]sf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf cg';f/, kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf]sf] k z+;f / ;fgble{stfnfo{ lnp/ b}lgs bzf} +k6s kmf]g cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf dxf;+3 lhnnf zfvf bfªsf ;efklt gj/fh nfld5fg]sf cg';f/, /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf, 1fga4{s ;fdu L / b]z 131

133 ljb]zsf tfhf ;dfrf/ k ;f/ ug] { epsfn] ;d'bfonfo{ 7"nf] u'g nfu]sf] 5. pxf sf] ljrf/df o;n] dfg5]sf] ;f]rfodf ;sf/ftds kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5. g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sL s]gb Lo ;b:o clgtf b]jsf]6fsf cg';f/, /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfglo ;~rf/ ;Dk ]if0fsf] k efjsf/l dfwod alg;s]sf] 5. o;n] n} +lus lje]bsf lj?4 dflg;x df ;sf/ftds ;f]r / Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ yfn]sf] 5. b]jsf]6fn] /fhgllts / cgo ;fdflhs ljifox df ;d]t sfo{qmdx k ;f/ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbg'epsf] 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl sfo{qmdx sf] ljzj;glotfaf/] hf]8 lb b} egg'x'g5, æxfdln] k ;f/ u/]sf] ;fdu LnfO{ >f]tfx nfndf]x/sf kdf lng5g\. o;}n] xfd f] bflotj klg cem} a9]sf] 5.Æ o;n] g]kfnl / yf sf cltl/qm vfd / cawl efiffdf ;d]t sfo{qmd k ;f/ ul//x]sf] 5. #=@ hgzlqm /]l8of] :ju{åf/ldf clxn] %& hgf /]l8of]sdl{x /x]sf 5g\. hgf k"0f{sfnlg sd{rf/l 5g\ eg] af sl :jo+;]js 5g\. ol ;~rf/sdl{x df hftlo / n} +lus ;Gt'ng ldnfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvg5. t/ n} +lus lx;fan] k'?if ;~rf/sdl{sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof eg] yf]/} /x]sf] 5. sfo{qmd ptkfbs / ;~rfnsx df hftlo ljljwtf;d]t lbg vf]h]sf] kfog5. yf, blnt / hghfltsf] ;d]t k ltlglwtj x'g] u/l sfo{qmd ;d"x lgdf{0f ul/psf] 5. t/ pko'qm tflndsf] cefjdf of] hgzlqm cw{bif cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5. s]xl; u sfo{qmdaf/] 7Ls} cg'ej ep klg w]/}; u sfo{qmd ptkfbg / ;~rfng;dagwl 1fg / cg'ejsf] cefj 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl egg'x'g5, æ;'?df t xfdln] sf]/f hgzlqmaf6 k ;f/0f yfn]sf xf} +. Tof] x]/l t clxn] w]/} hfgg] epsf 5f} + t/ /fhwfglegbf w]/} 6f9f /x]/ :6];g ;~rfng ug' {kbf{ pko'qm tflnd kfpg g} uf xf] 5. To;dfly /fhwfglaf6 cfpsf ljz]if1x alr klg dt}sotf gx' bf emg} cgof]ndf kfl/lbg5.æ t}klg pxf qmd}; u Ifdtf ljsf; ub} { n}hfg] cfk\mgf] of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg'x'g5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyf / ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb -g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x_ n] ;'?b]lv g} /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] hgzlqmnfo{ tflnd lb b} cfpsf 5g\. t/ pko'qm ;Gbe{ JolQm / ;fdu Ldf kx' rsf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] hgzlqm r':t x'g g;s]sf] wf/0ff sfd ug]{ ;~rf/sdl{x df /x]sf] kfog5. k"0f{sfnlg ;~rf/sdl{x df egbf :jo+;]jsx df /]l8of];dagwl cg'ejsf] sdl /x]sf] kfoof]. :jo+;]jsx cf cfçgf If]qdf sfo{/t /x]sf / km';{b kfpsf] ;dodf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { epsfn] pglx df ljifout 1fg /fd f] ep klg ptkfbg tyf k ;f/0f snfdf t'ngftds cefj kfoof]. ;~rf/sdl{x n] lgo'lqmkq kfpg'k5{ egg] s'/f sf7df8f} +df clgjfo{ ag]sf] ep klg bfªdf df}lvs ;Demf}tfs} e/df sfd rn]sf] 5. sfuhsf] lgo'lqmegbf klg d'vsf] argsf e/df ;~rf/sdl{x n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. lgoldt kdf sd{rf/l a}7s a:g] ub} {g g t s;}sf] sfo{if]q tf]s]/ lbopsf] 5. sd{rf/l 132

134 lgo'lqm;d]t s'g} lnlvt k lqmofdf cfwfl/t ep/ ug] { k/dk/faf6 /]l8of] :ju{åf/l d'qm 5. g t s'g} lnlvt ;DkfbsLo gllt g} to eo;s]sf] 5. t}klg ;a}n] cf cfçgf] sfd lgoldt kdf u/]s} 5g\. s'g} ;~rfns gcfp/ sfo{qmd /f]lspsf] jf s'g} ;~rfnsn] cfçgf] bfo/f gf3]sf] 36gf klg clxn];dd 36]sf] 5}g. blw/fd ;'j]blsf zabdf of] sfuhsf] 3'dfp/f] efiffdf a/flnpsf] egbf klg ljzjf;sf] dha't 8f]/Ldf af lwpsf] pbfx/0f xf]. of] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;d'bfosf] Psfk;sf] ljzjf;sf] pqd pbfx/0f xf]. ;'ljwfsf] lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] klg of] hgzlqm clt g} Go"g ;'ljwfdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5. ol ck7\of/f x' bfx' b} klg sfo{/t hgzlqmdf xf};nf eg] cf]onfpsf] kfo b}g a? df}nfps} b]lvg5. $= >f]tf /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf >f]tfnfo{ ef}uf]lns, hfltut, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, efiffut, k]zfut / pd]/ ;d"xsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofP/ x]g{ ;lsg5. ef}uf]lns lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] o;sf >f]tf bfªjf;l / bfªsf $ l5d]sl lhnnf ;Nofg, /f]nkf, Ko"7fg / af s]sf afl;gbf x'g\. bfªsf cltl/qm uflj;, /f]nkfsf!% uflj;, Ko"7fgsf!) uflj; / af s]sf * uflj;sf afl;gbfnfo{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;]jf k' ofo/x]sf] 5. hg;+vofsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s'/f ubf{ sl/a!! nfv >f]tf o;n] sdfpsf] 5. eflifs lx;fan] x]bf{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf >f]tf g]kfnl, yf, vfd / cawl efiflx x'g\. hfltsf lx;fan] klg /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf >f]tfdf ljljwtf kfog5. kxf8l lhnnfx df du/sf] afx'no 5 eg] pq/l bfªdf 5\of;ld; a;f]af; /x]sf] 5. t/ blif0fl bfªdf eg] yf sf] afx'no 5. afx'g, If]qL 5/La/L /x]sf kfog5g\. bfªsf] dfq} s'/f ug] { xf] sf] dlxnf k'?if /x]sf 5g\. of] hg;+vofsf] sl/a ## k ltzt t yf x /x]sf 5g\. o;/l /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf >f]tfx df ;fd'bflos, eflifs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtf Jofks kdf /x]sf] 5. To;}n] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdx df eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / ;fd'bflos ljljwtfnfo{ ;d]6\g ;Sg' /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf nflu r'gf}tl / cj;/ b'j} xf]. pd]/sf lx;fan] x]bf{ o;sf >f]tf cfd /]l8of]sf h:t} afnaflnsf, lszf]/, o'jf, k f}9 / j[4 /x]sf 5g\. ln+uut kdf ljefhg ubf{ dlxnf / k'?if b'j} /]l8of]sf >f]tf x'g\. k]zfut lx;fan] s'/f ug] { xf] eg] /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf >f]tf ls;fg, ljbfyl{, u[lx0fl / sd{rf/l / Jofkf/L d"n kdf /x]sf 5g\. pbf]u wgbf, snsf/vfgf, agbjofkf/, ;/sf/l sfof{nox sf] ;+Vof kof{kt 5}g. bfªsf] dfq s'/f ug] { j6f clws[t laqm]tf k;nx g} bfªsf] agbjofkf/sf ;"rs x'g\. d'vo v]tl wfg xf] / clwsf+z >f]tf o; cy{df ls;fg g} x'g\. /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] cfçgf sfo{qmdaf6 ol ;a} ju{, k]zf / ;d"xnfo{ ;d]6\g vf]h]sf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl egg'x'g5, ;fwg ; f]tsf] cefjdf klg ;s];dd ;a}nfo{ ;d]6\g vf]h]sf 5f} +. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lnfo{ >f]tfaf6 cfpg] k ltlqmof klg 7"nf] dfqfdf 5. b}lgs %)) egbf a9l kq >f]tfaf6 cfp 5g\ / o:tf kq ;a} If]q, ju{af6 cfp 5. t/ pd]/ ;d"xsf lx;fan] x]bf{rflx lszf]/ / o'jf 133

135 ;a}egbf ;lqmo >f]tf ag]sf 5g\. kq n]vg] / kmf]g ug] { 7"nf] ;+Vof log}sf] 5. kqx a9l cfçgf] ;flxltos s[lt k7fpg / ult ;'Gg cg'/f]w ub} { cfpg] u/]sf] cg'ej blw/fd ;'j]bl; u 5. %= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfo{ sfo{qmddf ;d]6\g] k of; u/]sf] 5. o;sf nflu ;dfhsf ljlegg If]qnfO{ sfo{qmddf :yfg lbg] gllt o;n] lnpsf] 5. :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf cg';f/, yf, blnt, du/, cawl efifl ;d'bfo, afnaflnsf, dlxnf cflb ju{nfo{ sfo{qmdsf dfwodaf6 ;d]6\g] ul/psf] 5. o;sf cltl/qm :yfglo gu/kflnsf, lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ljlegg ;/sf/l / u}/;/sf/l :yfglo ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;d]t sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0fdf ;+nugtf /x]sf] 5. o;afx]s ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx n] :6];g wfp/ / ÇofS;, kmf]gdfkm{t cfçgf ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/l lbg] u/]sf] kfoof]. ;Dkfbs ljk'n kf]v/]nsf cg';f/, b}lgs ^) b]lv *) j6f;dd ÇofS; k fkt x'g] ub{5g\. oldwo] s'g} efjl sfo{qmdaf/] lgdtf] x'g] u5{g\ t s'g} eo;s]sf sfo{qmdsf va/x. o:t} kmf]gaf6 cfçgf] klg ;dfrf/df gfd /flvlbg cfu x ug]{x sf] ;+Vof klg 7"n} x' bf] /x]5. ;dfrf/ sifdf sfd ug]{ ;~rf/sdl{x sf] afwotf s] 5 eg] Pp6f sfo{qmddf #) $) hgf;ddn] af]n]sf] ;dfrf/ /x]5 eg] tl ;a} cfçgf] gfd lbg bafa lbg5g\. ;fgf] ;d'bfo epsfn] ;a}; u JolQmut x'g] lrghfgsf sf/0f klg ;a} o:tf] bafa cfpg] u/]sf] / 6fg{ uf xf] x'g] u/]sf] :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] syg 5. kqdfkm{t x'g] ;xeflutf klg 7"nf] /x]sf] 5. b}lgs %)) egbf a9l cfpg] kq Joj:yfkg ug{ :6];gn] ;s]sf] 5}g. ;a} kq vf]n]/ x]g{ geofog] epsfn] s}of} + kq vf]ng;d]t g;lspsf] :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl atfpg'x'g5. :6];g kl/;/sf] Pp6f s'gfdf b}lgs Ps 8f]sf]eGbf a9l kq 89fpg] ul/g5 -k fkt kqx :6];gsf ;DklQ x'g\ egg] yfxf ep klg kq /fvg];d]t 7fp gepsfn] 89fpg'k/]sf] xf],æ :6];g Dofg]h/ ;'j]bl nfrf/l JoQm ug'+{x'g5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] cfçgf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx nfo{ ;xeful u/fpsf] 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] ;fwf/0f;efdf hghfltsf tkm{af6 $, blntsf tkm{af6! hgfsf] ;xeflutf 5. sfo{;ldltdf eg] # hgf dlxnf ;dflxt x'g'x'g5. t/ ;fwf/0f;efsf] ;+Vof pnn]vo 7"nf] eg] 5}g. w]/} JolQmnfO{ Joj:yfkgdf /fvbf ljlegg vfn] ;d:ofx sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf epsfn] ;d'bfosf a9legbf a9l ;b:onfo{ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nug u/fpg g;lspsf] blw/fd ;'j]bl atfpg'x'g5. $) hgf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox g} /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] Joj:yfkgsf c;nl xsbf/ x'g\. sfo{/t ;~rf/sdl{x df ;fd'blos ;xeflutfnfo{ s]nfp bf blnt, yf, du/, ofbj ;d'bfosf ( JolQmx sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / ;~rfngdf ;+nug 5g\. ;du ;~rf/sdl{x dwo] ( hgf dlxnf /x]sf 5g\. :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl; u ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf;dagwl Pp6f tltf] cg'ej;d]t 5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf ;d'bfosf ljlegg JolQmx nfo{ ;+nug u/fp/ Pp6f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt 134

136 agfoof] t/ Tof] ;ldltdf epsf dfg5]x slxno} klg rf;f] b]vfpgg\. æ/]l8of] k ;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 xfdln] klg pglx nfo{ lal;{of}+,æ ;'j]bl egg'x'g5. ^= :6];gsf] lg/gt/tf /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfng ug{ ] tof/l ubf{ o;sf ;~rfnsx df of] lg/gt/ rng ;Snf ls g;snf egg] låljwf lyof]. /]l8of] :ju{åf/lnfo{ ;'?b]lv g} ;xof]u ub} { cfpsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb sf ;+of]hs /3' d}gfnlnfo{ klg Pp6f lrgtfn] ;tfpsf] lyof] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;'? epkl5 o;sf] lg/gt/tf s;/l xf]nf < pbf]u, Jofkf/sf] kof{kt cfwf/ gepsf] bfªdf /]l8of]sf] lg/gt/tf jf:tjd} o;sf ;~rfnsx sf cufl8 7"nf] r'gf}tl v8f epsf] lyof]. æ;'?df t dnfo{ 8/ lyof], rnfpg g;lsg] xf] ls <Æ :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl egg'x'g5. t/ cfh l:ylt To:tf] 5}g. /]l8of] :ju{åf/l clxn] ;'rf? kn] ;~rfng eo/x]sf] 5. o;sf] dfl;s vr{ ;/b/! nfv & xhf/?k}of nfug] u/]sf] 5. dfl;s cfdbfgl eg]! nfv % xhf/b]lv! xhf/hlt /x]sf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ cfdbfgln] /fd /L ptkfbg / k ;f/0f vr{ wfgg ;s]sf] 5. o; cy{df /]l8of] :ju{åf/l cftdlge{/tfsf] glhs 5 egg ;lsg5. :yfglo ;fgf] ahf/n] /]l8of] :ju{åf/lnfo{ cftdlge{/tfsf] af6f]df 7"n} ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. :yfglo ahf/af6 dfq} dlxgfsf] ;/b/ &% xhf/?k}of p7\g] u5{. :yfglo txdf /x]sf ;+3 ;+:yf, ;/sf/l sfof{noaf6 ;d]t /]l8of]nfo{ sfo{qmd ptkfbg k ;f/0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5. ;du cfdbfglsf] %) k ltzt lj1fkgaf6 p7\g] u/]sf] 5 eg] sfo{qmdaf6 %) k ltzthlt cfdbfgl p7\g] u/]sf] 5. ;/sf/l sfof{noaf6 jflif{s % nfv?k}of hltsf] ;xof]u k fkt x'g5. dfl;s kdf 9fn]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] $% xhf/egbf a9l. bfªdf t'n;lk'/ / lqe'jggu/sf zx/l If]qdf dfl;s % nfvhlt cfdbfgl ug{ ;Sg] j6f hlt l8n/x 5g\. o:t} dfl;s! nfv?k}of cfdbfgl ug]{ Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx sf] ;+Vof %) hlt 5. logaf6 /]l8of]nfo{ dfl;s %) xhf/?k}of hlt cfdbfgl x'g] u5{. bfªsf] dfq} s'/f ubf{ Pp6f lhnnf ljsf; j6f gu/kflnsf, :jf:yo, s[lif, dx]gb ;+:s[t ljzjljbfnonufotsf %) j6f hlt ;/sf/l / cw{;/sf/l sfof{no /x]sf 5g\. o'lg;]kmn] ;d]t /]l8of]nfo{ cfly{s ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5. t/ of] ;xof]u / cfdbfgldf /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] Joj:yfkg ;Gt'i6 5}g. sfo{/t ;~rf/sdl{x sf] tna ;f x} Go"g 5, pks/0fx sf] hu]8f 5}g, kof{kt lkmn8 /]s8{/ 5}gg\, k ;f/0f ;do cem} ykg'kg] { dfu >f]tfx af6 cfo/x]sf] 5. ol ;a} k"/f ug{ jt{dfg cfdbfgln] Eofp b} Eofp b}g, xfd f] lrgtfsf] ljifo oxl xf], /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl egg'x'g5. /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] sf7df8f} +af6 /]l8of] ;u/dfyfaf6 ;d]t sfo{qmd / cfly{s ;xof]u kfp b} cfpsf] 5. o:t} PG6]gf ptkfbgu[x / k f] klansaf6 ;d]t :ju{åf/ln] o:tf] ;xof]u lgoldt kfp b} cfpsf] 5. clxn] t'n;lk'/df csf] { /]l8of] :6];g v'nb}5. klxn] Pp6} /]l8of] :6];g gepsf] bfª ca b'o{j6f /]l8of]sf] dflns ag]sf] 5. ef]ln c? klg v'ng ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 b}5. of] Ps 9+un] v';lsf] s'/f] xf]. 135

137 t/ of] v';l; u} Pp6f lrgtf klg /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf ;~rfnsx df knfpsf] 5. st} cgo /]l8of] :6];g v'n]kl5 xfdln] k fkt u/]sf] ;xof]u efu nfu]/ af l8g] t x}g < ahf/sf] lj:tf/ gx'g' t/ /]l8of]sf] ;+Vof ylkg'n], of] lrgtf /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf cufl8dfq} x}g, gj:yflkt /]l8of] ;~rfnsx sf cufl8 klg lg/gt/tfsf nflu k Zgjfrs lrgx ep/} v8f epsf] 5. &= r'gf}tl / Jojwfg ;a} vfnsf ;'ljwf / cj;/ s]gb Ls[t epsf] xfd f] ;fdflhs / /fhgllts ;+/rgfdfem df]km;ndf a;]/ /]l8of] ;~rfng ug' { cfkm} +df Pp6f r'gf}tlk"0f{ sfd xf]. pks/0fdf ;fgf] ;d:of cfof] eg] klg dd{tsf nflu bf}8fp/ /fhwfglsf k fljlwssxf k' ofpg'k5{. æpp6f ;fgf] k]r lsnf v':s] klg /fhwfgl k' ofpg'k5{,æ :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] b'mv];f] xf] of]. jf:tjdf df]km;ndf /]l8of] ;~rfng ubf{ cfokg] { r'gf}tl y/ly/lsf 5g\. k fljlws, Jofj;flos, cfk;l k lt:kwf{, /fhgllts, cfgtl/s ;z:q ågå, ;'/Iff lgsfo, :yfglo k zf;g, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f / Joj:yfkg ol ;a} /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;~rfngsf qmddf r'gf}tl ag]/ v8f epsf 5g\. &=! k fljlws r'gf}tl / Jojwfg /]l8of] :ju{åf/l ;'? ug{ nfubf g} klxnf] Jojwfg v8f ;fn d+l;/ * ut] /flt g]skf dfcf]jfblsf] ;z:q ;d"xn] 3f]/fxLdf cfqmd0f u/l ;]gfsf] Jof/]s n'6]kl5 sf7df8f} +af6 h8fgsf nflu k ljlw / k fljlws;lxt /3' d}gfnlsf] g]t[tjdf lx+8\g nfu]sf] 6f]nL sf7df8f} +d} sf] lxp bdf 6«fG;ld6/ k8\sof] /!) lbg k ;f/0f /f]lsof]. g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;xof]udf j}slnks 6«fG;ld6/sf] Joj:yf ul/of] / km]l/ k ;f/0f ;'? eof]. lds:r/ lbg hlt km]l/ k ;f/0f /f]lsof]. k ljlwdf ;fdfgo u8\a9l eof] eg] klg sf7df8f} +d} nu]/ agfpg'kg] { sf7df8f} + aflx/sf :6];gx sf] afwotf g} xf]. sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0f Pgfnu k 0ffnLaf6} e}/x]sf] 5. sfo{qmd ptkfbgsf nflu :6'l8of]sf] kof{kt Joj:yf cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. :6'l8of]sf pks/0fx Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Go"gtd d"nosf 5g\ eg] ;xof]uaf6 k fkt pks/0fx klg ;fdfgo u'0f:t/sf ;:tf vfnsf 5g\. ;fy} :6'l8of] Wjlg Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan] k"0f{j}1flgs 9+usf] :6'l8of] agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. h;n] ubf{ sfo{qmd ptkfbg / k ;f/0fsf] k fljlws u'0f:t/df :6];gn] Ps xb;dd ;Demf}tf ug' {k/]sf] 5. &=@ sfo{qmddf r'gf}tl sfo{qmdsf lx;fan] ;d]t /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] r'gf}tl Joxf]g' {kl/x/]sf] 5. ufp 3/df /x]sf sf]/f JolQmx nfo{ ;fdfgo tflnd lbp/ k ;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf nflu bif hgzlqmsf] cefj 5 b}5. sfo{/t hgzlqmn] ;s]hlt sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5. t/ klg pko'qm tflnd / cj;/sf cefjdf of] k of; 136

138 Jofj;flos biftfegbf klg efjgfdf a9l cfwfl/t 5. pko'qm /]s8{sf ;fwg 5}gg\, h;n] ubf{ hgtfsf] cfjfh /]s8{ u/]/ a6'ng uf xf] eo/x]sf] 5. epsf clwsf+z /]s8{/ klg k"0f{jofj;flos vfnsf geo{ cw{jofj;flos vfnsf 5g\, h;sf] k fljlws u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ /xg] u/]sf] 5. o;n] sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/ v:sfpsf] 5. dfcf]jfbl k efjsf sf/0f ufp ufp df up/ hgtfsf] cfjfh lng ;Sg] l:ylt klg gepsf] sfo{qmd ptkfbsx sf] cg'ej 5. csf]{lt/ oftfoft ;'ljwfsf] cefj t 5 b}5. sfo{qmddf k zf;g / dfcf]jfbl ljb f]xlx sf] bafa ;f]em} kg] { u/]sf] 5. 3/L dfcf]jfblsf], 3/L ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] vksl / bafa vkg'k/]sf] u'gf;f] :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] 5. :6];g ;'? epsf] s]xl lbgd} g]skf dfcf]jfblsf] wdslk"0f{ kqn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf ;~rfnsx nfo{ em:sfpsf] lyof]. ;f] wdslkqdf ;/sf/l ;"rgfx glbg / dfcf]jfbln] ;~rfng u/]sf sfo{qmdx sf] ;dfrf/ / ;"rgf lbg bafa lbopsf] lyof]. ;/sf/l ;"rgf lb bf dfcf]jfbl lrl9g], dfcf]jfblsf ;"rgf / ultljlw k ;f/0f ubf{ :yfglo k zf;g / ;'/Iffkmf}h lrl9g]. Psflt/ /fhon] g]skf dfcf]jfblnfo{ cft+ssf/l 3f]if0ff u/l pglx sf ;sf/ftds cy{ cfpg] ;fdu L k ;f/ ug{ gkfog] pbl{ hf/l u/]sf] cj:yf / csf] {lt/ g]skf dfcf]jfbln] cfçgf] /fhwfgl 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 7fp bfªd} /]l8of] /xg'. o;/l x]bf{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] b'o{j6f ;/sf/af6} arg'kg] { r'gf}tl ef]u]sf] k i6} b]lvg5. ;/sf/ l/;fp /]l8of] agb ul/lbg] 8/, dfcf]jfbl l/;fp ;}lgs Jof/]s ;'/lift x'g g;s]sf] 7fp df /]l8of] / o;sf ;~rfns ;'/lift x'g ;Sg] s'/} epg. æs'g} kifsf klg gsf/ftds x'g] vfnsf ;fdu L lbg} ;ls b}g, t'?gt} k ltlqmofsf] ;fdgf ug' {k5{æ, :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bl egg'x'g5. bfªdf /]l8of] :ju{åf/l sço' {leq} hgdof] / sço{ 'leq} x'ls{/x]sf] 5. clxn] klg a]n'sf * ah]b]lv laxfg $ ah];dd bfª b}lgs sço' { vlk/x]sf] 5 / o;sf] k ToIf c;/ :ju{åf/ln] ef]ug'kl//x]sf] 5. clxn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/l b}lgs!) 306f k ;f/ x'g] u5{. sço' {sf] ;doleq klg /]l8of] k ;f/ x'g5. o;n] ubf{ x/]s /flt $ hgf sd{rf/l :6];gd} a:g'k5{. pglx sf] vfglkgsf] vr{ :6];gn] g} Joxf]g'k5{. a:g] Joj:yf klg ldnfpg' g} k of]. /flt k zf;gn] kmf]g nfog sfl6lbg] u5{. h;n] ubf{ /flt sxl+ s]xl 36gf eof] eg] ;dfrf/ ;+sng / k'li6 u/fpg ;ls b}g. csf] {lt/ sf7df8f} +df x'g] /fhgllts 36gf hfgg ;a} nfnflot x'g5g\. ol 36gfaf/] hfgsf/l lng 6«+sn ug' {k5{. o;sf nflu klg xhf/?k}of vr{ x'g] u'gf;f] :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] 5. csf] { r'gf}tl sfo{qmdsf] cfjzostf klxrfg ug{ uf xf] kg' { xf]. s:tf] vfnsf] sfo{qmdsf] cfjzostf 5 eg]/ cg';gwfg ug{ :6];gn] ;s]sf] 5}g. >f]tfsf kq ;DklQ x'g\ t/ ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ klg /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] ;s]sf] 5}g. &=# ;+:yfut r'gf}tl /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] csf] { r'gf}tl eg]sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; xf]. clxn] sfo{qmdafx]s cgo zfvfsf] ljsf; :6];gn] ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. :6];gdf k zf;g zfvfsf] cl:ttj 5}g egbf x'g5. n]vf, k zf;slo / ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ :6];g Dofg]h/ :jo+n] u/]sf] b]lvg5. :6];gdf :jfut sif 5}g. kmf]g p7fpg];d]t 137

139 lglzrt sd{rf/l 5}g. ahf/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL zfvf sfo{/t 5}g. ;fdfgotof sfo{qmd ptkfbs / ;~rfnsx ptkfbgsf] sfddf Jo:t x'g] u5{g\ eg] Dofg]h/ ptkfbgb]lv k zf;lgs, n]vf, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, lj1fkg ;+sngh:tf cgo ;a} sfo{df ;+nug x'g] u/]sf 5g\. klxnf] t o;;dagwl bif dfg5] g} gkfog] kfoxfn] klg k};f ltg{ g;lsg] epsfn] ;a} sfd cfkm} +n] ug' {k/]sf] ts{ blw/fd ;'j]bl ug' {x'g5. sfo{qmd / ;dfrf/b]lv ;a} sfddf k ToIf ;+nug x'g' :6];g Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]blsf] lbgrof{ ag]sf] 5. sfo{qmd / ;dfrf/sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4sf nflu lgoldt a}7s x'g' h?/l x'g5. t/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/ldf lgoldt ;DkfbsLo a}7s x'g] u/]sf] 5}g. PsPs; u x'g] e]63f6d} egg'kg] { s'/f elgg5, JolQmut lx;fan] x' [g] e]63f6d} sfdsf ;d]t s'/f x'g] u5{g\. sfo{qmdsf af/] v'n]/ Pscsf{aLr sdlsdhf]/l cf}nofpg] u/l ptkfbsx sf] a}7s a:b}g. ;'emfjx lb bf ptkfbsx n] lghl kdf lng] 8/sf sf/0f JolQmut ;'emfj lbg csf] { ptkfbs ptk ]l/t gx'g' :jfefljs} xf]. sfo{qmdx sf] /0fgLlt to x' b}g. a9lh;f] JolQmut k of;n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng eo/x]sf x'g5g\. t/ ;du df egg'kbf{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/ln] 5f]6f] ;dodf bfªjf;lsf dgdf 8]/f hdfpg ;kmn epsf] 5. 7fp, kl/j]z / y/ly/lsf r'gf}tl / Jojwfg Joxf]b} { cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5. bfª / j/k/ /]l8of]sf] c;nl :jfb rvfpg] klxn] /]l8of] g} /]l8of] :ju{åf/l xf]. of] :yfglo hgtfsf] hljgdf Pp6f cfjzostf alg;s]sf] 5. t/ l;sg' / ug'{kg]{ sfo{ w]/} 5g\. ;~rfnsx n] Tof] a' g ;s] o;sf] eljio ;'lglzrt

140 ljxfg /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf] ;fktflxs k ;f/0f tflnsf ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ %M%% ^M)) :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro :6]zg kl/ro ^M)) ^M!% k jrg k jrg k jrg k jrg k jrg k jrg k jrg ^M!% ^M#) cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd cvjf/ sfo{qmd ^M#) &M)) elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf elqm ;fwgf &M)) &M!% /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ &M@) &M#)% vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ &M#) &M#% bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh &M#% *M)) Rjf:; r':; :jf:yo tyf ;/;kmfo{ dlxnf ;+;f/ ;+:s[lt / ko{6g jg / jftfj/0f /]l8of] klqsf OGb }0fL ;flxto ;[hgf *M)) (M)) tkfosf] cfjfh cfxf Do"lhs ;fyl; dgsf s'/f ckf hfu/0f hg:jf:yo ;lv ;x]n/ -cjlw efiff_ 8fem'Dsf -vfd efiff_ df]jfo{n ;x cl:ttj ;+lut nx/ efsf af]n5 (M)) (M%% (M%%!)M)) /fktlsf] kmf 7 :jfu{åf/l a'n]6lg lutf~hnl :ju{åf/l a'n]6lg tkfosf] rfxgf xfd f] z'esfdgf l;gf]ofqf tkfosf] rfxgf xfd f] z'esfdgf ;ftfsf bz y' f rf}tf/l 139

141 ;f emsf] ;do cfo{tjf/ ;f]djf/ d+unjf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/ #M)) $M)) ;+ult axf/ o'jf k':tf ;+ud ;f}uft ult u'~hg /f]hfosf ult tkfo{sf] zgb]; hljg ;+ult $M)) %M)) ;+ult ;/f]j/ nf]s z';]nl nf]s z';]nl nf]s z';]nl nf]s z';]nl nf]s z';]nl x6nfog %M)) %M!% sf]lknf sf]lknf sf]lknf sf]lknf sf]lknf sf]lknf uf]/]6f] %M!% %M$) z'e;gwof ult ;+ult z'e;gwof ult ;+ult z'e;gwof ult ;+ult z'e;gwof ult ;+ult z'e;gwof ult ;+ult z'e;gwof ult ;+ult O{+ªln; jfo /]l8of] %M$) ^M)) sljnf sljnf sljnf sljnf sljnf sljnf sljnf ^M)) ^M!% vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ vf]hva/ &M#) &M#% bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh bfªdf cfh ^M!% &M)) zflgt cleofg xfd f] gu/ cfhs fs'/f s[lif ;r]tgf t'n;lk'/ gkf cfhs s'/f cy{ ahf/ ;/f]sf/ cfhs s'/f z}lifs hfu/0f bfªsf] ;]/f]km]/f] &M)) /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ /]l8of] g]kfn ;dfrf/ &M%) l5gf]kmfgf] c;n zf;g lr/kmf/ k'/fgf s'/f xdf/ ;}8fgf -yf?_ zfxf/f xdf/ ;}8fg -yf?_ ljzjrqm xdf/ ;}8fg -yf?_ blnt cfjfh /]l8of] ;xeflutf *M)) *M!% hljgofqf :kgbg :kgbg snog :kgbg :kgbg :kgbg *M%% (M)) :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g :ju{åf/l a'n]l6g 140

142